Knowledge Flashcards
Knowledge is a unit of
semantic memory
Categorization is the …
process of assigning a new piece information to one of these groups
A category is a _____ in _______
memory
group of related concepts , semantic
Categories help us to …
identify objects
Categories confine ______ to a _______, thereby
making it _______ and more ______
recognition, smaller group of items, faster, accurate
Categories allow us to ignore the_____ between the _____ in a group
variability, objects
Our visual system is capable of discriminating about ________ different colors, yet we only use about _______
7 million, 7-10 colors
color categories allow us to ignore …..
subtle differences
in color
Categories ______ the need for ________
reduce, constant learning
Categorization frees us from the need to _____ the _____ of each _____ object
encode, detailed features, new
categorization is also responsible for a lot of _______
memory errors
Definitional Approach is to define the _____ criteria that an object _____ have to be ______ in a category.
minimal, must, included
Family Resemblance is when members of a category are ______ to each other in a ______ number of ways, but any ______ way is not usually _______
similar, large, one way, essential
Prototype Approach is when ____ objects are compared to each categorys _____; objects are ______ based on the best _______.
New, prototype, classified, match
A prototype is the ….
average of a category s’ membership
the prototype is rarely an _______ of a
category
actual member
The prototype constantly ______ with each new _______ to the ______
changes, addition, category
when new objects match the prototype well …
high
prototypicality
when new objects do not match the prototype well ….
low prototypicality
Object Naming is when subjects are asked to name ______ of a given category. _______ are named before less _______.
members, typical members, typical members
Prototype Priming is when you prime subjects with a ______ then asked them to respond to whether the two ______ were the ______ or ______.
color name, colors, same, different
In Prototype Priming, the reaction times were _____when the colors _____ the ________
faster, matched,
prime prototype
Feature Overlap Analysis is when subjects lists ______ for several _____ under a category, then the experimenter determines which ________ have ______ in ______.
attributes, objects, objects attributes, common
In the Category Verification Task reaction times were _______ to objects rated as _______ to the category, compared to objects rated ________.
faster, highly typical, less typical
Category Verification Task is when subjects would see a category _____, then shown a _____ of an object. The task would be to ______ whether the object was a _______ of the category.
name, picture, indicate, member
Hierarchical Organization of Categories
Superordinate (global) Level
Basic Level
Subordinate (specific) Level
Superordinate (global) Level is…
A very broad level of
categorization
Categorization starts at the ______ in this hierarchy
basic level
Subordinate (specific) Level is …
Detailed categories under each basic
Basic Level is ….
A middle level of categorization under the superordinate
Verification times were fastest at the ….
basic level
Using a naming task, found that subjects name objects at the ….
basic level
babies first start to say words at
the ….
basic level
Tanaka & Taylor had _____ and ________ do an _______ for a variety of ______, including birds
bird experts, non-experts, object naming task, categories
Bird experts named birds at the _______ whereas non-experts used the ______
subordinate level, basic level
Experts organize information so as to enable ________ to their domain of ________
preferential access, expertise
A “good” category should have two features …..
- members should share lots of attributes with each other
- members should not share attributes with the members of a different category
superordinate level is good at satisfying the
“minimal overlap”
superordinate level is bad in that its members don’t have ……
many attributes in common
subordinate level is good in that its members have ….
lots of attributes in common
subordinate level is bad at satisfying the ….
minimal overlap criterion
the basic level finds a happy ________ between most members having many attributes in ________ , and having _______ with other categories
medium, common, minimal overlap
subjects were able to list an average of ________ common attributes at the _______
9, basic level
Information is organized into a ….
hierarchy of concepts
_____ are connected by _______.
Attached to each _____ are _______.
“Nodes”, “links”, node, “properties”
The properties attached to a node apply to that ______ and every ________ under it.
node, linked node
Cognitive economy is…
- _____ are only represented ______
2._____ nodes inherit ______ from ______ nodes
Properties, once, lower, properties, higher
The properties attached to _______ nodes do not necessarily apply to linked nodes_______ in the hierarchy
lower, higher
A ________ combined with the principle of _________ is a very _______ method of
representing information
hierarchical organization, cognitive economy, efficient
In order to retrieve information the _______ must be navigated
hierarchy
Hierarchical Model assumes that in order to _______ information you must be ________ in which the information resides
retrieve, at the node
if a property listed at a higher node
is not ________ for a linked _______ then an __________ must be listed at the _________
true, lower node, exception, lower node
Information retrieval times and movement times are …..
additive
A property must be retrieved for
…….
verification
Verification does not require
…….
property retrieval
Reaction times increase with the _______ of levels _______ also increase when a property ________ operation is _______
number, moved, retrieval, needed
Hierarchical Model didn’t account for ________ , also some verification
results ________ predictions
typicality effects , contradicted
Spreading Activation Model & Hierarchical Model similarities: both assume that ________ passes along _____ between concepts, and that this takes ____
processing, links, time
spreading activation model is ______ hierarchical
not
In the Spreading Activation Model, properties can now be represented at ______ places in the ______
multiple, knowledge structure
In the Spreading Activation Model, the principle of _______ is _________ strictly enforced
cognitive economy, not
In the Spreading Activation Model, there are no longer any________ attached to _______
property lists, concepts
In the Spreading Activation Model, Once a concept is ______ this ________ spreads to all ______ concepts
activated, activation , linked
In the Spreading Activation Model, Short links represent ______ than longer links
stronger connections
In the Spreading Activation Model, the more ______ attached to a concept, the ______ the amount of _______ spreading from that concept down each link
links, smaller, activation
In the Spreading Activation Model, Activations _________ from the system over time
disappear
Priming is when ______ to some object or event ______ processing of some ______ object or event
exposure, improves, later
In the Spreading Activation Model, If spreading activation results in one concept becoming active above some threshold you will
“think” of that concept
In the Spreading Activation Model, Activation will then flow from that concept to all other______ concepts, causing the process to ________ and our thoughts to flow from________ to ______.
linked, continue, one thing, another
Repetition Priming is when processing something a ______ time _______ from having processed it ______
second, benefits, previously
Associative Priming is when processing something ______ from having processed something ______ previously
benefits, related
In repetition priming an item is processed _______, in associative priming a specific item is processed ______.
twice, once
Lexical Decision Task is when a subject has to report whether a ______ is a valid ______
string of letters, English word
Meyer & Schvaneveld Used a modified ________; Manipulated whether the words were ________ or ______
lexical decision task, associated, not
Reaction times were ______ for the associated words compared to the ________ words
faster, unassociated
The modified lexical decision task results were interpreted as direct evidence for _________, and indirect
evidence for __________
associative priming, spreading activation
activation spreads between the
__________, making the
verification of each _______
associated words, easier
________ underlies the currently popular __________ of knowledge representation
Spreading activation, neural network models
In the neural network model, _______ are represented by __________
Concepts, patterns of activity across nodes
In the neural network model, ________ are captured by how activity ____________.
Associations, spreads from one concept to another concept
