Language Flashcards
Language is defined as a collection of ______, and the _____ for combining these ______, that can be used to generate an ______ variety of ______
symbols, rules, symbols, infinite, messages
A language is _______, we use sounds and words as ______ for things out in the world
symbolic, symbols
A language is ______, we use _____ to combine these ______ so that other people who know these ______ can _______ out of what we are saying
structured, rules, symbols, rules, make sense
A language is ______, we can combine a ______ number of words to make an ________ number of sentences.
generative, limited, unlimited
The Association Theory states that we rely on ______ between words to construct _____.
learned associations, sentences
But people can’t possibly have ______ between _______ word combinations, there are just _______. Also people often _______ sentences for which have never been ______.
associations, all word combinations, too many, generate, reinforced
The Grammar Theory states that we learn a system of _____ called a _____ that enables us to generate an infinite number of ______ sentences in a language.
rules, grammar, correct
Once you learn a ________, making a new sentence is as simple as plugging in the _____ word types in the _____ places.
grammar frame, right, right
Broca’s Aphasia is defined as an ….
inability to speak in grammatically correct sentences
With Broca’s Aphasia, the words may be _______, but there is no ______.
meaningful, grammatical structure
Wernicke’s Aphasia is defined as an…
inability to speak in meaningful sentences
With Wernicke’s Aphasia, the sentences are _______, but they carry _______.
grammatically correct, no meaning
Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasias result from damage to ______ regions of the ____ hemisphere of the brain. These disorders tell us that grammar and meaning are _______ components of a ______.
two different, left, separate, language
Morphemes are the ….
smallest units of a language that have a definable meaning or grammatical function
______ and ______ are both morphemes because both carry ______.
Root words, suffixes, meaning
Morphemes allow us to create new words by ….
modifying or adding meaning to root words
Grammatical rules exist for how to combine ______ into ______. Once we know these rules we can make a
word _______ or ______ without someone ______ us
morphemes, words, plural, past tense, teaching
State the Three Stages of Morpheme Acquisition ….
1) No combination of morphemes; root words are just strung together
2) Memorization of the irregular verbs
3) Learning grammatical rules
_______ happen when standard grammatical rules are applied to _______.
Mistakes, irregular words
Phonemes are the ….
basic sounds of a language from which morphemes and words are built
Changing one phoneme can …..
change the meaning of a word
The individual phoneme doesn’t ….
convey meaning
A morpheme is the basic unit of ______ in a language, and the phoneme is the basic unit of ______ in a language.
meaning, sound
There are _____ phonemes in English, with ______ corresponding to the consonant sounds and ______ corresponding to vowel sounds
37, 24, 13
Each language has its own set of ….
phonemes
Phoneme Recognition is how just as ______ recognition is made difficult by ______ inputs, so too is the recognition of _______ in ______
visual, noisy, phonemes, speech
just as _______ assists visual object recognition, ______ also helps ______ recognition
top-down context, context, phoneme
Warren experiment, presented listeners with a sentence but erased one ________ by introducing a cough sound. The task was to report ______ in the sentence the cough ______
phoneme, where, occurred
In the Warren experiment, not only did subjects not _______ report the ______ of the cough, they often didn’t ______ that a ______ was missing.
correctly, position, notice, phoneme
Phoneme Restoration Effect is a phoneme that is _______ from the ______ and gets ______ by ______ and ______
missing, auditory signal, “restored”, top-down knowledge, context
Adults are impaired in recognizing ________ that don’t exist in their _______ which makes it hard to _______ other languages as adults
phonemes, native language, learn
The “perceptual magnet” is ________ that we acquire over the course of ________.
phoneme prototypes, language development
Before the age of _____, human infants can tell the _______ between all the ________ that make up all _______
one, difference, phonemes, languages
The brain becomes ______ to respond best to speech sounds that are in our ________.
After about ______ months we ______ our ability to differentiate sounds that we _______ hear often, resulting in the ________ in phoneme recognition
“tuned”, environment, six months, lose, don’t, adult impairment
A “slip of the tongue” is when …
you mean to say one thing but something else comes out of your mouth
we develop ________ for the phonemes in our ________.
This allows us to easily ______ our ______ phonemes, but this _______ us from perceiving phonemes for which we don’t have _______ for.
prototypes, native language, recognize, native, prevents, prototypes
Speech errors usually occur within a ______, not _______.
level, between
List the Three Types of Exchange Errors ….
1) Word Exchanges
2) Morpheme Exchanges
3) Phoneme Exchanges
Word Exchange Speech Error Example …
intend to say: I gave the bone to the dog.
instead say: I gave the dog to the bone
Morpheme Exchange Speech Error Example …
intend to say: The dog is getting fat
instead say: The dog is fatting get
Phoneme Exchange Speech Error Example ….
intend to say: the brown dog
instead say: the down brog
These speech errors provide psycholinguists with an oppritunity to _______ language ; like _______, a lot can be learned about a system by how it makes ______.
understand, visual illusions, errors
Language Comprehension is …..
making sense out of the words we are hearing or reading
Ambiguous sentences can ….
interfere with comprehension
Phonemic Ambiguity is when ….
different words or phrases sound the same
Lexical Ambiguity is when a ….
word can have multiple meanings
Syntactic Ambiguity is regarding …
the function of a word in a sentence
Pragmatic Ambiguity is when ……
sentences can be interpreted in different ways
Swinney & Hakes studied how the _______ of a story changed the effect of these ________ on ________.
context, ambiguities, comprehension
Swinney & Hakes experimental method, subjects heard _______ of a passage and had to _____ when they heard a particular ______. Also a ______ condition in which the same
passage was made ______.
two versions, indicate, phoneme, control, unambiguous
Swinney & Hakes experiment results, subjects took ______ to detect the _______ when it was followed by an _______ word compared to an _______ word.
longer, phoneme, ambiguous, unambiguous
Swinney & Hakes then modified the passage so that the _____ would be able to ______ the ______.
context, resolve, lexical ambiguity
When the sentence context ______ the meaning of the ______, subjects were able to respond to the que more _____.
clarified, word, quickly
Both meanings of an ______ word initially become ______, but ______ kicks in
(after about ______) and ________ the _______ meaning.
ambiguous word, active, context, 800 msec, suppresses, inappropriate
A Lexical Decision Task is to press a button indicating whether a ______ forms a valid ______
letter string, English word
Swinney & Hakes then modified the passage where it was either _______ or ______ with the word being judged in the ________ decision task
consistent, inconsistent, lexical
Gernsbacher, found that when _____ readers see an _______ word, ______ meanings remain ______ even after 1 second
poor, ambiguous, both, active
Poor readers are _____ able to suppress ________ word meanings, which leads to ________ and reduced ______.
less, inappropriate, confusion,
comprehension
Activating only one meaning would make sense if the ______ always came _______ the _______ word, but ______ can also come _____
context, before, ambiguous, context, after
Although activation of ______ meanings may create ______, it _______ the likelihood of _______ resolving the _______.
multiple, confusion, increases, context, ambiguity
There is a tradeoff between ________, and ________ the sentence
momentary confusion, misinterpreting
When you screw up the _____ interpretation of a sentence, and have to ______ and ______ it, it is called a ______.
initial, go back and reinterpret, repair
Miyake, Just, & Carpenter believed, _______ can be _______ if multiple _______ are kept ______ in memory.
The more meanings you can keep _______, the better the chance of _______ the ______ using _______.
Time-consuming repairs, minimized, meanings, active, active, resolving, ambiguity, context
Miyake, Just, & Carpenter, found that poor readers tend to have a …..
smaller STM capacity
Two factors can make someone a poor reader ….
1) Taking too ______ to suppress ______.
2) Keeping too ______ meanings ______ (due to a limited _______), resulting in ______
long, inappropriate meanings, few, active, STM capacity, repairs
When no _______ info is available we have to ______ the meaning of an ________ word, but some ________
are _______ than others
contextual, guess, ambiguous, guesses, better
People assume the more _______ or ______ meaning of an _______ word
common or frequent, ambiguous
Word frequency is defined as …..
how frequently a word is used in our vocabulary
Subjects’ ________ are monitored as they are reading an _______. The device used is called an ______.
eye movements, ambiguous sentence, eye tracker
Regression is defined as ……
looking back to a word read previously in a sentence
Regression is often an expression of ……..
repair or error recovery
Sentence presented: The port was a great success for merchants relying on tourism
Because “seaport” is the more _______ interpretation of the _______ “port”, the rest of the sentence about “merchants” and tourism ________ (no need for _______).
common, ambiguous, makes sense, repair
Sentence presented: The port was a great success when served at the dinner party
“Port” is again interpreted as ______, but when the subject gets to the word ______ the sentence no longer _______. Gaze goes back to ______ in order to ________ the sentence.
“seaport”, “served”, makes sense, “port”, reinterpret
Eye movements allow people to study ________ the relationship between _______ and ________ and the process of ________ sentences
directly, word frequency, lexical ambiguity, repairing
Eye tracking has also been used to study …..
syntactic ambiguity
