attention

Question 1

The act of attending to an object to select it apart from the unattended objects

Answer 1

Selection

Question 2

refers to our conscious ability to attend to the information that is relevant to our goals.

Answer 2

attention

Question 3

• Involuntary “capture”

- Fast, efficient, and obligatory

Answer 3

Automatic processes

Question 4

• Conscious attention (voluntary)

- Slow, effortful

Answer 4

controlled processes

Question 5

participants remember unattended information

Answer 5

breakthrough

Question 6

items contain matching word and colour dimensions (the word RED is written in the colour red)

Answer 6

congruent

Question 7

items contain mismatching word and colour dimensions (the word BLUE written in the colour green)

Answer 7

incongruent

Question 8

change the ratio of congruent to incongruent trials

Answer 8

Proportion Congruent Manipulation

Question 9

the number of items to search through

Answer 9

set size

Question 10

increase in difficulty as set size increases

Answer 10

set size effect

Question 11

when the object of a visual search is easily found, regardless of set size (easily induced by colour)

Answer 11

pop-out effect

Question 12

even with directed focus, attention limits lead us to miss information
Attention captures a portion of the external world to the internal mind

Answer 12

change blindness

Question 13

have a ‘live’ quality feeling, almost as if a person is looking at a photo taken from that evening and I was very surprised to learn that I was completely wrong about at least one detail

Answer 13

flashbulb memories

Question 14

despite competing background noises, a listener can focus on a single channel and still pick out relevant salient information from the background

Answer 14

cocktail party effect

Question 15

headphones are worn so that one message can be presented to one ear and a different message can be presented to the other ear

Answer 15

dichotic listening paradigm

Question 16

refers to a stimulus-driven mechanism in which attention is captured by salient change in the environment

Answer 16

bottom-up processing

Question 17

you can strategically direct your attention to match your current goals and expectations from past experience through memory

Answer 17

Top-down processing

Question 18

the act by which attention moves across a scene

Answer 18

orienting

Question 19

is obvious because where you are attending is also where you are looking

Answer 19

Overt attending

Question 20

attend to things without looking

Answer 20

covert attending

Question 21

if the time between the onset of the cue and the target is more than about 300 milliseconds (which allows sufficient time to direct an eye gaze), you are actually slower to detect the target at cued locations than at uncued locations

Answer 21

Inhibition of return

Question 22

allow attention to be physically and automatically oriented

Answer 22

Exogenous cues

Question 23

allow attention to be consciously directed by interpretation of cue information

Answer 23

Endogenous cues

Question 24

has been used to model how we search for items in our environment

Answer 24

The visual search paradigm

Question 25

reflects bottom-up capture of attention riven by the salience of the physical properties of the target

Answer 25

The pop-out effect

Question 26

you need to search for 2 distinct features (colour and shape) that characterize the target (the red circle)

Answer 26

Conjunctive search

Question 27

participants are faster at identifying the target in the unaltered old displays, but they are unaware that these displays have been repeated

Answer 27

Implicit memory mechanism

Question 28

demonstrates that when the focus of attention is placed strongly on a particular stimulus, even highly salient stimulus may go unnoticed

Answer 28

Inattentional blindness

Question 29

demonstrates that salient changes in the environment often go unnoticed, even when we are looking for them

Answer 29

Change blindness

Question 30

suggests physical information is filtered before semantic processing, accounting for the dichotic listening task but not the cocktail party effect.

Answer 30

Broadbent’s early selection theory

Question 31

attempted to compensate by suggesting physical information is just attenuated and if relevant may be brought to the focus of attention

Answer 31

Treisman’s attenuation theory

Question 32

suggest filtering only occurs after physical and semantic analysis and only selected information goes on for further processing due to limitations in processing capacity

Answer 32

Late filter models