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BIOL-120 > Eukaryotic Origins and Diversity > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Origins and Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

proposes that the chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells were originally free-living bacteria

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2
Q

Compare cell size of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryote = smaller, typically 0.2 - 2.0um
eukaryote = larger, typically 10-100um

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3
Q

compare nucleus in prokaryote cells and eukaryote cells

A

only present in eukaryotes (DNA strand in prokaryotes)

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4
Q

compare number of chromosomes in prokaryote and eukaryote cells

A

prokaryotes only one chromosome, eukaryotes >1

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5
Q

are there membrane bound organelles in prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

eukaryotes (Golgi body, Endoplasmic reticulum etc.)

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6
Q

Compare cytoplasm/cytoskeleton in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes is no cytoskeleton, and no cytoplasmic streaming
eukaryotes have both

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7
Q

compare cell wall in porkaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes = usually present and complex
eukaryotes = only present in plants and fungi

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8
Q

how does cell division occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes = binary fission
eukaryotes = mitosis

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9
Q

compare sexual reproduction in prokaryptes and eukaryotes

A

prokarytoes = by transfer of DNA fragments
eukaryotes = meiosis

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10
Q

compare flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes = simple, consists of 2 proteins
eukaryotes = complex, multiple microtubules

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11
Q

What are features of Archaebacteria?

A

prokaryote
no true nucles
unicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
live in extreme conditions and are chemically different from Eubacteria

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12
Q

what are features of Eubacteria?

A

prokaryote
no true nucles
unicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
live everywhere
‘true bacteria’

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13
Q

What are features of Protists?

A

eukaryote
true nucleus
most are unicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
odds and ends kingdom
can be protozoa, algae, funguslike

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14
Q

What are features of Fungi?

A

eukaryote
true nucleus
multicellular (bar yeast)
heterotrophic
digest their food outside of their bodies

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15
Q

WHat are features of Plants?

A

eukaryote
true nucleus
multicellular
autotrophic
start food chains, no life on earth without plants

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16
Q

WHat are the features of animals?

A

Eukaryote
true nucleus
multicellulat
heterotrophic
largest known kindow > 1 mill species

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17
Q

What are the 7 superkingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

Opisthokonts
Amoebozoans
Archaeplastids
Stramenophiles
Alveolates
Rhizarians
Excavates

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18
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside another organism

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19
Q

Where did chloroplasts come from?

A

were once free-living cynobacteria

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20
Q

What are the similarities between chloroplasts and ancestral cyanobacteria?

A

circular DNA
DNA sequence similar
ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins related

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21
Q

What is the second origin of chloroplasts?

A

from multiple lineages of chloroplasts in different photosynthetic eaukaryotes

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22
Q

Where are AMoebozoans found? role?

A

moist soils and aquatic habitats, serving as predators on other microorganisms, some parasitic influencing human health

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23
Q

WHat are pseudopodia?

A

cytoplasmic extensions for locomotion and feeding (found in species Amoeba)

24
Q

What are Plasmodial Slime Molds?

A

type of amoebozoan
form colourful often lacy amorphic masses of protoplasm
feed on bacteria and decaying organuc matter
plasmodia generate sporangia hta produce spores for dispersal

25
What are cellular slime molds?
type of AMoebozoan spend most of life cycle as amoeboid cells feeding on bacteria starvation can cause cells to produce a chemical signal that induces 1000s of cells to aggregate into a multicellular form that can collectivley move to forage for food can form sporangia that produce spores for dispersal
26
What 3 major groups fo Archaeplastids consist of?
Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Viridiplantae
27
what are Glaucocystophytes?
small lineage of single-celled algae found in freshwater their chloroplasts retain more features of the ancestral cyanobacteria endosymbiont than other algae
28
What are major features of red algae?
mostly multicellular from marine environments; grow attached to rocks or other algae
29
What is included in the cell walls of red algae?
mucilaginous matrix - prevents colonization by other algae
30
what are examples of two red algal mucilages used now? for what?
Agar and carrageenin for gelling and thickening in food and pharmaceutical industries toothpaste, ice cream, nut milks, yoghurt, and agar
31
What are features of Chlorophyta (green algae)?
mostly aquatic, some terrestrial unicellular to multicellular some are symbiotic with lichens, sponges, coelenterates
32
What two lineages of green algae are associated with largest diversity?
chlorophytes and streptophytes
33
What common algae (plantish) types are includeed in chlorophyte branch?
seaweeds like sea lettuce complex seaweeds found in tropical and temperate oceans
34
WHat is an example sea lettuce?
Ulva
35
What are features of Ulva?
thallus sheet-like, light green, delicate and translucent marine; found on rock and in lower-shore rock pools, and in shallow subtidal
36
What are some types of Streptophyte?
Chara, Spirogyra
37
what are some features of Chara?
multicellular; superficially resemble plants found in fresh water, particulalryl in limestone areas throughout the northern temperate zone covered with calcium carbonate deposits and commonly known as stoneworts
38
what are some features of Spirogya?
unbranched, filamentous helical, ribbonlike chloroplasts, many pyrenoids (starch) common in freshwater, developing slimy filamentous green masses
39
What are some features of Stramenophiles?
range from unicellular to filamentous multicellular forms; mostly photosynthetic includes diatoms, giant kelps, and other types of brown algae
40
What are Diatoms?
most diverse lineage of stramenophiles responsible for 25% of photosynthesis on earth thrive in environments that range from wet soil to open ocean
41
What are the two froms of Diatom?
Pennate - bilaterally symmetrical Centric - radially symmetrical
42
What is diatomaceous earth?
soft, siliceous sedimentary rock representing fossilised remains of diatoms (as they accumulated in rivers, streams lakes, and oceans)
43
What is an example of diatomaceous earth fromation?
White Cliffs of Dover
44
What are some characteristics of Phaeophyta - brown algae?
unicellular to filamentous multicellular marine, dominate rocky shores most conspicuous seaweeds of temperate, boreal, and polar waters (e.g. kelp, rockweed)
45
What are the features of brown algae?
thallus 9growth form for multicellular types) simple, relatively undifferentiated vegetative body
46
What is kelp? features? cell walls?
marine, compromises kelp forest holdfast, stripe, blade (lamina) cell walls of cellulose and algin
47
What is algin?
mucilaginous carbohydrate
48
What does algin do?
provides flexibility and toughness reduces drying in low tide increases bouyancy prevents colonization by other organisms
49
What do we use Algin for?
stabilizer and emulsifier in foods and condiments (gelatin, pudding candy paint, medical tablets (binding agent), cosmetics
50
what is rockweed?
marine brown algae, found on the coasts of the North sea, the Western batic sea, and the atlantic and pacific oceans
51
WHat is an adaptation of rockweed?
airbladders (flotation) near ends of blades
52
What is Ectocarpus?
mostly marine, unbranched and filamentous brown algae. grows attached to rocks and sotnes along coasts
53
What are dinoflagellates responsible for?
red tides (toxic blooms in coastal water) that occur naturally because of human activities such as sewage seeps and fertilized cropland runoffs can cause massive fish kills
54
What are Apicomplexans?
an exclusively parasitic group that lack locomotory organelles, except during reproductive stages, have ab apical complex. an example is malaria
55
What are characteristics of Excavates?
asymmetrical, single-celled, heterotrophic, with a feeding groove
56
What are Euglenozoa?
photosynthetic excavates

BIOL-120 (16 decks)

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