Chordates Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three major subohyla of CHordata?
A
Cephalochordata
Urochordato (Tunicates)
Vertebrata
2
Q
What lineage are Chordata part of>?
A
Deuterostomes
3
Q
What are features of Chordates?
A
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits/pouches,myotemes, postanal tail
4
Q
What is the notochord?
A
flexible cartilaginous rodlike structure supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordates
5
Q
What are Pharyngeal slits?
A
openings in the pharynx; develops into gill arches in bony fishes and into jaws and inner ear among terrestrial animals
6
Q
What are characteristics of Urochordata?
A
marine, sessile filter-feeders as adults and motile during larval stages
possess all 5 chordate characteristics as larvae
7
Q
What happens in Tunicate (Urochordata) Development?
A
larvae settle head-first on hard substrates and undergo metamoprhosis (tail,notochord, muscle segments and nerve cord dissapear)
8
Q
Whar lineages of Chordates possess body segmentation?
A
Cephalochordates and Vertebrates
9
Q
What are segemented muscles called?
A
Myotomes
10
Q
What do myotomes allow?
A
undulatory swimming and rapid burrowing (and movement)
11
Q
WHat are characterisitcs of Cephalochordata?
A
marine, swim as larvae, buried in sediment as adults - anterior head exposed for filter-feeding
all chordate characteristics present throughout life history
12
Q
What do Cephalochordata use for filter feeding?
A
a wheel organ to draw a current into mouth
tentacle-like buccal cirri around mouth from a grid that keeps out large particles
(+Ciliated gills)
13
Q
WHo are the closest relatives of Vertebrates?
A
Tunicates (Urochordata)
14
Q
What are characteristics of Vertebrates?
A
all 5 chordate charactersitics at some point in life history
brain and many sensory structures
skull (cranium)
vertebral column
endoskeleton
muscle attached to skeleton
15
Q
What type of circulatory system do vertebrates have?
A
closed circulatory system
16
Q
What feeding behaviour did vertebrates exhibit?
A
active predation
17
Q
WHat embryonic innovation allowed for vertebrate brain and sense organ development?
A
neural crest and ectodermal placodes
18
Q
What is the neural crest?
A
a population of ectodermal cells lying along the length of the embryonic neural tube
19
Q
What does the neural crest do?
A
contributes to the formation of the cranium, pharyngeal skeleton, tooth dentine, Schwann cells, and some endocrine glands
20
Q
WHat are Ectodermal placodes?
A
platelike ectodermal thickenings lying along the length of the embryonic neural tube
21
Q
What does the ectodermal placodes do?
A
contributes to formation of olfactory epithelium, eye lenses, and electroreceptors
22
Q
What is a fish?
A
aquatic vertebrate with gills, fins, and skin covered in scales of dermal origin
23
Q
What are the basal vertebrate-crainiates?
A
Agnathans - hagfish and lampreys
24
Q
What are chracteristics of hagfish and Lampreys?
A
jawless, cartilage cranium, eel-like shape, scaleless skin, no paired appendages
25
What is a defining characterstic of the lampreys and hagfish?
the vertebral column
26
What is significant about the vertebral column in lamprey and hagfish?
lamprey it is made of cartilage
hagfish - lack vertebrae due to secondary loss - notochord is present
27
What are charactersitcs of hagfish?
marine, scavengers and predators
special glands along boy secrete fluid that becomes slime-like in contact with seawater for protection
28
What are differences between larvae and adult stages of Lamprey?
adults are parasitic and larvae (ammocoete larvae) are not
29
How do Lampreys survive?
live in burrows are use their muscular pharynx to pump in the surrounding water a d then sift out food
30
What is the metamorphosis of ammocoete larvae like?
develop eyes and oral disks and tongues covered with pointy teeth then begin migrating downstream to the lakes
31
What do adult lampreys feed on?
blood of host fish
32
How did Parasitic lamprey enter great lakes region and what were their effects?
in 1800s thrugh human made locks abd shipping canals; reduced native fish populations
33
What are Chondrichthyes?
cartilaginous fish
34
what are examples of Chondrichthyes?
sharks, skates, and rays
35
When did Chondrichthyes first appear?
425mya
36
What is skeleton in Chondrichthyes made of?
cartilage
37
What type of scales do Chondrichthyes have?
placoid scales
38
What are features of Chondrichthyes?
well devleoped jaws, paired pectoral and pelvic fins
39
What is an adaptation of sharks making them suited for predation?
streamlined bodies and caudal fin with heteroceral tail lifts and propels shark through water; pectoral and pelvic fins act as stabiliers
40
What are features of skates and rays?
horizontally flattened bodies for bottom dwelling, pectoral fins enlarged and fused to head used like wings in swimming
41
What is a predation/defense for stingrays?
slender whip-like tail armed with one or more spines with venom glands
42
What is a lateral line in sharks?
a system f tactile sense organs used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure
43
How can sharks detect bioelectric fields?
ampullary organs of Lorenzini
44
What is the modified portion of male's pelvic fin in cartilaginous fishes called and used for?
clasper - to introduce sperm for internal fertilization
45
What is a mermaid's purse?
an egg case or capsule that surround the fertilized eggs of some oviparous sharks, skates, and chimaeras
46
What is embryophagy (Sandtiger sharks)?
within-the-womb cannabilism method - in which the largest and strongest embryo actually consumes its lesser womb-mates
47
What is oophagy?
within-the-womb cannabilism in sharks - in which developing embryos feed on a steady supply of tiny, unfertilized eggs
48
What are Osteichthyes?
Bony fish
49
WHen did Osteichthyes appear?
400 mya
50
What are the 2 distinct clades of fish?
ray-fin fishes (Actinopterygii) and lobe-fin fishes (Sarcopterygii) (tertrapods evolved from sarcopterygii)
51
What features do bony fish and tetrapods share?
bone replaces cartilage during development
presence of lungs or swim bladder
52
How do Ray-fin fish (Actinopterygii) show diverse feeding behaviours?
sepcialization of jaw structure
53
How do Ray-fin fishes (Actinopterygiii) move?
undulatory (wave like) locomotion: reduces frictional drag
54
What are addaptations of skin of ray-fin fishes for movement?
light weight dermal scales and glands in skin secrete mucus reduces drag
55
What does the operculum do in bony fish?
increased respiratory efficiency because the outward rotation of the operculum created a negative pressure so that water could be drawn across the gills
56
How do gills help in respiration?
high surface area to colume ratio due to filliments with lamellae for gas exchange
lamellae have blood capillaries
4 sets of gills on each side
57
How are lamellae in gills orientated?
so that blood flowing through them in capillary network is opposite to that of water - countercurrent flow
58
What does countercurrent flow allow fish to do?
take in more oxygen get rid of more CO2
59
What did lungs of ancestral fish evolve into for modern fish?
swim bladders
60
WHat do swim bladders do?
gas filled structure keeping buoyancy
61
What is the most diverse group of fishes?
Teleost (ray-finned fish)
62
What are examples of lobe-finned fishes (sarcopterygii)?
lungfishes and coelocanths
63
What is a feature of Lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygii)?
possess muscular lobed-fins that allowed them to 'walk' along the bottom of oceans, freshwater ponds, or to other sources of water
64
What are the 3 living genera of lungfishes?
neoceratodus
protopterus
Lepidosiren
65
What are Coelocanths?
only 1 surviving genus Latimeria
66
What are the major disparities between air and water?
water content, oxygen content
. density, temperature, habitat richness and diversity
67
What is major evolutionary feature of tetrapods?
evolution of limbs from lobes
68
Why are Amphibians still closely related to water?
permeable skin
external fertilization
shell-less eggs not protected from dessication
69
Why do Amphibians have permeable skin?
allows them to absorb oxygen through skin when moist
70
What are Caecilians?
amphibian lineage
split from modern Salamanders
71
What are Caudata?
Salamanders
72
Where are CAudata (Salamanders) found?
temperate regions
73
What are features of Salamanders (Caudata)?
skin is well vscularized and used in gas exchnage
at various life stages may possess external gills, lungs, both, or neither
74
What is the Salamander life cycle include?
an aquatic larval stage with gills which often lost in metamorphosis
75
What are two examples of Salamanders that don't undergo metamoprhosis so remain with gills?
mud puppy and axolotl
76
What is Paedomorphosis?
retention of juvenile or larval features in adult organisms
77
What are Anurans?
Frogs and Toads
78
Where are anurans (Forgs and TOads) found?
all vcontinents except antacticva
79
What type of locomotion do Anurans (Frogs and Toads have?
saltatory locomotion - jumping
80
What are the skeletal adaptations for Saltatory locomotion?
loss of tail, trunk is shorter and more compact, ribs well-fused to the vertebrae, vertebrae are well fused, hind limbs are both long and strong, forelimbs act as shock absorbers and their strength has been increased by the fusion of the radius and ulna
81
What is Anuran (Frogs ana toads) reproduction?
male clasps female (Amplexus) female release aggs and male sperm for external fertilization
eggs are jelly like masses
82
What type of phylogenetic grouping are reptiles?
Paraphyletic as birds left out
83
What are the derived characteristics of amniotes?
amniotic egg
thicker waterproof skin
rib ventilation of the lungs
84
What is an amniotic egg?
leathery or shelled eggs which contain food and protective membranes for supporting embryonic development on land
85
What are features of the skin of amniotes that make it more waterproof?
composed of keratin (fibrous structural protein)
lipids limit water loss
86
What type of breathing do amniotes do?
negative pressure breathing - expanding thoracic cavity using rib muscles
87
What type of breathing do Amphibians do?
positive pressure breathing - force air from oral cavity to the lungs
88
What are Testudines?
Turtles
89
WHen did Testudines first appear in fossil record?
260 mya
90
What are characteristics of Testudines?
have bony shells overlain with horn; ribs and vertebrae fused to carapace
aquatic or semiaquatic usually
toothless with a horn beak; omnivores
head and neck move backwards into shell
91
What are Squamata?
lizards, snakes, and worms lizards
95% of nonavian reptiles
92
What are Lizard characterisitcs?
4 limbs and relatively short bodies; limbs degenerate in some (glass lizards)
93
What are Squamata?
Snakes
94
What are characteristics of squamata?
lack both pectoral and pelvic girdles
pelvic girdles are vestigial characteros om pyhtons and boas
95
What is different about snake vertebrae allowing for?
numerous vertebrae, shorter and wider than other tetrapod vertebrae - allow quick undulations over the ground
96
What is chemoreception (snakes)?
chemical senses
97
What is a Jacobson Organ?
pair of olfactory (smell) pit organs in the roof of the mouth
98
What do venomous snakes have?
pair of teeth on maxillary bones modified as fangs
when thrust into prey venom is injected through a channel in fangs
99
What are the 3 toxins produced by snakes?
Cytotoxins, Hemotoxins, Neurotoxins
100
What do Cytotoxins do?
destroys cells - especially muscles cells
101
What type of snakes has cycotoxins?
rattlesnakes
102
What do hemotoxins do?
causes blood to congeal
103
What type of snake has hemotoxins?
vipers
104
What do neurotoxins do?
affect the nervous system (paralysis)
105
What type of snake has neurotoxins?
cobras
106
What is a feature of snake skulls?
mobile skull for jaw opening
107
Whatare Sphenodonta?
Tuatara in New Zealand
108
What are Crocodilia?
Crocodiles, Alligators, Caimens, and Gharials
109
What lineages are crocodiles and birds from?
archosaurian
110
Where are Gharials found and eat?
India, fish-eating
111
What are features of Crocodilia skulls?
elongate, robust, well-enforced with massive jaw musculature
112
Whta is thecodont? Crocodilia
teeth set in sockets - typical of some of earlist dinosaurs
113
What is the facial difference between alligators and crocodiles?
lower jaw tooth of crocodiles fits outside slender upper jaw
crocodiles have a longer, thinner V-shaped snout
114
What is raising younf of alligators and crocodiles like?
2-0-50 eggs in mass f vegetation guraded by mother
115
What are Aves?
Avian Reptiles - Birds
116
What is a trabsitional form between theropods and modern birds?
Archaeopteryx
117
What are characterisitcs of birds
Porous bones
fused bones
feathers
118
How do porous bones help birds?
help with oxygen intake during flight as air sacs are attahced to hollow areasin birds bones
lighter and less dense but strong
119
How do fused bones help birds?
strength, and light weight
120
How do feathers help birds?
leight-weight and tensile (straining/stretching) strength
121
How did feathers develop? relationship to reptilian scales?
integumentary organs formed by proliferation of cells in the epidermis (homologous to non-avian reptilian scales made of keratin)
from dinosaurs
122
What are the two hypotheses for terrestrials learning to fly?
tree-down hypothesis
ground-up hypothesis
123
What is the tree-down hypothesis?
the ancestors of birds were tree-dwellers that jumped from branch to branch
124
What is the ground-up hypothesis?
ancestors f birds ran along the ground, jumping into the air (Chukar partridge)
125
What are bird respiratory advances?
air sacs to inrease oxygen uptake
126
How is birds digestive system adapted?
high metabolic rate = fast digestion
large intestine size reduced = reduced weight
no gall bladder = reduced weight
127
What are urogenital adaptations to reduce weight?
nourinary bladder; kidneys produce uric acid, excreted as semisolid paste
only left ovary
sex organs only functional in breeding season
128
how does bird reproduction work?
no penis (except ducks and geese) = bringing cloacal surfaces into contact
eggs layed and incubated
129
What are the two types of newly hatched birds?
precocial and altricial
130
What are precocial young in birds?
young are covered with down when hatched and can run or swim as soon as their plumage is dry
131
What is Altricial young in birds?
young are naked and helpless at birth remain in nest for a week or more
132
When did Mammals evolve?
180mya from amniotic ancestors
133
What is advantage of te mammalian jaw?
improved hearing - middle ear fully separated from jaw
helpful for early nocturnal mammals
134
What does hair do for mammals?
guard hair provides protection from abrasion, moisture, and sunlight; underfur helps insulate and maintain constant temp
135
What is function of arrector pili contraction making hairs stand on end?
exaggerate size for defense, or dominance
thermoregulation
(vestigial trait in humans0
136
what is the function of sweat glands in mammals?
for evaporative cooling
137
What is a type of sweat gland?
apocrine glands
138
What are scent glands uses?
communication within species for territory, marking young and aggressive intent
139
What are sebaceous glands?
oil secreting glands that soften and lubricate the skin and hair and to prevent some kinds of bacteria from colonizing
140
What are uses of mammary glands?
in females produce milk to nourish young
141
What are the types of mammalian teeth?
incisors
canines
premolars
molars
142
What do incisors do?
simple crowns and sharp edges for snipping or biting
143
WHat do canines do?
long, conical crowns' for piercing
144
What do premolars do?
compressed crowns and one or two cusps; shearing and slicing
145
What do molars do?
large bodies and variable cusp arrangement; crushing and grinding
146
What are adaptations of herbivore digesive system?
long digestive tract, large cecum for microbial digestion and storage
147
What are skull adpatations fro herbivores?
incisors replaced by horny pad for gnawing grass
broad and flat molars for grinding
148
WHat are digestive system adaptations for carnivores?
relatively short digestive tract and small or absent cecum
149
What are teeth adaptations of carnivores?
incisors used for biting and holding prey; sharp canines to kill; jagged premolars to cut up; molars for crushing and grinding
150
What are extant mammalian lineages?
Monotremes, Marsupials, Placentals
151
What are examples of Monotremes?
platypus and echidna
152
where are monotremes found?
australia and new guinea
153
what distinguishes monotremes from other mammals?
lay a egg shell
have a cloaca
no nipples on mammary glands
154
What are features of marsupial mammals?
pouched mammals
live birthas underdeveloped embryos to continue development in pouch
155
What are examples of marsupials?
kangaroo, opossum
156
Where are marsupials found most?
australia and south america
157
What marsupial is present in North america?
American opossum
158
What are features of placental mammals?
internal nourishment of embryos with a placenta
give birth to more developed indpendent young
159
What is the closest living relative of WHales?
Hippos
160
What changes occured to skeleton of artroidactyls for whale evolution?
hind legs lost, front became flippers, tail flattened to make a fluke
