Exam 1 Flashcards
Cognitive psychology refers to …
all the processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used
______ is at the root of cognition
Sensation
Reduction refers to …
filtering out task irrelevant sensory
information
Elaboration refers to ….
adding more information to the
sensory input to perform a task
Retention is the ….
encoding of information in memory where it can be used in behavior
Aristotle distinguished between
________ and ________
memory retention, recall
animals have _________ but humans have the capacity for ________
retention, both
Recall involves ….
using a deliberate act of will to
retrieve information from memory
Donders , First __________ experiment. Studied …….
modern cognitive psychology, how long it takes a person to make a decision
Two types of Reaction Times
Simple RT
Choice RT
Reaction time is…
How long it takes to press a button in response to some stimulus
Simple RT
There is only one stimulus and
one button – no decision or choice
Choice RT is _______ sec longer than Simple RT
1/10th
Choice RT – Simple RT =
Time to make a decision
Choice RT
Two possible stimuli and two buttons; subjects have to make a choice
Mental operations ______ be measured directly, they must instead be _______ from behavior
cannot, inferred
Ebbinghaus. First cognitive psychologist to study ________– specifically, _________
memory, forgetting
to estimate forgetting Ebbinghaus devised the …
“method of savings”
“method of savings” gives you an estimate of ….
how much you “saved” by learning the list previously
Plotting % savings as a function of delay between the initial and relearning phases gives
a …
“forgetting function”.
Most forgetting occurs soon after..
initial learning
After about ______ the function flattens and very little is _____ then on
3 days, forgotten
In Analytic Introspection
perception and cognition was studied by having trained observers describe their mental states
Behaviorism is….
Only directly observable behavior, and the factors affecting behavior, should be studied, not “mental states”
Watson, Founded ______, introduced
_________
behaviorism, “classical conditioning”
Skinner, Introduced …
operant conditioning”
operant conditioning is …
how a behavior can be strengthened or weakened using positive or negative reinforcement
Skinner ‘s book, __________,
argued that even ________ can be explained by ________
“Verbal Behavior”, language, operant conditioning
Skinner believed children _________ and are ________ when they get it right
imitate speech, reinforced
Chomsky believes children _______ learn language through imitation
do not
Chomsky states, children also make the same kinds of ________, and these stop even in the absence of _________
language errors, positive
reinforcement
Chomsky suggests that language ability is ________, and ________
be explained strictly in terms of _______.
innate, cannot, behaviorism
_________ observations, and others, led to the decline of _________.
Chomsky’s, behaviorism
The dominate framework in cognitive psychology is…
Information Processing Model
Sensory Memory is …
a memory for unprocessed sensory information
In Sensory Memory the information is held …
only a very short time
Sensory Memory assists ________ by _________.
recognition, taking a snapshot of information
Short Term Memory (STM) is..
memory for processed information
STM can only hold about ____ things, and can retain this information for about _________.
7, 20/30 seconds
Long Term Memory (LTM) is…
a permanent and unlimited capacity memory system
Attention _______ information by _________.
reduces, selecting only what is relevant to a task
The first attention stage filters out ________, (thereby helping _________)
sensory information, recognition
The second attention stage filters out ________, (thereby helping _______)
recognized information, STM
Stimulus-Response model from Behaviorism 2 main aspects….
1.transformation from stimulus to response is unspecified
2.No recognition of internal representations or mental
states
Cognitive neuroscience is ….
the study of cognitive behaviors and processes in the brain
Neurons are …..
cells specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system
A neuron has four parts ….
cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal branches
The Axon deals with ….
Signal transmission within a neuron
Dendrites ….
Collect signals from other neurons
Terminal Branches…
Transmit a signal to the dendrites of another neuron
Neurons are …..
connected in a network
The _______ was discovered before the neuron; was first thought to be a ________.
“nerve net”, continuous mass of neural tissue
Neural Doctrine states that …
the network consists of interconnected neurons
Lots of Potassium ions _______ of a cell, lots of Sodium ions ______ the cell
inside, outside
When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the cell has an electrical
potential of ________ relative to the outside of the cell.
-70 mV,
When a neuron fires, _______ rushes into the cell causing the electrical potential to change from ______ to ______.
sodium, -70 mV, +40 mV
_______ then floods out of the neuron, restoring the ______ electrical gradient
Potassium, -70 mV
To restore the _______ (___ out, ___in),
the neuron actively exchanges
ions across membrane using the______.
resting level ionic gradient, Na, K, sodium-potassium pump
Action Potentials are the ….
primary method of neural communication
Action Potentials are_______; the entire event lasts ______.
very fast, 1 ms
A neuron is _______ in its firing rate to
only ________ a second
limited, 1000 action potentials
The AP starts at the ______, then
moves down the ________ in a ________.
axon hillock, length of the axon, propagating wave
When the AP reaches the end of the axon, it triggers the ________ from the _______. This is how neurons __________.
release of neurotransmitters, terminal branches, communicate with each other
The Synapse is the …
gap between two neurons, typically
between the terminal branches of one and the dendrites of another
_________ diffuse over the ______ and
eventually bind with receptors
on the _________.
neurotransmitters, synapse, post-synaptic neuron
A neurotransmitter can
either ______ or ______ another
neuron
excite, inhibit
_______ NT will tend to _______ the firing rate of a neuron, an _____ NT will tend to _______ this firing rate
excitatory, increase, inhibitory, reduce
Excitatory and inhibitory
signals from the _______
neurons are _______ by the
_______neuron
pre-synaptic, summed, post-synaptic
A neuron receives signals from the _______ or other _______. These signals create an ______, which travels down the axon of that neuron to the terminal branches. Information isn’t carried in the _____, of the ________, which remains ________.
environment, neurons, action potential, size, action potential, constant
The AP doesn’t change its _____ as it
moves down the axon.
size
Information is carried by how ______ an _______ occurs. A neuron’s ______ will generally be ______ for low intensity stimuli and _____ for high intensity stimuli.
frequently, action potential, firing rate, slow, faster
When the action potential reaches the end of the _______, _________ open and release __________.
axon, synaptic vesicles, chemical neurotransmitters
The receiving neuron ______ these inputs, and if some ________ is reached it will ______.
sums, threshold, fire,
occipital lobe =
vision
temporal lobe =
language, speech and vision
parietal lobe =
body sensations
frontal lobe =
decision making and problem solving
The _______, a thin layer of cells that _______ the brain, is most responsible for _______.
cortex, encloses, perceptual and cognitive functions
hippocampus is important for ….
forming new memories
the amygdala is important for ….
emotion
oldest cognitive neuroscience technique is ….
brain lesioning
Brain lesions can result from ….
- Natural causes
- Accidents
- Intentional sources
- Animal studies
If you know the part of the brain that was lesioned, and you can find some _______ following that lesion that ______ was ______.
behavioral change, behavior, likely coded by that brain region
Damage to the right parietal lobe sometimes results in a syndrome
known as ….
visual neglect
Visual neglect refers to a _______ of
stimuli appearing in the visual field _______ the _______ brain hemispshere
perceptual suppression, opposite, lesioned
visual neglect is linked to _______; things in the world are neglected because they are not ______.
attention, attended
Pros of Brain Lesion experiments …
Suggests a straightforward relationship between a perceptual or cognitive function and a brain region
Cons of Brain Lesion experiments….
Often difficult to interpret due to lesions either being incomplete or spanning multiple brain areas
Single Cell Neurophysiology is ….
The activity of a single neuron is recorded in response to a stimulus
In a Single Cell Neurophysiology experiment, a ________ is inserted into a neuron; the ________ of the neuron is recorded.The experimenter notes which _______ make the neuron ______.
microelectrode, firing rate, types of stimuli, fire best
Neurons have preferred ________, and only respond when these _______ are in their ________.
stimuli, stimuli, receptive field
Single Cell Neurophysiology is an important tool to …..
understand how the brain analyzes patterns
Using this technique, (Single Cell Neurophysiology) researchers have
constructed detailed _________ of
__________ in the brain
functional maps, feature detectors
Single Cell Neurophysiology Pro:
Enabled the discovery of feature detectors, and their localization in the brain
Single Cell Neurophysiology Cons:
- The technique can only be used on animals.
- limited to single cells
Event Related Potentials (ERPs) is when …
Electrical brain activity is measured from the scalp following the presentation of a stimulus
In Event Related Potentials (ERPs) experiments, the ________ the response to a stimulus, the more _______ the brain and the _______ the electrical signal.
greater, active, larger
Scalp Topography Map is
A visualization of the electrical
activity from millions of millions of
neurons
In the Scalp Topography Map ______ is more active, and _______ less active
Red, blue
With ERPs a _____ on the x-axis
corresponds to the _______.
zero, presentation of a stimulus
With ERPs the waveforms
indicate how the brain …..
responded to this stimulus
With ERPs different waveforms
indicate ….
different mental operations
Language researchers have identified two ERP components;
the N400 is sensitive to _______, and
the P600 is sensitive to ________.
semantics, syntax
N400 indicates ________ violations
meaning
P600 indicates ________ violations
form
ERP Pros: ….
- Can be used with human subjects 2. fairly easy
- very good temporal resolution
ERP Cons: ……
- Very poor spatial resolution
- because only scalp activity is
measured, it doesn’t show activity from deeper brain regions
Brain Imaging includes 2 types …
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Both brain Imaging techniques _________ to the brain, the _________.
measure blood flow, hemodynamic response
The assumption is that _________ in a brain region results in _________ to that part of the brain.
greater activity, greater blood flow
PET and fMRI are ________ measures of neural activity
indirect
ERP and single-cell methods are ________ measures of neural activity.
direct
Subtraction Logic is when….
Control activation is subtracted from the experimental activation + isolates the brain activity resulting from the stimulus
In PET scans A __________ substance is injected into the __________.
radioactive glucose-like, bloodstream
Because this substance is radioactive, it can be ____________. Because it is glucose-based, it will be taken up by __________ in the brain.
tracked as it moves through the body, metabolically active regions
Big Picture of PET (the order of progression) …..
stimulus→ firing in brain→r-glucose uptake → active regions are labeled
PET Pros: …..
Relatively good spatial resolution
PET provides far _______ resolution than _______. It enables _________ of brain regions
better, ERP, visualization
PET Cons: Cons: 1) Relatively _______ temporal resolution b/c it relies on a __________, and this introduces a _______. 2) exposes people to ________.
poor, hemodynamic response, delay, radiation
fMRI builds on the basic _______
technique, extending it to …….
MRI, measure activity in the brain
An active brain requires more ______, which in the ________ can be imaged by _______.
oxygen, blood, MRI
BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependency) Signal is….
how much oxygen there is in the blood and what the fMRI measures
With fMRI imaging, ________ due to the _______ is ________ over a standard _____ image
brain activity, stimulus, superimposed, MR
fMRI shows highly precise ________
of _________ throughout the brain
spatial localization, stimulus-related
activity
Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is an ….
area in the temporal lobe specialized for perceiving faces
Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is also the region most likely to be ________ in people having prosopagnosia, which is the …..
damaged, inability to recognize faces
Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) is the region ….
specialized for the perception of spatial layout
The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) is more likely to activate to a ________ compared to an _________.
visual scene, equally complex non-scene
Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) is the region ….
specialized for the perception of the human form
Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) is more likely to activate to a __________ compared to a _______.
person or body part, non-person
The discovery of the FFA, PPA, and EBA is evidence for……
modularity of function in the brain
Specificity Code is….
Each face is coded by a dedicated group of neurons; when these neurons fire a specific face is perceived or recognized
Distributed Code is ….
the neural code for a pattern
is distributed across several neuron groups, not just one
The _________ across these groups codes a ________, not the firing of a
__________.
ratio of activity, pattern, grandmother cell
Because there are many possible ________, this representation can code more _______.
ratios, patterns
Both ________ and _________ are probably used to represent ________, depending on the level of _________.
specificity, distributed codes, patterns, categorization
Each category may be represented by a _________, with specific _________ represented by ……
specialized module, instances, activity distributed over many neurons
fMRI Pros:
- highly precise spatial localization of stimulus related activity throughout the brain
- completely noninvasive
fMRI Cons:
- Relatively poor temporal resolution 2. technologically demanding, and expensive.
Information Processing, is transforming ______ sensory representations into ________ representations capable of ……..
low level, higher-level, mediating cognitive behavior
Sensation is defined as …
absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs
Transduction is defined as ….
conversion of enviromental energy
into neural signals
Perception is defined as …
selecting, organizing, and interpreting
these sensory signals to create some
“theory of reality”
Your brains attempt to make ______ out of the patterns of energy in the world _______ by the _________.
sense, transduced, sensory systems
Perception ________ reflect reality
does not
Bottom-up Processing is how ….
perceptions are assembled systematically from a series of analyses of the stimulus
In Bottom-up Processing, a _______ acts on the sensory representation to create a ________ representation. _______ process acts on this one to create an even more _______ representation, and so on until the ________.
low-level process, new + slightly more abstract, another, abstract, perception is constructed
Bottom-up Processing is how your perceptual system builds a/an ….
apple
The retina is a ________ at the ______ of your eye containing the ________.
sheet of cells, back, photoreceptors
Photoreceptors are the _______ responsible for transducing ______ into _______.
light-sensitive neurons, light energy, neural firing
______ of the ganglion cells leave the eye as the _______, which will reach the ______.
axons, optic nerve, brain
Light ______ off of an object and ______ the eye, focused by the _____ to create an _______. Photoreceptors in the retina communicate their signals to _______, and the information eventually reaches the _______ in the brain, which transforms the _______ from the _____ to create _______.
reflects, enters, lens, image on the retina, ganglion cells, primary visual cortex, neural signal, eyes, visual patterns
The transformation by the _________, from ________ to _________ is done by the ……
primary visual cortex, neural signals, visual patterns, simple, complex, and end-stopped cells
Simple cells respond best to an ______, with different cells
coding for _______. This transformation results in the _______.
oriented bar, different orientations, extraction of edges
Complex cells code for bars of a ________ moving in a ________. Different cells code for different _________.
particular orientation, particular direction, directions of motion
End-stopped cells code for bar _______, in addition to _______ and ________. Different cells again code for different _______.
length and width, orientation, direction of motion, attributes
These cells all work together as _______, providing a simple _______ important for _______.
feature detectors, low-level analysis, object recognition
Perception is built _______,
with the _______ being the
combination of ________ from _______.
piece-by-piece, final perception, neural signals, all these cells
Recognition-by-components Theory is defined as …
object recognition resulting from matching a visual pattern to three-dimensional features called geons
Geons are …. (+ examples)
volumetric features used to represent objects for recognition
ex- cylinders, rectangular solids, cones, pyramids
Different ______ are represented by combining different ______.
objects, geons
Connecting the ______ geons in ______ ways may yield ________.
same, different, different objects
Componential recovery is how ….
recognition will be good to the extent that you can recover the geons of an object
Recognition will be _____ in proportion to the number of ______ that are ______.
bad, geons, missing
If a plane in memory is represented using 9 geons, then the ______
plane will produce a mismatch, resulting in ________.
3-geon, poorer recognition
When the geons of an object were obscured, subjects were ______ at recognizing the object; when the geons of the object were ______ for _______, recognition _______.
bad, available, recovery, improved
Top-down Processing is how ….
perceptions are assembled from
pre-existing knowledge or expectations or memories,and are less directly tied to the stimulus
Top-down Processing is how your perceptual system built a/an …..
Dalmatian
Size Constancy Example, If you hold two quarters at two ______ distances from your eye they aren’t perceived as having ________ because your
perception _________ for the
different ________.
different, different sizes, compensates, distances
The context of a scene provides _______ cues as to the _______ of a visually _______ object.
top-down, identity, degraded
______ patterns are recognized as two _________ based on differing scene _______. When the ________ is removed, _____ patterns become ________.
same, different objects, contexts, scene context, both, unrecognizable
Light-from-above Heuristic is ….
An assumption of light coming from above affects how patterns are recognized
Object perception and recognition is more than just ________; we also use ______, ______, and _______ about the world to perceive objects
collecting features and matching them to memory, scene context, knowledge, assumptions
Theory of Unconscios Inference is how …….
Our perceptions are often influenced by unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment
We use ______ to inform our perceptions
knowledge
Likelihood Principle is how we …
perceive the world in the way that is most likely based on our past experiences
Gestalt Psychology, “The ____ differs from the ______” Perception is
not built entirely from ______, it is also the result of …..
whole, sum of its parts, sensations, perceptual organization
Pragnanz is how ….
Patterns are perceived in their simplest form
Similarity is how …
Similar things are often grouped together
Good continuation is how …
points connected by straight lines or
smooth curves are grouped
Meaning (group) is how …
Things are grouped to form
meaningful or familiar patterns.
perception guides our ______, and
______ change our perceptions.
actions, actions
Moving around an object is useful in ….
representing its shape
Eye movements are also _____; each eye movement _____ our perception because we can only see things clearly in our _____.
actions, changes, central vision
What vs Where Pathways is defined as…
separate cortical pathways in the brain coding for object recognition and object position
What Pathway is …
object recognition
Where Pathway is …
Object Position
“where” pathway runs ____ from the _____ lobe to the _____ lobe
dorsally, occipital, parietal
“what” pathway runs _____ from the
_____ lobe to the _____ lobe
ventrally, occipital, temporal
temporal lobe lesion knocks out the ….
“What” Pathway
parietal lobe lesion knocks out the ….
“Where” Pathway
With temporal lobe lesion, object discrimination task …
couldn’t be completed
With parietal lobe lesion, object discrimination task …
could be completed
A “what” object discrimination task was _____ by knocking out the ______ (_____ lobe), but a _____ lesion (_____ lobe) had ______.
disrupted, ventral pathway, temporal, dorsal, parietal, no effect
Location Discrimination Task is how…….
Monkeys were trained to associate the location of a food reward with the placement of a landmark
With temporal lobe lesion, location discrimination task
could be completed
provides a ______ between “what” and “where”.
double dissociation
With parietal lobe lesion, location discrimination task …
couldn’t be completed
A “where” landmark discrimination task was ______ by knocking out the ____ pathway (_____ lobe), but a _____ lesion (______ lobe) had ______.
disrupted, dorsal, parietal, ventral, temporal, no effect
Strong evidence for the dorsal and ventral pathways being ……
independent systems
There are _____ largely independent ______, one devoted to _____ judgments and the other devoted to _____ judgments
two, cortical pathways, “what”, “where”
Selective attention is ……
our ability to focus on a particular thing, and ignore everything else
Divided attention is …..
our ability to simultaneously process
multiple things
Aristotle talked about how attention has only a _______, and cannot be ______ between objects in space
single focus, split
Augustine talked about how attention can be _______ captured by some _______
involuntarily, sudden event
William James was the first modern treatment of ……
attention
_______ put attention research put on hold for 40 years
Behaviorism
Cherry pioneered the use of the ________ and the ________
dichotic listening paradigm, shadowing task
Cherry found that subjects could report the _______ of messages in the _______ ear, but they couldn’t tell what the messages were ______
physical properties, non-shadowed, about
Moray ______ a single word 35
times in the _______ ear. When later asked about this word, subjects could often _____ report what it was
repeated, unattended, not
Cherry and Moray interpreted their findings as evidence for a _______. People are _______ to process a message going into their _______ ear when they are _______ a message going into their _______ ear
perceptual limitation, unable, unattended, shadowing, attended
Broadbent was the first model of …..
attention
Perceptual Channels have ….
information arriving from the senses
Single Central Channel ….
processing here is serial, like in your computer
Attentional limitations result from a _______ imposing _______ on our system
single central channel, serial processing
Information from _______ enters the system in _______ through the ______
feature analyzers, parallel, perceptual channels
Before meaning can be _______ to this info, it must pass down the _______
attached, central channel
Bottleneck represents the rate of ______ to the system (info from the
_______) exceeds the rate of ______
(info passing through the _______)
input, perceptual channels, output, central channel
Attention is the process of …..
prioritizing information
Attention can be thought of as a _____ that blocks _______ sensory
info and lets _______ info through to be ________
filter, irrelevant, important, recognized
Attentional Flap is where the most important info is ______, then ______ directed down the _______ for more ________
selected, preferentially, central channel, processing
It is possible to analyze an object into its ______ without ______ it– this is
what the _______ do
basic features, recognizing, feature detectors
Attention filtering is done on …..
recognition
To test his model Broadbent used ….
Cherry’s dichotic listening paradigm
In the Broadbent experiment, 6 digits were presented to subjects as ______, with the digits from each ______ presented ______ to ______ ears. There was a 500 msec ______ between ______. After all the digits were presented, the subjects were given a _______
pairs, pair, simultaneously, different, delay, pairs, recall task
Broadbent interpreted the data from his experiment as evidence for his ….
model
The upper tubes of the Broadbent model correspond to the …..
left and right auditory channels
The information carried over by these channels corresponds to the…..
digits entering the ears
The Attention Flap determines the ______ in which the digits are ______ (fall down the ______)
order, processed, central channel
It takes some time for the flap to swing from _______ (it takes time for
_______ to move)
one channel to another, attention
By processing all the digits going in one ear followed by all the digits going in the other, the number of ________ is _______
attentional movements, minimized
The Information Processing Model by _______ is Psychology’s ______ box model of _______.
Broadbent, first, information processing
Sensory Memory from Box Model is equivalent to …..
Perceptual Channels
Attention in the Box Model is equivalent to ….
Attentional Flap
Recognition in the Box Model is equivalent to the ….
Single Central Channel
Early Selection Theory states processing turns from _______ to _______ early (before _______)
parallel, serial, recognition
The switch from parallel processing to serial processing occurs between ________ and ______ in the Early Selection Theory.
attention, recognition
Late Selection Theory states processing turns from ______ to ______ later (before _______ )
parallel, serial, short term memory
The switch from parallel processing to serial processing occurs between ________ and ______ in the Late Selection Theory.
attention, short term memory
According the Early Selection Theory, unattended information is about ________, according to Late Selection Theory unattended information is about _______
perceptual features, recognized objects
Deutsch & Deutsch, was the first theoretical statement of _________. Essentially, recognition comes before _______.
Late Selection Theory, attention filtering
Cherry, Moray, and Broadbent showed evidence for the ……
Early Selection Theory
Cherry + Moray: subjects could
neither ______ nor _______ information presented to the _______ ear in a _______
recall, recognize, unattended, shadowing task
Broadbent: subjects use ______ to ______ information in a _______
physical cues, filter, dichotic listening experiment
Neisser & Becklen: subjects viewed a
composite video that combined a _______ game and a ______ game
hand-slapping, ball toss
Neisser & Becklen: when subjects were attending to _____, they were ________ to what was happening in the other
one task, oblivious
Neisser & Becklen: people can attend to _______ at a time in a video showing ______.
only one action, two activities
Neisser & Becklen is also in support of the …..
Early Selection Theory
Early Selection Theory assumes that _______ information is _______. Late Selection Theory assumes that _______ information is ________.
unrecognized, discarded, recognized, discarded
Moray: subjects could recognize their _______ when it was presented in the _______ ear. Suggests ______ was getting through and that the
message was not completely _______
own name, unattended, meaning, filtered out
The Cocktail Party Effect is if ….
someone says your name at a party, you are likely to hear it even if you are attending to something else.
Gray & Wedderburn: found that subjects grouped stimuli by ______ (not by ______) when reporting them in a ______. This suggests that the stimuli were ______ before the _______ operation
meaning, ear, dichotic listening experiment, recognized, filtering
The Stroop Task involved naming the ______ of a word as fast as you can. Incongruent color-word pairs take ______ to name than _______.
color, longer, neutral color-word pairs
Stroop: presented evidence for _______ in that we apparently can’t help to ________ of a word even when _______ is irrelevant to the task.
late selection, recognize the meaning, meaning
Stroop, Moray, Gray & Wedderburn, and Deutsch & Deutsch all presented evidence for ….
Late Selection Theory
Treisman’s Attenuation Model was a ……
compromise theory that helped to end the early vs late selection debate
Treisman’s Attenuation Model has two components…..
1) Attenuation
2) Recognition Threshold
Treisman’s Attenuation Model, recognition depends on two factors …..
1) strength of the signal
2) pattern’s specific recognition threshold
Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Only the signal heard in the ______ ear will meet the ______ for the word. Same original signal, but _______ causes this one to be ______.
attended, threshold, attenuation, weaker
Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Explains why a word presented to the ______ ear is ______, but the
same word presented to the
______ ear is _______
attended, recognized, unattended, not
Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Also explains why it is ______ to recognize some words than others; they have a lower _______.
easier, recognition threshold
Treisman’s Attenuation Model: Demonstrated, _______ on the task, _______ can occur ______ or _____ in processing
depending, attentional filtering, early, late
The Early vs Late selection debate was _______; if the filter can ______, it doesn’t make sense to attempt pinning it down to a _______ of _______.
ill conceived, move, specific
stage, information processing
There is a _______ amount of attention that can be allocated to _______. Once it is ______, trying to
do another task will result in _______.
limited, tasks, used, worse performance
Resource Theory goal is to explain….
“why” processing bottlenecks exist, not “where” they are located
This explains why doing two things at the same time is often ______
(attention _______); one task is using
up all of your attention, leaving ______ for another task. The ______ attention you ______ to a
task, the ______ you will perform that task
hard, bottlenecks, nothing left, more, allocate, better
Resource Theory: Allocation Policy -> How much ______ resources are
_______ to each task
attentional, allocated
Resource Theory: Available Capacity -> ______ amount of resources available for _______
Fixed, allocation
Resource Theory: Possible Activities -> Each task ______ for this ______ supply of resources
competes, limited
Consequences of attention: if information from the world is _______ by _______, that information never reaches _______
filtered out, attention, awareness
Inattentional Blindness is the ….
failure to perceive an object or event due to the direction of attention
elsewhere
Change Blindness is the …….
failure to perceive some salient change across two views of a scene
Change Blindness often occurs between ……
cuts in a movie
Change Blindness can cause _______
which often go undetected even in major Hollywood movies
continuity errors
Change Blindness is also when two versions of a scene are _______ and _______ by a short gap
repeated, separated
Change detection is _______; you use your ______ to search for _______ object-by-object, bringing each into _______
effortful, attention, changes, awareness
______ of near crashes involved handling a phone
22%
______ more likely to have an accident while on the phone, and it doesn’t matter whether it’s ______
4 times, hands-free
You are ______ to brake for a red light, and twice as likely to ______ the light change altogether
slower, miss
