Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognition & Percepion > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive psychology refers to …

A

all the processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

______ is at the root of cognition

A

Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reduction refers to …

A

filtering out task irrelevant sensory
information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Elaboration refers to ….

A

adding more information to the
sensory input to perform a task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Retention is the ….

A

encoding of information in memory where it can be used in behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aristotle distinguished between
________ and ________

A

memory retention, recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

animals have _________ but humans have the capacity for ________

A

retention, both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Recall involves ….

A

using a deliberate act of will to
retrieve information from memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Donders , First __________ experiment. Studied …….

A

modern cognitive psychology, how long it takes a person to make a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two types of Reaction Times

A

Simple RT
Choice RT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reaction time is…

A

How long it takes to press a button in response to some stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple RT

A

There is only one stimulus and
one button – no decision or choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Choice RT is _______ sec longer than Simple RT

A

1/10th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Choice RT – Simple RT =

A

Time to make a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Choice RT

A

Two possible stimuli and two buttons; subjects have to make a choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mental operations ______ be measured directly, they must instead be _______ from behavior

A

cannot, inferred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ebbinghaus. First cognitive psychologist to study ________– specifically, _________

A

memory, forgetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

to estimate forgetting Ebbinghaus devised the …

A

“method of savings”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

“method of savings” gives you an estimate of ….

A

how much you “saved” by learning the list previously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plotting % savings as a function of delay between the initial and relearning phases gives
a …

A

“forgetting function”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most forgetting occurs soon after..

A

initial learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

After about ______ the function flattens and very little is _____ then on

A

3 days, forgotten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In Analytic Introspection

A

perception and cognition was studied by having trained observers describe their mental states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Behaviorism is….

A

Only directly observable behavior, and the factors affecting behavior, should be studied, not “mental states”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Watson, Founded ______, introduced
_________

A

behaviorism, “classical conditioning”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Skinner, Introduced …

A

operant conditioning”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

operant conditioning is …

A

how a behavior can be strengthened or weakened using positive or negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Skinner ‘s book, __________,
argued that even ________ can be explained by ________

A

“Verbal Behavior”, language, operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Skinner believed children _________ and are ________ when they get it right

A

imitate speech, reinforced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chomsky believes children _______ learn language through imitation

A

do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chomsky states, children also make the same kinds of ________, and these stop even in the absence of _________

A

language errors, positive
reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Chomsky suggests that language ability is ________, and ________
be explained strictly in terms of _______.

A

innate, cannot, behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

_________ observations, and others, led to the decline of _________.

A

Chomsky’s, behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The dominate framework in cognitive psychology is…

A

Information Processing Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sensory Memory is …

A

a memory for unprocessed sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In Sensory Memory the information is held …

A

only a very short time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Sensory Memory assists ________ by _________.

A

recognition, taking a snapshot of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Short Term Memory (STM) is..

A

memory for processed information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

STM can only hold about ____ things, and can retain this information for about _________.

A

7, 20/30 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Long Term Memory (LTM) is…

A

a permanent and unlimited capacity memory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Attention _______ information by _________.

A

reduces, selecting only what is relevant to a task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The first attention stage filters out ________, (thereby helping _________)

A

sensory information, recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The second attention stage filters out ________, (thereby helping _______)

A

recognized information, STM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Stimulus-Response model from Behaviorism 2 main aspects….

A

1.transformation from stimulus to response is unspecified
2.No recognition of internal representations or mental
states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cognitive neuroscience is ….

A

the study of cognitive behaviors and processes in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Neurons are …..

A

cells specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

A neuron has four parts ….

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The Axon deals with ….

A

Signal transmission within a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Dendrites ….

A

Collect signals from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Terminal Branches…

A

Transmit a signal to the dendrites of another neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Neurons are …..

A

connected in a network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The _______ was discovered before the neuron; was first thought to be a ________.

A

“nerve net”, continuous mass of neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Neural Doctrine states that …

A

the network consists of interconnected neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Lots of Potassium ions _______ of a cell, lots of Sodium ions ______ the cell

A

inside, outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the cell has an electrical
potential of ________ relative to the outside of the cell.

A

-70 mV,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

When a neuron fires, _______ rushes into the cell causing the electrical potential to change from ______ to ______.

A

sodium, -70 mV, +40 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

_______ then floods out of the neuron, restoring the ______ electrical gradient

A

Potassium, -70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

To restore the _______ (___ out, ___in),
the neuron actively exchanges
ions across membrane using the______.

A

resting level ionic gradient, Na, K, sodium-potassium pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Action Potentials are the ….

A

primary method of neural communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Action Potentials are_______; the entire event lasts ______.

A

very fast, 1 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

A neuron is _______ in its firing rate to
only ________ a second

A

limited, 1000 action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The AP starts at the ______, then
moves down the ________ in a ________.

A

axon hillock, length of the axon, propagating wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

When the AP reaches the end of the axon, it triggers the ________ from the _______. This is how neurons __________.

A

release of neurotransmitters, terminal branches, communicate with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The Synapse is the …

A

gap between two neurons, typically
between the terminal branches of one and the dendrites of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

_________ diffuse over the ______ and
eventually bind with receptors
on the _________.

A

neurotransmitters, synapse, post-synaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

A neurotransmitter can
either ______ or ______ another
neuron

A

excite, inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

_______ NT will tend to _______ the firing rate of a neuron, an _____ NT will tend to _______ this firing rate

A

excitatory, increase, inhibitory, reduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Excitatory and inhibitory
signals from the _______
neurons are _______ by the
_______neuron

A

pre-synaptic, summed, post-synaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

A neuron receives signals from the _______ or other _______. These signals create an ______, which travels down the axon of that neuron to the terminal branches. Information isn’t carried in the _____, of the ________, which remains ________.

A

environment, neurons, action potential, size, action potential, constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The AP doesn’t change its _____ as it
moves down the axon.

A

size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Information is carried by how ______ an _______ occurs. A neuron’s ______ will generally be ______ for low intensity stimuli and _____ for high intensity stimuli.

A

frequently, action potential, firing rate, slow, faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

When the action potential reaches the end of the _______, _________ open and release __________.

A

axon, synaptic vesicles, chemical neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

The receiving neuron ______ these inputs, and if some ________ is reached it will ______.

A

sums, threshold, fire,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

occipital lobe =

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

temporal lobe =

A

language, speech and vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

parietal lobe =

A

body sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

frontal lobe =

A

decision making and problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

The _______, a thin layer of cells that _______ the brain, is most responsible for _______.

A

cortex, encloses, perceptual and cognitive functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

hippocampus is important for ….

A

forming new memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

the amygdala is important for ….

A

emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

oldest cognitive neuroscience technique is ….

A

brain lesioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Brain lesions can result from ….

A
  1. Natural causes
  2. Accidents
  3. Intentional sources
  4. Animal studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

If you know the part of the brain that was lesioned, and you can find some _______ following that lesion that ______ was ______.

A

behavioral change, behavior, likely coded by that brain region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Damage to the right parietal lobe sometimes results in a syndrome
known as ….

A

visual neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Visual neglect refers to a _______ of
stimuli appearing in the visual field _______ the _______ brain hemispshere

A

perceptual suppression, opposite, lesioned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

visual neglect is linked to _______; things in the world are neglected because they are not ______.

A

attention, attended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Pros of Brain Lesion experiments …

A

Suggests a straightforward relationship between a perceptual or cognitive function and a brain region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Cons of Brain Lesion experiments….

A

Often difficult to interpret due to lesions either being incomplete or spanning multiple brain areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Single Cell Neurophysiology is ….

A

The activity of a single neuron is recorded in response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

In a Single Cell Neurophysiology experiment, a ________ is inserted into a neuron; the ________ of the neuron is recorded.The experimenter notes which _______ make the neuron ______.

A

microelectrode, firing rate, types of stimuli, fire best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Neurons have preferred ________, and only respond when these _______ are in their ________.

A

stimuli, stimuli, receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Single Cell Neurophysiology is an important tool to …..

A

understand how the brain analyzes patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Using this technique, (Single Cell Neurophysiology) researchers have
constructed detailed _________ of
__________ in the brain

A

functional maps, feature detectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Single Cell Neurophysiology Pro:

A

Enabled the discovery of feature detectors, and their localization in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Single Cell Neurophysiology Cons:

A
  1. The technique can only be used on animals.
  2. limited to single cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) is when …

A

Electrical brain activity is measured from the scalp following the presentation of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

In Event Related Potentials (ERPs) experiments, the ________ the response to a stimulus, the more _______ the brain and the _______ the electrical signal.

A

greater, active, larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Scalp Topography Map is

A

A visualization of the electrical
activity from millions of millions of
neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

In the Scalp Topography Map ______ is more active, and _______ less active

A

Red, blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

With ERPs a _____ on the x-axis
corresponds to the _______.

A

zero, presentation of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

With ERPs the waveforms
indicate how the brain …..

A

responded to this stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

With ERPs different waveforms
indicate ….

A

different mental operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Language researchers have identified two ERP components;
the N400 is sensitive to _______, and
the P600 is sensitive to ________.

A

semantics, syntax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

N400 indicates ________ violations

A

meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

P600 indicates ________ violations

A

form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

ERP Pros: ….

A
  1. Can be used with human subjects 2. fairly easy
  2. very good temporal resolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

ERP Cons: ……

A
  1. Very poor spatial resolution
  2. because only scalp activity is
    measured, it doesn’t show activity from deeper brain regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Brain Imaging includes 2 types …

A
  1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Both brain Imaging techniques _________ to the brain, the _________.

A

measure blood flow, hemodynamic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

The assumption is that _________ in a brain region results in _________ to that part of the brain.

A

greater activity, greater blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

PET and fMRI are ________ measures of neural activity

A

indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

ERP and single-cell methods are ________ measures of neural activity.

A

direct

113
Q

Subtraction Logic is when….

A

Control activation is subtracted from the experimental activation + isolates the brain activity resulting from the stimulus

114
Q

In PET scans A __________ substance is injected into the __________.

A

radioactive glucose-like, bloodstream

115
Q

Because this substance is radioactive, it can be ____________. Because it is glucose-based, it will be taken up by __________ in the brain.

A

tracked as it moves through the body, metabolically active regions

116
Q

Big Picture of PET (the order of progression) …..

A

stimulus→ firing in brain→r-glucose uptake → active regions are labeled

117
Q

PET Pros: …..

A

Relatively good spatial resolution

118
Q

PET provides far _______ resolution than _______. It enables _________ of brain regions

A

better, ERP, visualization

119
Q

PET Cons: Cons: 1) Relatively _______ temporal resolution b/c it relies on a __________, and this introduces a _______. 2) exposes people to ________.

A

poor, hemodynamic response, delay, radiation

120
Q

fMRI builds on the basic _______
technique, extending it to …….

A

MRI, measure activity in the brain

121
Q

An active brain requires more ______, which in the ________ can be imaged by _______.

A

oxygen, blood, MRI

122
Q

BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependency) Signal is….

A

how much oxygen there is in the blood and what the fMRI measures

123
Q

With fMRI imaging, ________ due to the _______ is ________ over a standard _____ image

A

brain activity, stimulus, superimposed, MR

124
Q

fMRI shows highly precise ________
of _________ throughout the brain

A

spatial localization, stimulus-related
activity

125
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is an ….

A

area in the temporal lobe specialized for perceiving faces

126
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is also the region most likely to be ________ in people having prosopagnosia, which is the …..

A

damaged, inability to recognize faces

127
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) is the region ….

A

specialized for the perception of spatial layout

128
Q

The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) is more likely to activate to a ________ compared to an _________.

A

visual scene, equally complex non-scene

129
Q

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) is the region ….

A

specialized for the perception of the human form

130
Q

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) is more likely to activate to a __________ compared to a _______.

A

person or body part, non-person

131
Q

The discovery of the FFA, PPA, and EBA is evidence for……

A

modularity of function in the brain

132
Q

Specificity Code is….

A

Each face is coded by a dedicated group of neurons; when these neurons fire a specific face is perceived or recognized

133
Q

Distributed Code is ….

A

the neural code for a pattern
is distributed across several neuron groups, not just one

134
Q

The _________ across these groups codes a ________, not the firing of a
__________.

A

ratio of activity, pattern, grandmother cell

135
Q

Because there are many possible ________, this representation can code more _______.

A

ratios, patterns

136
Q

Both ________ and _________ are probably used to represent ________, depending on the level of _________.

A

specificity, distributed codes, patterns, categorization

137
Q

Each category may be represented by a _________, with specific _________ represented by ……

A

specialized module, instances, activity distributed over many neurons

138
Q

fMRI Pros:

A
  1. highly precise spatial localization of stimulus related activity throughout the brain
  2. completely noninvasive
139
Q

fMRI Cons:

A
  1. Relatively poor temporal resolution 2. technologically demanding, and expensive.
140
Q

Information Processing, is transforming ______ sensory representations into ________ representations capable of ……..

A

low level, higher-level, mediating cognitive behavior

141
Q

Sensation is defined as …

A

absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs

142
Q

Transduction is defined as ….

A

conversion of enviromental energy
into neural signals

143
Q

Perception is defined as …

A

selecting, organizing, and interpreting
these sensory signals to create some
“theory of reality”

144
Q

Your brains attempt to make ______ out of the patterns of energy in the world _______ by the _________.

A

sense, transduced, sensory systems

145
Q

Perception ________ reflect reality

A

does not

146
Q

Bottom-up Processing is how ….

A

perceptions are assembled systematically from a series of analyses of the stimulus

147
Q

In Bottom-up Processing, a _______ acts on the sensory representation to create a ________ representation. _______ process acts on this one to create an even more _______ representation, and so on until the ________.

A

low-level process, new + slightly more abstract, another, abstract, perception is constructed

148
Q

Bottom-up Processing is how your perceptual system builds a/an ….

A

apple

149
Q

The retina is a ________ at the ______ of your eye containing the ________.

A

sheet of cells, back, photoreceptors

150
Q

Photoreceptors are the _______ responsible for transducing ______ into _______.

A

light-sensitive neurons, light energy, neural firing

151
Q

______ of the ganglion cells leave the eye as the _______, which will reach the ______.

A

axons, optic nerve, brain

152
Q

Light ______ off of an object and ______ the eye, focused by the _____ to create an _______. Photoreceptors in the retina communicate their signals to _______, and the information eventually reaches the _______ in the brain, which transforms the _______ from the _____ to create _______.

A

reflects, enters, lens, image on the retina, ganglion cells, primary visual cortex, neural signal, eyes, visual patterns

153
Q

The transformation by the _________, from ________ to _________ is done by the ……

A

primary visual cortex, neural signals, visual patterns, simple, complex, and end-stopped cells

154
Q

Simple cells respond best to an ______, with different cells
coding for _______. This transformation results in the _______.

A

oriented bar, different orientations, extraction of edges

155
Q

Complex cells code for bars of a ________ moving in a ________. Different cells code for different _________.

A

particular orientation, particular direction, directions of motion

156
Q

End-stopped cells code for bar _______, in addition to _______ and ________. Different cells again code for different _______.

A

length and width, orientation, direction of motion, attributes

157
Q

These cells all work together as _______, providing a simple _______ important for _______.

A

feature detectors, low-level analysis, object recognition

158
Q

Perception is built _______,
with the _______ being the
combination of ________ from _______.

A

piece-by-piece, final perception, neural signals, all these cells

159
Q

Recognition-by-components Theory is defined as …

A

object recognition resulting from matching a visual pattern to three-dimensional features called geons

160
Q

Geons are …. (+ examples)

A

volumetric features used to represent objects for recognition
ex- cylinders, rectangular solids, cones, pyramids

161
Q

Different ______ are represented by combining different ______.

A

objects, geons

162
Q

Connecting the ______ geons in ______ ways may yield ________.

A

same, different, different objects

163
Q

Componential recovery is how ….

A

recognition will be good to the extent that you can recover the geons of an object

164
Q

Recognition will be _____ in proportion to the number of ______ that are ______.

A

bad, geons, missing

165
Q

If a plane in memory is represented using 9 geons, then the ______
plane will produce a mismatch, resulting in ________.

A

3-geon, poorer recognition

166
Q

When the geons of an object were obscured, subjects were ______ at recognizing the object; when the geons of the object were ______ for _______, recognition _______.

A

bad, available, recovery, improved

167
Q

Top-down Processing is how ….

A

perceptions are assembled from
pre-existing knowledge or expectations or memories,and are less directly tied to the stimulus

168
Q

Top-down Processing is how your perceptual system built a/an …..

A

Dalmatian

169
Q

Size Constancy Example, If you hold two quarters at two ______ distances from your eye they aren’t perceived as having ________ because your
perception _________ for the
different ________.

A

different, different sizes, compensates, distances

170
Q

The context of a scene provides _______ cues as to the _______ of a visually _______ object.

A

top-down, identity, degraded

171
Q

______ patterns are recognized as two _________ based on differing scene _______. When the ________ is removed, _____ patterns become ________.

A

same, different objects, contexts, scene context, both, unrecognizable

172
Q

Light-from-above Heuristic is ….

A

An assumption of light coming from above affects how patterns are recognized

173
Q

Object perception and recognition is more than just ________; we also use ______, ______, and _______ about the world to perceive objects

A

collecting features and matching them to memory, scene context, knowledge, assumptions

174
Q

Theory of Unconscios Inference is how …….

A

Our perceptions are often influenced by unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment

175
Q

We use ______ to inform our perceptions

A

knowledge

176
Q

Likelihood Principle is how we …

A

perceive the world in the way that is most likely based on our past experiences

177
Q

Gestalt Psychology, “The ____ differs from the ______” Perception is
not built entirely from ______, it is also the result of …..

A

whole, sum of its parts, sensations, perceptual organization

178
Q

Pragnanz is how ….

A

Patterns are perceived in their simplest form

179
Q

Similarity is how …

A

Similar things are often grouped together

180
Q

Good continuation is how …

A

points connected by straight lines or
smooth curves are grouped

181
Q

Meaning (group) is how …

A

Things are grouped to form
meaningful or familiar patterns.

182
Q

perception guides our ______, and
______ change our perceptions.

A

actions, actions

183
Q

Moving around an object is useful in ….

A

representing its shape

184
Q

Eye movements are also _____; each eye movement _____ our perception because we can only see things clearly in our _____.

A

actions, changes, central vision

185
Q

What vs Where Pathways is defined as…

A

separate cortical pathways in the brain coding for object recognition and object position

186
Q

What Pathway is …

A

object recognition

187
Q

Where Pathway is …

A

Object Position

188
Q

“where” pathway runs ____ from the _____ lobe to the _____ lobe

A

dorsally, occipital, parietal

189
Q

“what” pathway runs _____ from the
_____ lobe to the _____ lobe

A

ventrally, occipital, temporal

190
Q

temporal lobe lesion knocks out the ….

A

“What” Pathway

191
Q

parietal lobe lesion knocks out the ….

A

“Where” Pathway

192
Q

With temporal lobe lesion, object discrimination task …

A

couldn’t be completed

193
Q

With parietal lobe lesion, object discrimination task …

A

could be completed

194
Q

A “what” object discrimination task was _____ by knocking out the ______ (_____ lobe), but a _____ lesion (_____ lobe) had ______.

A

disrupted, ventral pathway, temporal, dorsal, parietal, no effect

195
Q

Location Discrimination Task is how…….

A

Monkeys were trained to associate the location of a food reward with the placement of a landmark

196
Q

With temporal lobe lesion, location discrimination task

A

could be completed

197
Q

provides a ______ between “what” and “where”.

A

double dissociation

198
Q

With parietal lobe lesion, location discrimination task …

A

couldn’t be completed

199
Q

A “where” landmark discrimination task was ______ by knocking out the ____ pathway (_____ lobe), but a _____ lesion (______ lobe) had ______.

A

disrupted, dorsal, parietal, ventral, temporal, no effect

200
Q

Strong evidence for the dorsal and ventral pathways being ……

A

independent systems

201
Q

There are _____ largely independent ______, one devoted to _____ judgments and the other devoted to _____ judgments

A

two, cortical pathways, “what”, “where”

202
Q

Selective attention is ……

A

our ability to focus on a particular thing, and ignore everything else

203
Q

Divided attention is …..

A

our ability to simultaneously process
multiple things

204
Q

Aristotle talked about how attention has only a _______, and cannot be ______ between objects in space

A

single focus, split

205
Q

Augustine talked about how attention can be _______ captured by some _______

A

involuntarily, sudden event

206
Q

William James was the first modern treatment of ……

A

attention

207
Q

_______ put attention research put on hold for 40 years

A

Behaviorism

208
Q

Cherry pioneered the use of the ________ and the ________

A

dichotic listening paradigm, shadowing task

209
Q

Cherry found that subjects could report the _______ of messages in the _______ ear, but they couldn’t tell what the messages were ______

A

physical properties, non-shadowed, about

210
Q

Moray ______ a single word 35
times in the _______ ear. When later asked about this word, subjects could often _____ report what it was

A

repeated, unattended, not

211
Q

Cherry and Moray interpreted their findings as evidence for a _______. People are _______ to process a message going into their _______ ear when they are _______ a message going into their _______ ear

A

perceptual limitation, unable, unattended, shadowing, attended

212
Q

Broadbent was the first model of …..

A

attention

213
Q

Perceptual Channels have ….

A

information arriving from the senses

214
Q

Single Central Channel ….

A

processing here is serial, like in your computer

215
Q

Attentional limitations result from a _______ imposing _______ on our system

A

single central channel, serial processing

216
Q

Information from _______ enters the system in _______ through the ______

A

feature analyzers, parallel, perceptual channels

217
Q

Before meaning can be _______ to this info, it must pass down the _______

A

attached, central channel

218
Q

Bottleneck represents the rate of ______ to the system (info from the
_______) exceeds the rate of ______
(info passing through the _______)

A

input, perceptual channels, output, central channel

219
Q

Attention is the process of …..

A

prioritizing information

220
Q

Attention can be thought of as a _____ that blocks _______ sensory
info and lets _______ info through to be ________

A

filter, irrelevant, important, recognized

221
Q

Attentional Flap is where the most important info is ______, then ______ directed down the _______ for more ________

A

selected, preferentially, central channel, processing

222
Q

It is possible to analyze an object into its ______ without ______ it– this is
what the _______ do

A

basic features, recognizing, feature detectors

223
Q

Attention filtering is done on …..

A

recognition

224
Q

To test his model Broadbent used ….

A

Cherry’s dichotic listening paradigm

225
Q

In the Broadbent experiment, 6 digits were presented to subjects as ______, with the digits from each ______ presented ______ to ______ ears. There was a 500 msec ______ between ______. After all the digits were presented, the subjects were given a _______

A

pairs, pair, simultaneously, different, delay, pairs, recall task

226
Q

Broadbent interpreted the data from his experiment as evidence for his ….

A

model

227
Q

The upper tubes of the Broadbent model correspond to the …..

A

left and right auditory channels

228
Q

The information carried over by these channels corresponds to the…..

A

digits entering the ears

229
Q

The Attention Flap determines the ______ in which the digits are ______ (fall down the ______)

A

order, processed, central channel

230
Q

It takes some time for the flap to swing from _______ (it takes time for
_______ to move)

A

one channel to another, attention

231
Q

By processing all the digits going in one ear followed by all the digits going in the other, the number of ________ is _______

A

attentional movements, minimized

232
Q

The Information Processing Model by _______ is Psychology’s ______ box model of _______.

A

Broadbent, first, information processing

233
Q

Sensory Memory from Box Model is equivalent to …..

A

Perceptual Channels

234
Q

Attention in the Box Model is equivalent to ….

A

Attentional Flap

235
Q

Recognition in the Box Model is equivalent to the ….

A

Single Central Channel

236
Q

Early Selection Theory states processing turns from _______ to _______ early (before _______)

A

parallel, serial, recognition

237
Q

The switch from parallel processing to serial processing occurs between ________ and ______ in the Early Selection Theory.

A

attention, recognition

238
Q

Late Selection Theory states processing turns from ______ to ______ later (before _______ )

A

parallel, serial, short term memory

239
Q

The switch from parallel processing to serial processing occurs between ________ and ______ in the Late Selection Theory.

A

attention, short term memory

240
Q

According the Early Selection Theory, unattended information is about ________, according to Late Selection Theory unattended information is about _______

A

perceptual features, recognized objects

241
Q

Deutsch & Deutsch, was the first theoretical statement of _________. Essentially, recognition comes before _______.

A

Late Selection Theory, attention filtering

242
Q

Cherry, Moray, and Broadbent showed evidence for the ……

A

Early Selection Theory

243
Q

Cherry + Moray: subjects could
neither ______ nor _______ information presented to the _______ ear in a _______

A

recall, recognize, unattended, shadowing task

244
Q

Broadbent: subjects use ______ to ______ information in a _______

A

physical cues, filter, dichotic listening experiment

245
Q

Neisser & Becklen: subjects viewed a
composite video that combined a _______ game and a ______ game

A

hand-slapping, ball toss

246
Q

Neisser & Becklen: when subjects were attending to _____, they were ________ to what was happening in the other

A

one task, oblivious

247
Q

Neisser & Becklen: people can attend to _______ at a time in a video showing ______.

A

only one action, two activities

248
Q

Neisser & Becklen is also in support of the …..

A

Early Selection Theory

249
Q

Early Selection Theory assumes that _______ information is _______. Late Selection Theory assumes that _______ information is ________.

A

unrecognized, discarded, recognized, discarded

250
Q

Moray: subjects could recognize their _______ when it was presented in the _______ ear. Suggests ______ was getting through and that the
message was not completely _______

A

own name, unattended, meaning, filtered out

251
Q

The Cocktail Party Effect is if ….

A

someone says your name at a party, you are likely to hear it even if you are attending to something else.

252
Q

Gray & Wedderburn: found that subjects grouped stimuli by ______ (not by ______) when reporting them in a ______. This suggests that the stimuli were ______ before the _______ operation

A

meaning, ear, dichotic listening experiment, recognized, filtering

253
Q

The Stroop Task involved naming the ______ of a word as fast as you can. Incongruent color-word pairs take ______ to name than _______.

A

color, longer, neutral color-word pairs

254
Q

Stroop: presented evidence for _______ in that we apparently can’t help to ________ of a word even when _______ is irrelevant to the task.

A

late selection, recognize the meaning, meaning

255
Q

Stroop, Moray, Gray & Wedderburn, and Deutsch & Deutsch all presented evidence for ….

A

Late Selection Theory

256
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model was a ……

A

compromise theory that helped to end the early vs late selection debate

257
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model has two components…..

A

1) Attenuation
2) Recognition Threshold

258
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model, recognition depends on two factors …..

A

1) strength of the signal
2) pattern’s specific recognition threshold

259
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Only the signal heard in the ______ ear will meet the ______ for the word. Same original signal, but _______ causes this one to be ______.

A

attended, threshold, attenuation, weaker

259
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Explains why a word presented to the ______ ear is ______, but the
same word presented to the
______ ear is _______

A

attended, recognized, unattended, not

260
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Also explains why it is ______ to recognize some words than others; they have a lower _______.

A

easier, recognition threshold

261
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Demonstrated, _______ on the task, _______ can occur ______ or _____ in processing

A

depending, attentional filtering, early, late

262
Q

The Early vs Late selection debate was _______; if the filter can ______, it doesn’t make sense to attempt pinning it down to a _______ of _______.

A

ill conceived, move, specific
stage, information processing

262
Q

There is a _______ amount of attention that can be allocated to _______. Once it is ______, trying to
do another task will result in _______.

A

limited, tasks, used, worse performance

263
Q

Resource Theory goal is to explain….

A

“why” processing bottlenecks exist, not “where” they are located

264
Q

This explains why doing two things at the same time is often ______
(attention _______); one task is using
up all of your attention, leaving ______ for another task. The ______ attention you ______ to a
task, the ______ you will perform that task

A

hard, bottlenecks, nothing left, more, allocate, better

265
Q

Resource Theory: Allocation Policy -> How much ______ resources are
_______ to each task

A

attentional, allocated

265
Q

Resource Theory: Available Capacity -> ______ amount of resources available for _______

A

Fixed, allocation

266
Q

Resource Theory: Possible Activities -> Each task ______ for this ______ supply of resources

A

competes, limited

267
Q

Consequences of attention: if information from the world is _______ by _______, that information never reaches _______

A

filtered out, attention, awareness

268
Q

Inattentional Blindness is the ….

A

failure to perceive an object or event due to the direction of attention
elsewhere

269
Q

Change Blindness is the …….

A

failure to perceive some salient change across two views of a scene

270
Q

Change Blindness often occurs between ……

A

cuts in a movie

271
Q

Change Blindness can cause _______
which often go undetected even in major Hollywood movies

A

continuity errors

272
Q

Change Blindness is also when two versions of a scene are _______ and _______ by a short gap

A

repeated, separated

273
Q

Change detection is _______; you use your ______ to search for _______ object-by-object, bringing each into _______

A

effortful, attention, changes, awareness

274
Q

______ of near crashes involved handling a phone

A

22%

275
Q

______ more likely to have an accident while on the phone, and it doesn’t matter whether it’s ______

A

4 times, hands-free

276
Q

You are ______ to brake for a red light, and twice as likely to ______ the light change altogether

A

slower, miss

Cognition & Percepion (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions