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BIOL-120 > Chordates > Flashcards

Chordates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major subohyla of CHordata?

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordato (Tunicates)
Vertebrata

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2
Q

What lineage are Chordata part of>?

A

Deuterostomes

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3
Q

What are features of Chordates?

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits/pouches,myotemes, postanal tail

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4
Q

What is the notochord?

A

flexible cartilaginous rodlike structure supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordates

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5
Q

What are Pharyngeal slits?

A

openings in the pharynx; develops into gill arches in bony fishes and into jaws and inner ear among terrestrial animals

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6
Q

What are characteristics of Urochordata?

A

marine, sessile filter-feeders as adults and motile during larval stages
possess all 5 chordate characteristics as larvae

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7
Q

What happens in Tunicate (Urochordata) Development?

A

larvae settle head-first on hard substrates and undergo metamoprhosis (tail,notochord, muscle segments and nerve cord dissapear)

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8
Q

Whar lineages of Chordates possess body segmentation?

A

Cephalochordates and Vertebrates

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9
Q

What are segemented muscles called?

A

Myotomes

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10
Q

What do myotomes allow?

A

undulatory swimming and rapid burrowing (and movement)

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11
Q

WHat are characterisitcs of Cephalochordata?

A

marine, swim as larvae, buried in sediment as adults - anterior head exposed for filter-feeding
all chordate characteristics present throughout life history

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12
Q

What do Cephalochordata use for filter feeding?

A

a wheel organ to draw a current into mouth
tentacle-like buccal cirri around mouth from a grid that keeps out large particles
(+Ciliated gills)

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13
Q

WHo are the closest relatives of Vertebrates?

A

Tunicates (Urochordata)

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14
Q

What are characteristics of Vertebrates?

A

all 5 chordate charactersitics at some point in life history
brain and many sensory structures
skull (cranium)
vertebral column
endoskeleton
muscle attached to skeleton

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15
Q

What type of circulatory system do vertebrates have?

A

closed circulatory system

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16
Q

What feeding behaviour did vertebrates exhibit?

A

active predation

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17
Q

WHat embryonic innovation allowed for vertebrate brain and sense organ development?

A

neural crest and ectodermal placodes

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18
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

a population of ectodermal cells lying along the length of the embryonic neural tube

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19
Q

What does the neural crest do?

A

contributes to the formation of the cranium, pharyngeal skeleton, tooth dentine, Schwann cells, and some endocrine glands

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20
Q

WHat are Ectodermal placodes?

A

platelike ectodermal thickenings lying along the length of the embryonic neural tube

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21
Q

What does the ectodermal placodes do?

A

contributes to formation of olfactory epithelium, eye lenses, and electroreceptors

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22
Q

What is a fish?

A

aquatic vertebrate with gills, fins, and skin covered in scales of dermal origin

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23
Q

What are the basal vertebrate-crainiates?

A

Agnathans - hagfish and lampreys

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24
Q

What are chracteristics of hagfish and Lampreys?

A

jawless, cartilage cranium, eel-like shape, scaleless skin, no paired appendages

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25
Q

What is a defining characterstic of the lampreys and hagfish?

A

the vertebral column

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26
Q

What is significant about the vertebral column in lamprey and hagfish?

A

lamprey it is made of cartilage
hagfish - lack vertebrae due to secondary loss - notochord is present

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27
Q

What are charactersitcs of hagfish?

A

marine, scavengers and predators
special glands along boy secrete fluid that becomes slime-like in contact with seawater for protection

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28
Q

What are differences between larvae and adult stages of Lamprey?

A

adults are parasitic and larvae (ammocoete larvae) are not

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29
Q

How do Lampreys survive?

A

live in burrows are use their muscular pharynx to pump in the surrounding water a d then sift out food

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30
Q

What is the metamorphosis of ammocoete larvae like?

A

develop eyes and oral disks and tongues covered with pointy teeth then begin migrating downstream to the lakes

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31
Q

What do adult lampreys feed on?

A

blood of host fish

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32
Q

How did Parasitic lamprey enter great lakes region and what were their effects?

A

in 1800s thrugh human made locks abd shipping canals; reduced native fish populations

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33
Q

What are Chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous fish

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34
Q

what are examples of Chondrichthyes?

A

sharks, skates, and rays

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35
Q

When did Chondrichthyes first appear?

A

425mya

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36
Q

What is skeleton in Chondrichthyes made of?

A

cartilage

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37
Q

What type of scales do Chondrichthyes have?

A

placoid scales

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38
Q

What are features of Chondrichthyes?

A

well devleoped jaws, paired pectoral and pelvic fins

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39
Q

What is an adaptation of sharks making them suited for predation?

A

streamlined bodies and caudal fin with heteroceral tail lifts and propels shark through water; pectoral and pelvic fins act as stabiliers

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40
Q

What are features of skates and rays?

A

horizontally flattened bodies for bottom dwelling, pectoral fins enlarged and fused to head used like wings in swimming

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41
Q

What is a predation/defense for stingrays?

A

slender whip-like tail armed with one or more spines with venom glands

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42
Q

What is a lateral line in sharks?

A

a system f tactile sense organs used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure

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43
Q

How can sharks detect bioelectric fields?

A

ampullary organs of Lorenzini

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44
Q

What is the modified portion of male’s pelvic fin in cartilaginous fishes called and used for?

A

clasper - to introduce sperm for internal fertilization

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45
Q

What is a mermaid’s purse?

A

an egg case or capsule that surround the fertilized eggs of some oviparous sharks, skates, and chimaeras

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46
Q

What is embryophagy (Sandtiger sharks)?

A

within-the-womb cannabilism method - in which the largest and strongest embryo actually consumes its lesser womb-mates

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47
Q

What is oophagy?

A

within-the-womb cannabilism in sharks - in which developing embryos feed on a steady supply of tiny, unfertilized eggs

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48
Q

What are Osteichthyes?

A

Bony fish

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49
Q

WHen did Osteichthyes appear?

A

400 mya

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50
Q

What are the 2 distinct clades of fish?

A

ray-fin fishes (Actinopterygii) and lobe-fin fishes (Sarcopterygii) (tertrapods evolved from sarcopterygii)

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51
Q

What features do bony fish and tetrapods share?

A

bone replaces cartilage during development
presence of lungs or swim bladder

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52
Q

How do Ray-fin fish (Actinopterygii) show diverse feeding behaviours?

A

sepcialization of jaw structure

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53
Q

How do Ray-fin fishes (Actinopterygiii) move?

A

undulatory (wave like) locomotion: reduces frictional drag

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54
Q

What are addaptations of skin of ray-fin fishes for movement?

A

light weight dermal scales and glands in skin secrete mucus reduces drag

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55
Q

What does the operculum do in bony fish?

A

increased respiratory efficiency because the outward rotation of the operculum created a negative pressure so that water could be drawn across the gills

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56
Q

How do gills help in respiration?

A

high surface area to colume ratio due to filliments with lamellae for gas exchange
lamellae have blood capillaries
4 sets of gills on each side

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57
Q

How are lamellae in gills orientated?

A

so that blood flowing through them in capillary network is opposite to that of water - countercurrent flow

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58
Q

What does countercurrent flow allow fish to do?

A

take in more oxygen get rid of more CO2

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59
Q

What did lungs of ancestral fish evolve into for modern fish?

A

swim bladders

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60
Q

WHat do swim bladders do?

A

gas filled structure keeping buoyancy

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61
Q

What is the most diverse group of fishes?

A

Teleost (ray-finned fish)

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62
Q

What are examples of lobe-finned fishes (sarcopterygii)?

A

lungfishes and coelocanths

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63
Q

What is a feature of Lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygii)?

A

possess muscular lobed-fins that allowed them to ‘walk’ along the bottom of oceans, freshwater ponds, or to other sources of water

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64
Q

What are the 3 living genera of lungfishes?

A

neoceratodus
protopterus
Lepidosiren

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65
Q

What are Coelocanths?

A

only 1 surviving genus Latimeria

66
Q

What are the major disparities between air and water?

A

water content, oxygen content
. density, temperature, habitat richness and diversity

67
Q

What is major evolutionary feature of tetrapods?

A

evolution of limbs from lobes

68
Q

Why are Amphibians still closely related to water?

A

permeable skin
external fertilization
shell-less eggs not protected from dessication

69
Q

Why do Amphibians have permeable skin?

A

allows them to absorb oxygen through skin when moist

70
Q

What are Caecilians?

A

amphibian lineage
split from modern Salamanders

71
Q

What are Caudata?

A

Salamanders

72
Q

Where are CAudata (Salamanders) found?

A

temperate regions

73
Q

What are features of Salamanders (Caudata)?

A

skin is well vscularized and used in gas exchnage
at various life stages may possess external gills, lungs, both, or neither

74
Q

What is the Salamander life cycle include?

A

an aquatic larval stage with gills which often lost in metamorphosis

75
Q

What are two examples of Salamanders that don’t undergo metamoprhosis so remain with gills?

A

mud puppy and axolotl

76
Q

What is Paedomorphosis?

A

retention of juvenile or larval features in adult organisms

77
Q

What are Anurans?

A

Frogs and Toads

78
Q

Where are anurans (Forgs and TOads) found?

A

all vcontinents except antacticva

79
Q

What type of locomotion do Anurans (Frogs and Toads have?

A

saltatory locomotion - jumping

80
Q

What are the skeletal adaptations for Saltatory locomotion?

A

loss of tail, trunk is shorter and more compact, ribs well-fused to the vertebrae, vertebrae are well fused, hind limbs are both long and strong, forelimbs act as shock absorbers and their strength has been increased by the fusion of the radius and ulna

81
Q

What is Anuran (Frogs ana toads) reproduction?

A

male clasps female (Amplexus) female release aggs and male sperm for external fertilization
eggs are jelly like masses

82
Q

What type of phylogenetic grouping are reptiles?

A

Paraphyletic as birds left out

83
Q

What are the derived characteristics of amniotes?

A

amniotic egg
thicker waterproof skin
rib ventilation of the lungs

84
Q

What is an amniotic egg?

A

leathery or shelled eggs which contain food and protective membranes for supporting embryonic development on land

85
Q

What are features of the skin of amniotes that make it more waterproof?

A

composed of keratin (fibrous structural protein)
lipids limit water loss

86
Q

What type of breathing do amniotes do?

A

negative pressure breathing - expanding thoracic cavity using rib muscles

87
Q

What type of breathing do Amphibians do?

A

positive pressure breathing - force air from oral cavity to the lungs

88
Q

What are Testudines?

A

Turtles

89
Q

WHen did Testudines first appear in fossil record?

A

260 mya

90
Q

What are characteristics of Testudines?

A

have bony shells overlain with horn; ribs and vertebrae fused to carapace
aquatic or semiaquatic usually
toothless with a horn beak; omnivores
head and neck move backwards into shell

91
Q

What are Squamata?

A

lizards, snakes, and worms lizards
95% of nonavian reptiles

92
Q

What are Lizard characterisitcs?

A

4 limbs and relatively short bodies; limbs degenerate in some (glass lizards)

93
Q

What are Squamata?

A

Snakes

94
Q

What are characteristics of squamata?

A

lack both pectoral and pelvic girdles
pelvic girdles are vestigial characteros om pyhtons and boas

95
Q

What is different about snake vertebrae allowing for?

A

numerous vertebrae, shorter and wider than other tetrapod vertebrae - allow quick undulations over the ground

96
Q

What is chemoreception (snakes)?

A

chemical senses

97
Q

What is a Jacobson Organ?

A

pair of olfactory (smell) pit organs in the roof of the mouth

98
Q

What do venomous snakes have?

A

pair of teeth on maxillary bones modified as fangs
when thrust into prey venom is injected through a channel in fangs

99
Q

What are the 3 toxins produced by snakes?

A

Cytotoxins, Hemotoxins, Neurotoxins

100
Q

What do Cytotoxins do?

A

destroys cells - especially muscles cells

101
Q

What type of snakes has cycotoxins?

A

rattlesnakes

102
Q

What do hemotoxins do?

A

causes blood to congeal

103
Q

What type of snake has hemotoxins?

A

vipers

104
Q

What do neurotoxins do?

A

affect the nervous system (paralysis)

105
Q

What type of snake has neurotoxins?

A

cobras

106
Q

What is a feature of snake skulls?

A

mobile skull for jaw opening

107
Q

Whatare Sphenodonta?

A

Tuatara in New Zealand

108
Q

What are Crocodilia?

A

Crocodiles, Alligators, Caimens, and Gharials

109
Q

What lineages are crocodiles and birds from?

A

archosaurian

110
Q

Where are Gharials found and eat?

A

India, fish-eating

111
Q

What are features of Crocodilia skulls?

A

elongate, robust, well-enforced with massive jaw musculature

112
Q

Whta is thecodont? Crocodilia

A

teeth set in sockets - typical of some of earlist dinosaurs

113
Q

What is the facial difference between alligators and crocodiles?

A

lower jaw tooth of crocodiles fits outside slender upper jaw
crocodiles have a longer, thinner V-shaped snout

114
Q

What is raising younf of alligators and crocodiles like?

A

2-0-50 eggs in mass f vegetation guraded by mother

115
Q

What are Aves?

A

Avian Reptiles - Birds

116
Q

What is a trabsitional form between theropods and modern birds?

A

Archaeopteryx

117
Q

What are characterisitcs of birds

A

Porous bones
fused bones
feathers

118
Q

How do porous bones help birds?

A

help with oxygen intake during flight as air sacs are attahced to hollow areasin birds bones
lighter and less dense but strong

119
Q

How do fused bones help birds?

A

strength, and light weight

120
Q

How do feathers help birds?

A

leight-weight and tensile (straining/stretching) strength

121
Q

How did feathers develop? relationship to reptilian scales?

A

integumentary organs formed by proliferation of cells in the epidermis (homologous to non-avian reptilian scales made of keratin)
from dinosaurs

122
Q

What are the two hypotheses for terrestrials learning to fly?

A

tree-down hypothesis
ground-up hypothesis

123
Q

What is the tree-down hypothesis?

A

the ancestors of birds were tree-dwellers that jumped from branch to branch

124
Q

What is the ground-up hypothesis?

A

ancestors f birds ran along the ground, jumping into the air (Chukar partridge)

125
Q

What are bird respiratory advances?

A

air sacs to inrease oxygen uptake

126
Q

How is birds digestive system adapted?

A

high metabolic rate = fast digestion
large intestine size reduced = reduced weight
no gall bladder = reduced weight

127
Q

What are urogenital adaptations to reduce weight?

A

nourinary bladder; kidneys produce uric acid, excreted as semisolid paste
only left ovary
sex organs only functional in breeding season

128
Q

how does bird reproduction work?

A

no penis (except ducks and geese) = bringing cloacal surfaces into contact
eggs layed and incubated

129
Q

What are the two types of newly hatched birds?

A

precocial and altricial

130
Q

What are precocial young in birds?

A

young are covered with down when hatched and can run or swim as soon as their plumage is dry

131
Q

What is Altricial young in birds?

A

young are naked and helpless at birth remain in nest for a week or more

132
Q

When did Mammals evolve?

A

180mya from amniotic ancestors

133
Q

What is advantage of te mammalian jaw?

A

improved hearing - middle ear fully separated from jaw
helpful for early nocturnal mammals

134
Q

What does hair do for mammals?

A

guard hair provides protection from abrasion, moisture, and sunlight; underfur helps insulate and maintain constant temp

135
Q

What is function of arrector pili contraction making hairs stand on end?

A

exaggerate size for defense, or dominance
thermoregulation
(vestigial trait in humans0

136
Q

what is the function of sweat glands in mammals?

A

for evaporative cooling

137
Q

What is a type of sweat gland?

A

apocrine glands

138
Q

What are scent glands uses?

A

communication within species for territory, marking young and aggressive intent

139
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

oil secreting glands that soften and lubricate the skin and hair and to prevent some kinds of bacteria from colonizing

140
Q

What are uses of mammary glands?

A

in females produce milk to nourish young

141
Q

What are the types of mammalian teeth?

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

142
Q

What do incisors do?

A

simple crowns and sharp edges for snipping or biting

143
Q

WHat do canines do?

A

long, conical crowns’ for piercing

144
Q

What do premolars do?

A

compressed crowns and one or two cusps; shearing and slicing

145
Q

What do molars do?

A

large bodies and variable cusp arrangement; crushing and grinding

146
Q

What are adaptations of herbivore digesive system?

A

long digestive tract, large cecum for microbial digestion and storage

147
Q

What are skull adpatations fro herbivores?

A

incisors replaced by horny pad for gnawing grass
broad and flat molars for grinding

148
Q

WHat are digestive system adaptations for carnivores?

A

relatively short digestive tract and small or absent cecum

149
Q

What are teeth adaptations of carnivores?

A

incisors used for biting and holding prey; sharp canines to kill; jagged premolars to cut up; molars for crushing and grinding

150
Q

What are extant mammalian lineages?

A

Monotremes, Marsupials, Placentals

151
Q

What are examples of Monotremes?

A

platypus and echidna

152
Q

where are monotremes found?

A

australia and new guinea

153
Q

what distinguishes monotremes from other mammals?

A

lay a egg shell
have a cloaca
no nipples on mammary glands

154
Q

What are features of marsupial mammals?

A

pouched mammals
live birthas underdeveloped embryos to continue development in pouch

155
Q

What are examples of marsupials?

A

kangaroo, opossum

156
Q

Where are marsupials found most?

A

australia and south america

157
Q

What marsupial is present in North america?

A

American opossum

158
Q

What are features of placental mammals?

A

internal nourishment of embryos with a placenta
give birth to more developed indpendent young

159
Q

What is the closest living relative of WHales?

A

Hippos

160
Q

What changes occured to skeleton of artroidactyls for whale evolution?

A

hind legs lost, front became flippers, tail flattened to make a fluke

BIOL-120 (16 decks)

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