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BIOL-120 > Eukaryotic Origins and Diversity > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Origins and Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

proposes that the chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells were originally free-living bacteria

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2
Q

Compare cell size of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryote = smaller, typically 0.2 - 2.0um
eukaryote = larger, typically 10-100um

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3
Q

compare nucleus in prokaryote cells and eukaryote cells

A

only present in eukaryotes (DNA strand in prokaryotes)

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4
Q

compare number of chromosomes in prokaryote and eukaryote cells

A

prokaryotes only one chromosome, eukaryotes >1

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5
Q

are there membrane bound organelles in prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

eukaryotes (Golgi body, Endoplasmic reticulum etc.)

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6
Q

Compare cytoplasm/cytoskeleton in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes is no cytoskeleton, and no cytoplasmic streaming
eukaryotes have both

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7
Q

compare cell wall in porkaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes = usually present and complex
eukaryotes = only present in plants and fungi

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8
Q

how does cell division occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes = binary fission
eukaryotes = mitosis

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9
Q

compare sexual reproduction in prokaryptes and eukaryotes

A

prokarytoes = by transfer of DNA fragments
eukaryotes = meiosis

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10
Q

compare flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes = simple, consists of 2 proteins
eukaryotes = complex, multiple microtubules

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11
Q

What are features of Archaebacteria?

A

prokaryote
no true nucles
unicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
live in extreme conditions and are chemically different from Eubacteria

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12
Q

what are features of Eubacteria?

A

prokaryote
no true nucles
unicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
live everywhere
‘true bacteria’

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13
Q

What are features of Protists?

A

eukaryote
true nucleus
most are unicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
odds and ends kingdom
can be protozoa, algae, funguslike

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14
Q

What are features of Fungi?

A

eukaryote
true nucleus
multicellular (bar yeast)
heterotrophic
digest their food outside of their bodies

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15
Q

WHat are features of Plants?

A

eukaryote
true nucleus
multicellular
autotrophic
start food chains, no life on earth without plants

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16
Q

WHat are the features of animals?

A

Eukaryote
true nucleus
multicellulat
heterotrophic
largest known kindow > 1 mill species

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17
Q

What are the 7 superkingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

Opisthokonts
Amoebozoans
Archaeplastids
Stramenophiles
Alveolates
Rhizarians
Excavates

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18
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside another organism

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19
Q

Where did chloroplasts come from?

A

were once free-living cynobacteria

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20
Q

What are the similarities between chloroplasts and ancestral cyanobacteria?

A

circular DNA
DNA sequence similar
ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins related

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21
Q

What is the second origin of chloroplasts?

A

from multiple lineages of chloroplasts in different photosynthetic eaukaryotes

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22
Q

Where are AMoebozoans found? role?

A

moist soils and aquatic habitats, serving as predators on other microorganisms, some parasitic influencing human health

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23
Q

WHat are pseudopodia?

A

cytoplasmic extensions for locomotion and feeding (found in species Amoeba)

24
Q

What are Plasmodial Slime Molds?

A

type of amoebozoan
form colourful often lacy amorphic masses of protoplasm
feed on bacteria and decaying organuc matter
plasmodia generate sporangia hta produce spores for dispersal

25
Q

What are cellular slime molds?

A

type of AMoebozoan
spend most of life cycle as amoeboid cells feeding on bacteria
starvation can cause cells to produce a chemical signal that induces 1000s of cells to aggregate into a multicellular form that can collectivley move to forage for food
can form sporangia that produce spores for dispersal

26
Q

What 3 major groups fo Archaeplastids consist of?

A

Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Viridiplantae

27
Q

what are Glaucocystophytes?

A

small lineage of single-celled algae found in freshwater
their chloroplasts retain more features of the ancestral cyanobacteria endosymbiont than other algae

28
Q

What are major features of red algae?

A

mostly multicellular from marine environments; grow attached to rocks or other algae

29
Q

What is included in the cell walls of red algae?

A

mucilaginous matrix - prevents colonization by other algae

30
Q

what are examples of two red algal mucilages used now? for what?

A

Agar and carrageenin
for gelling and thickening in food and pharmaceutical industries
toothpaste, ice cream, nut milks, yoghurt, and agar

31
Q

What are features of Chlorophyta (green algae)?

A

mostly aquatic, some terrestrial
unicellular to multicellular
some are symbiotic with lichens, sponges, coelenterates

32
Q

What two lineages of green algae are associated with largest diversity?

A

chlorophytes and streptophytes

33
Q

What common algae (plantish) types are includeed in chlorophyte branch?

A

seaweeds like sea lettuce
complex seaweeds found in tropical and temperate oceans

34
Q

WHat is an example sea lettuce?

A

Ulva

35
Q

What are features of Ulva?

A

thallus sheet-like, light green, delicate and translucent
marine; found on rock and in lower-shore rock pools, and in shallow subtidal

36
Q

What are some types of Streptophyte?

A

Chara, Spirogyra

37
Q

what are some features of Chara?

A

multicellular; superficially resemble plants
found in fresh water, particulalryl in limestone areas throughout the northern temperate zone
covered with calcium carbonate deposits and commonly known as stoneworts

38
Q

what are some features of Spirogya?

A

unbranched, filamentous
helical, ribbonlike chloroplasts, many pyrenoids (starch)
common in freshwater, developing slimy filamentous green masses

39
Q

What are some features of Stramenophiles?

A

range from unicellular to filamentous multicellular forms; mostly photosynthetic
includes diatoms, giant kelps, and other types of brown algae

40
Q

What are Diatoms?

A

most diverse lineage of stramenophiles
responsible for 25% of photosynthesis on earth
thrive in environments that range from wet soil to open ocean

41
Q

What are the two froms of Diatom?

A

Pennate - bilaterally symmetrical
Centric - radially symmetrical

42
Q

What is diatomaceous earth?

A

soft, siliceous sedimentary rock representing fossilised remains of diatoms (as they accumulated in rivers, streams lakes, and oceans)

43
Q

What is an example of diatomaceous earth fromation?

A

White Cliffs of Dover

44
Q

What are some characteristics of Phaeophyta - brown algae?

A

unicellular to filamentous multicellular
marine, dominate rocky shores
most conspicuous seaweeds of temperate, boreal, and polar waters (e.g. kelp, rockweed)

45
Q

What are the features of brown algae?

A

thallus 9growth form for multicellular types)
simple, relatively undifferentiated vegetative body

46
Q

What is kelp? features? cell walls?

A

marine, compromises kelp forest
holdfast, stripe, blade (lamina)
cell walls of cellulose and algin

47
Q

What is algin?

A

mucilaginous carbohydrate

48
Q

What does algin do?

A

provides flexibility and toughness
reduces drying in low tide
increases bouyancy
prevents colonization by other organisms

49
Q

What do we use Algin for?

A

stabilizer and emulsifier in foods and condiments (gelatin, pudding candy paint, medical tablets (binding agent), cosmetics

50
Q

what is rockweed?

A

marine brown algae, found on the coasts of the North sea, the Western batic sea, and the atlantic and pacific oceans

51
Q

WHat is an adaptation of rockweed?

A

airbladders (flotation) near ends of blades

52
Q

What is Ectocarpus?

A

mostly marine, unbranched and filamentous brown algae. grows attached to rocks and sotnes along coasts

53
Q

What are dinoflagellates responsible for?

A

red tides (toxic blooms in coastal water) that occur naturally because of human activities such as sewage seeps and fertilized cropland runoffs
can cause massive fish kills

54
Q

What are Apicomplexans?

A

an exclusively parasitic group that lack locomotory organelles, except during reproductive stages, have ab apical complex. an example is malaria

55
Q

What are characteristics of Excavates?

A

asymmetrical, single-celled, heterotrophic, with a feeding groove

56
Q

What are Euglenozoa?

A

photosynthetic excavates

BIOL-120 (16 decks)

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