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BIOL-120 > Chordates > Flashcards

Chordates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major subohyla of CHordata?

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordato (Tunicates)
Vertebrata

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2
Q

What lineage are Chordata part of>?

A

Deuterostomes

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3
Q

What are features of Chordates?

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits/pouches,myotemes, postanal tail

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4
Q

What is the notochord?

A

flexible cartilaginous rodlike structure supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordates

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5
Q

What are Pharyngeal slits?

A

openings in the pharynx; develops into gill arches in bony fishes and into jaws and inner ear among terrestrial animals

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6
Q

What are characteristics of Urochordata?

A

marine, sessile filter-feeders as adults and motile during larval stages
possess all 5 chordate characteristics as larvae

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7
Q

What happens in Tunicate (Urochordata) Development?

A

larvae settle head-first on hard substrates and undergo metamoprhosis (tail,notochord, muscle segments and nerve cord dissapear)

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8
Q

Whar lineages of Chordates possess body segmentation?

A

Cephalochordates and Vertebrates

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9
Q

What are segemented muscles called?

A

Myotomes

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10
Q

What do myotomes allow?

A

undulatory swimming and rapid burrowing (and movement)

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11
Q

WHat are characterisitcs of Cephalochordata?

A

marine, swim as larvae, buried in sediment as adults - anterior head exposed for filter-feeding
all chordate characteristics present throughout life history

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12
Q

What do Cephalochordata use for filter feeding?

A

a wheel organ to draw a current into mouth
tentacle-like buccal cirri around mouth from a grid that keeps out large particles
(+Ciliated gills)

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13
Q

WHo are the closest relatives of Vertebrates?

A

Tunicates (Urochordata)

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14
Q

What are characteristics of Vertebrates?

A

all 5 chordate charactersitics at some point in life history
brain and many sensory structures
skull (cranium)
vertebral column
endoskeleton
muscle attached to skeleton

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15
Q

What type of circulatory system do vertebrates have?

A

closed circulatory system

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16
Q

What feeding behaviour did vertebrates exhibit?

A

active predation

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17
Q

WHat embryonic innovation allowed for vertebrate brain and sense organ development?

A

neural crest and ectodermal placodes

18
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

a population of ectodermal cells lying along the length of the embryonic neural tube

19
Q

What does the neural crest do?

A

contributes to the formation of the cranium, pharyngeal skeleton, tooth dentine, Schwann cells, and some endocrine glands

20
Q

WHat are Ectodermal placodes?

A

platelike ectodermal thickenings lying along the length of the embryonic neural tube

21
Q

What does the ectodermal placodes do?

A

contributes to formation of olfactory epithelium, eye lenses, and electroreceptors

22
Q

What is a fish?

A

aquatic vertebrate with gills, fins, and skin covered in scales of dermal origin

23
Q

What are the basal vertebrate-crainiates?

A

hagfish and lampreys

24
Q

What are chracteristics of hagfish and Lampreys?

A

jawless, cartilage cranium, eel-like shape, scaleless skin, no paired appendages

25
Q

What is a defining characterstic of the lampreys and hagfish?

A

the vertebral column

26
Q

What is significant about the vertebral column in lamprey and hagfish?

A

lamprey it is made of cartilage
hagfish - lack vertebrae due to secondary loss - notochord is present

27
Q

What are charactersitcs of hagfish?

A

marine, scavengers and predators
special glands along boy secrete fluid that becomes slime-like in contact with seawater for protection

28
Q

What are differences between larvae and adult stages of Lamprey?

A

adults are parasitic and larvae (ammocoete larvae) are not

29
Q

How do Lampreys survive?

A

live in burrows are use their muscular pharynx to pump in the surrounding water a d then sift out food

30
Q

What is the metamorphosis of ammocoete larvae like?

A

develop eyes and oral disks and tongues covered with pointy teeth then begin migrating downstream to the lakes

31
Q

What do adult lampreys feed on?

A

blood of host fish

32
Q

How did Parasitic lamprey enter great lakes region and what were their effects?

A

in 1800s thrugh human made locks abd shipping canals; reduced native fish populations

33
Q

What are Chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous fish

34
Q

what are examples of Chondrichthyes?

A

sharks, skates, and rays

35
Q

When did Chondrichthyes first appear?

A

425mya

36
Q

What is skeleton in Chondrichthyes made of?

A

cartilage

37
Q

What type of scales do Chondrichthyes have?

A

placoid scales

38
Q

What are features of Chondrichthyes?

A

well devleoped jaws, paired pectoral and pelvic fins

39
Q

What is an adaptation of sharks making them suited for predation?

A

streamlined bodies and caudal fin with heteroceral tail lifts and propels shark through water; pectoral and pelvic fins act as stabiliers

40
Q

What are features of skates and rays?

A

horizontally flattened bodies for bottom dwelling, pectoral fins enlarged and fused to head used like wings in swimming

41
Q

What is a predation/defense for stingrays?

A

slender whip-like tail armed with one or more spines with venom glands

BIOL-120 (16 decks)

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