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Cognition & Percepion > Knowledge > Flashcards

Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Knowledge is a unit of

A

semantic memory

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2
Q

Categorization is the …

A

process of assigning a new piece information to one of these groups

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3
Q

A category is a _____ in _______
memory

A

group of related concepts , semantic

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4
Q

Categories help us to …

A

identify objects

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5
Q

Categories confine ______ to a _______, thereby
making it _______ and more ______

A

recognition, smaller group of items, faster, accurate

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6
Q

Categories allow us to ignore the_____ between the _____ in a group

A

variability, objects

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7
Q

Our visual system is capable of discriminating about ________ different colors, yet we only use about _______

A

7 million, 7-10 colors

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8
Q

color categories allow us to ignore …..

A

subtle differences
in color

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9
Q

Categories ______ the need for ________

A

reduce, constant learning

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10
Q

Categorization frees us from the need to _____ the _____ of each _____ object

A

encode, detailed features, new

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11
Q

categorization is also responsible for a lot of _______

A

memory errors

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12
Q

Definitional Approach is to define the _____ criteria that an object _____ have to be ______ in a category.

A

minimal, must, included

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13
Q

Family Resemblance is when members of a category are ______ to each other in a ______ number of ways, but any ______ way is not usually _______

A

similar, large, one way, essential

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14
Q

Prototype Approach is when ____ objects are compared to each categorys _____; objects are ______ based on the best _______.

A

New, prototype, classified, match

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15
Q

A prototype is the ….

A

average of a category s’ membership

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16
Q

the prototype is rarely an _______ of a
category

A

actual member

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17
Q

The prototype constantly ______ with each new _______ to the ______

A

changes, addition, category

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18
Q

when new objects match the prototype well …

A

high
prototypicality

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19
Q

when new objects do not match the prototype well ….

A

low prototypicality

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20
Q

Object Naming is when subjects are asked to name ______ of a given category. _______ are named before less _______.

A

members, typical members, typical members

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21
Q

Prototype Priming is when you prime subjects with a ______ then asked them to respond to whether the two ______ were the ______ or ______.

A

color name, colors, same, different

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22
Q

In Prototype Priming, the reaction times were _____when the colors _____ the ________

A

faster, matched,
prime prototype

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23
Q

Feature Overlap Analysis is when subjects lists ______ for several _____ under a category, then the experimenter determines which ________ have ______ in ______.

A

attributes, objects, objects attributes, common

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24
Q

In the Category Verification Task reaction times were _______ to objects rated as _______ to the category, compared to objects rated ________.

A

faster, highly typical, less typical

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25
Q

Category Verification Task is when subjects would see a category _____, then shown a _____ of an object. The task would be to ______ whether the object was a _______ of the category.

A

name, picture, indicate, member

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26
Q

Hierarchical Organization of Categories

A

Superordinate (global) Level
Basic Level
Subordinate (specific) Level

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27
Q

Superordinate (global) Level is…

A

A very broad level of
categorization

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28
Q

Categorization starts at the ______ in this hierarchy

A

basic level

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29
Q

Subordinate (specific) Level is …

A

Detailed categories under each basic

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30
Q

Basic Level is ….

A

A middle level of categorization under the superordinate

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31
Q

Verification times were fastest at the ….

A

basic level

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32
Q

Using a naming task, found that subjects name objects at the ….

A

basic level

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33
Q

babies first start to say words at
the ….

A

basic level

34
Q

Tanaka & Taylor had _____ and ________ do an _______ for a variety of ______, including birds

A

bird experts, non-experts, object naming task, categories

35
Q

Bird experts named birds at the _______ whereas non-experts used the ______

A

subordinate level, basic level

36
Q

Experts organize information so as to enable ________ to their domain of ________

A

preferential access, expertise

37
Q

A “good” category should have two features …..

A
  1. members should share lots of attributes with each other
  2. members should not share attributes with the members of a different category
38
Q

superordinate level is good at satisfying the

A

“minimal overlap”

39
Q

superordinate level is bad in that its members don’t have ……

A

many attributes in common

40
Q

subordinate level is good in that its members have ….

A

lots of attributes in common

41
Q

subordinate level is bad at satisfying the ….

A

minimal overlap criterion

42
Q

the basic level finds a happy ________ between most members having many attributes in ________ , and having _______ with other categories

A

medium, common, minimal overlap

43
Q

subjects were able to list an average of ________ common attributes at the _______

A

9, basic level

44
Q

Information is organized into a ….

A

hierarchy of concepts

45
Q

_____ are connected by _______.

Attached to each _____ are _______.

A

“Nodes”, “links”, node, “properties”

46
Q

The properties attached to a node apply to that ______ and every ________ under it.

A

node, linked node

47
Q

Cognitive economy is…

  1. _____ are only represented ______
    2._____ nodes inherit ______ from ______ nodes
A

Properties, once, lower, properties, higher

48
Q

The properties attached to _______ nodes do not necessarily apply to linked nodes_______ in the hierarchy

A

lower, higher

49
Q

A ________ combined with the principle of _________ is a very _______ method of
representing information

A

hierarchical organization, cognitive economy, efficient

50
Q

In order to retrieve information the _______ must be navigated

A

hierarchy

51
Q

Hierarchical Model assumes that in order to _______ information you must be ________ in which the information resides

A

retrieve, at the node

52
Q

if a property listed at a higher node
is not ________ for a linked _______ then an __________ must be listed at the _________

A

true, lower node, exception, lower node

53
Q

Information retrieval times and movement times are …..

A

additive

54
Q

A property must be retrieved for
…….

A

verification

55
Q

Verification does not require
…….

A

property retrieval

56
Q

Reaction times increase with the _______ of levels _______ also increase when a property ________ operation is _______

A

number, moved, retrieval, needed

57
Q

Hierarchical Model didn’t account for ________ , also some verification
results ________ predictions

A

typicality effects , contradicted

58
Q

Spreading Activation Model & Hierarchical Model similarities: both assume that ________ passes along _____ between concepts, and that this takes ____

A

processing, links, time

59
Q

spreading activation model is ______ hierarchical

A

not

60
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, properties can now be represented at ______ places in the ______

A

multiple, knowledge structure

61
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, the principle of _______ is _________ strictly enforced

A

cognitive economy, not

62
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, there are no longer any________ attached to _______

A

property lists, concepts

63
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, Once a concept is ______ this ________ spreads to all ______ concepts

A

activated, activation , linked

64
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, Short links represent ______ than longer links

A

stronger connections

65
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, the more ______ attached to a concept, the ______ the amount of _______ spreading from that concept down each link

A

links, smaller, activation

66
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, Activations _________ from the system over time

A

disappear

67
Q

Priming is when ______ to some object or event ______ processing of some ______ object or event

A

exposure, improves, later

68
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, If spreading activation results in one concept becoming active above some threshold you will

A

“think” of that concept

69
Q

In the Spreading Activation Model, Activation will then flow from that concept to all other______ concepts, causing the process to ________ and our thoughts to flow from________ to ______.

A

linked, continue, one thing, another

70
Q

Repetition Priming is when processing something a ______ time _______ from having processed it ______

A

second, benefits, previously

71
Q

Associative Priming is when processing something ______ from having processed something ______ previously

A

benefits, related

72
Q

In repetition priming an item is processed _______, in associative priming a specific item is processed ______.

A

twice, once

73
Q

Lexical Decision Task is when a subject has to report whether a ______ is a valid ______

A

string of letters, English word

74
Q

Meyer & Schvaneveld Used a modified ________; Manipulated whether the words were ________ or ______

A

lexical decision task, associated, not

75
Q

Reaction times were ______ for the associated words compared to the ________ words

A

faster, unassociated

76
Q

The modified lexical decision task results were interpreted as direct evidence for _________, and indirect
evidence for __________

A

associative priming, spreading activation

77
Q

activation spreads between the
__________, making the
verification of each _______

A

associated words, easier

78
Q

________ underlies the currently popular __________ of knowledge representation

A

Spreading activation, neural network models

79
Q

In the neural network model, _______ are represented by __________

A

Concepts, patterns of activity across nodes

80
Q

In the neural network model, ________ are captured by how activity ____________.

A

Associations, spreads from one concept to another concept

Cognition & Percepion (7 decks)

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