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BIOL-120 > Land Plants: Seedless vascular Plant Diversity > Flashcards

Land Plants: Seedless vascular Plant Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

How has the diversity of land plants changed over time?

A

90% are angiosperms today, but they are recent addition

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2
Q

What are the two types of seedless- vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes, and ferns and horsetails

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3
Q

How do seedless vascular plants fertilize and disperse?

A

water (sperm), and air (spores)

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4
Q

compared to the Bryophytes are seedless vascular plants more or less gametophyte dominant/reliant?

A

less

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5
Q

when is the first record of vascular plants?

A

roughly 425 million years ago

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6
Q

What did evolution of xylem and phloem give vascular plants an advantage in?

A

size and hydration

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7
Q

What was the structures of Early vascular plants?

A

small, branched repeatedly, formed sporangia at tips of branches, no leaves, and ‘root’ structures were underground stems with small hairlike extensions, had ability to synthesise lignin

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8
Q

What is lignin?

A

complex organic polymer of cell walls, especially found in sclerenchyma and associatedwith xylem vessels

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9
Q

What is the function of lignin?

A

provide support and rigidity: support of plant body (especially for plants of larger size

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10
Q

What is a stele?

A

vascular bundles

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11
Q

WHat is the protostele? describe its structure

A

the ancestral stele - vascular tissue is organized as a simple, compacted central strand; a cylindrical strand of xylem surrounded by a region of phloem

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12
Q

How did the Stele (vascular bundles) evolve?

A

changes led to more peripherally arranged vascular tissues (siphonostele)

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13
Q

WHat is the structure of the siphonostele?

A

the ring of vascular tissue forms a hollow cylinder filled with pith

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14
Q

What is a leaf gap?

A

often on siphonosteles - interruptions in the vascular strand where leaves originate

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15
Q

What species today are siphonostele stems found in?

A

most ferns and horesetails

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16
Q

WHat species today is the protostele found in?

A

lycophytes, whisk ferns and in roots of most eudicots

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17
Q

What is the eustele?

A

further changes from siphonostele
a system of discreet strands around a pith (eudicots) or interspersed with parenchyma tissue (monocots)

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18
Q

What species today is the Eustele found in?

A

stems of seed plants (gymnosperms/angiosperms)

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19
Q

What are microphylls?

A

small scale-like photosynthetic apendages with only a single vascular strand (=vein of xylem and phloem)
emerge from stems with protosteles (lycophytes)
no leaf gap

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20
Q

What are megaphylls? (true leaves)

A

leaves with a complex network of veins (xylem and phloem)
emerge from stems with siphonosteles or eusteles
found in ferns and seed plants
leaf gap

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21
Q

What is homospory?

A

only one type of spore produced (ancestral state)
found in most lycophytes and most ferns

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22
Q

WHat is heterospory?

A

produce two types of spores (microspores, megaspores) in two types of sporangia (microsporangia, megasporangia)
found in some lycophytes, a few ferns, and the seed plants

23
Q

WHen did Giant Lycophytes exist?

A

occured roughly 400-296 million years ago

24
Q

WHat environments did Giant Lycophytes live in?

A

swampy environments alongside early seed plants

25
Q

WHy did Giant Lycophytes go extinct?

A

due to changing climates to drier conditions

26
Q

WHat happened when the GIant Lycophytes died?

A

when the trees dies they often fell into swamps and decomposed; the dead organic matter was converted to coal

27
Q

What are features of Extant Lycophytes?

A

sporangia with spores (homospores; ancestral condiotion)
protostele in roots and stem
microphylls

28
Q

What are the three extant lycophyte lineages?

A

lycopodium group (club mosses)
Selaginella group
Isoetes (quillworts)

29
Q

Where do Club Mosses live?

A

artic to tropics

30
Q

WHat is the sporophyte of club mosses?

A

rhizomes with roots; aerial branches

31
Q

What leaf atttachment type do Club mosses have?

A

microphylls on aerial stem

32
Q

WHat are the spore producing vessels in Club Mosses?

A

Homosporous (only one type of sporangium)
Sporangia often located on upper surface of sporophylls (leaves bearing sporangia)

33
Q

WHere do Sellaginella live?

A

mostly tropical, wet habitats

34
Q

What are the spore producing vessels in Sellaginella?

A

Sporophylls (mega- and microsporophylls in strobili with mega- and microsporangia)
Heterosporous (microspores, megaspores)

35
Q

WHere do Isoetes (quillworts) live?

A

mostly along the margins of lakes/ponds and slow-moving streams

36
Q

What makes Isoetes (quillworts) unique among living Lycophytes?

A

has a vascular cambium, indicating tree-like ancestors

37
Q

What is spore producing like in Isoetes (quillworts)?

A

Heterosporous

38
Q

What are features of horsetails?

A

occur in moist damp habitats
jointed stems
rough texture (silica in their epidermal cells)
underground stem (= rhizome)

39
Q

How does branching and leaves work in horsetails?

A

small, scale-like leaves in whirl at node
branches arise at nodes, alternate with leaves

40
Q

What does the stem cross section of a horsetail lok like?

A

hollow pith surrounded by ring of carinal canals and vascular tissue

41
Q

What is the structure of whisk ferns?

A

have photosynthetic stems without leaves and do not form roots
resemble fossils of early vascular plants

42
Q

What are aquatic ferns?

A

ferns that float on the surface of the water

43
Q

WHat is a species of aquatic fern with its common use to humans?

A

Azolla - free-floating aquatic fern that has been used for centuries in Asia as a biofertilizer of rice paddies due to its symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

44
Q

Where is a tree fern found?

A

tropical forests

45
Q

how do tree ferns grow tall?

A

10+m by producing an erect rhizome that forms the trunk
trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of rhizomes that expands as the tree fern grows

46
Q

WHat are Polypod ferns also called?

A

Adder’s tongue ferns

47
Q

WHat are features of Polypod or Adder’s TOngue ferns?

A

simple, spoon-shaped leaves and an upright spore-bearing stalk

48
Q

What is the stele of polypod ferns?

A

protostele in rhizome
siphonostele with leaf gaps in stem

49
Q

WHat does the leaf of a polypod fern look like?

A

megaphyll
frond - usually compound
young frond coiled - fiddlehead
Rhizomes and rachis usually have hairs, scales

50
Q

Where is sporangia located in polypod fern?

A

on lower surface of frond or modified fronds

51
Q

WHat is a sorus?

A

cluster of sporangia

52
Q

WHat is Indusium?

A

outgrowth of leaf that covers sporangia in some species

53
Q

in polypod ferns describe thereproduction?

A

gametophyte bisexual
antheridia is among rhizoids
archegonia is near notch
water is required for fertilization

54
Q

Describe a fern life cycle

A

Sperm is released when moisture is present (n)
fertilization
the sporophyte (2n) is initially supplie d with nutrients by the gametophyte
vascular tissues allow sporophyte to grow tall and become independent
Sporangia are produced on the lower surfaces of leaves
under meiosis produce haploid spores (n)
spores are released into air thoese that are land in a suitable site will germinate and grow into new gametophytes

BIOL-120 (15 decks)

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