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BIOL-120 > Animal Reproductive Development > Flashcards

Animal Reproductive Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are features that define an animal?

A

multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that mostly obtain nutrients by ingestion
no cell walls
muscle cells and nerve cells
cell junctions

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2
Q

What are the cell junctions unique to animals?

A

tight junctions and gap junctions

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3
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

bind epithelial and endothelial cells tightly together (variety of functions incl. acting as a primary barrier to the diffusion of solutes through intracellular space

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4
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

channels that physically connect adjacent cells mediating the rapid exchange of small molecules between cells

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5
Q

Describe the life cycle of most animals by sexual reproduction

A

dominant diploid adult that produces haploid eggs or sperm by meiosis.
gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote
zygote passes through a series of distinct embryonic stages, developing in the adult animal

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction? which ones do some animals do?

A

animals:
parthogenesis
budding
fragmentation
not animals;
binary fision

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7
Q

What is Binary fission?

A

a form of cell division in which the genome replicates and the cell divides into two cells (prokaryotes)

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8
Q

What is budding?

A

a bud, or protrusion, forms on an organism and eventually brekas off to form a new organism that is smaller than its parent

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9
Q

What is Fragmentation?

A

new individuals arise by the splitting of one organism into two or more species, each of which develops into a new individual

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10
Q

What is Parthogenesis?

A

females produce eggs that are not fertilized by males; divide by mitosis and develop into new individuals

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11
Q

What is an example of parthogenesis?

A

asexual, all-female whiptale lizard (Cnemidophorus neomexicanus)
begisn with a simulated mating ritual in which the females bite and mount each other, so they lay unfertilized eggs, young hatch and are genetic clones of their mothers

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12
Q

What is an example of an animal that can undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Daphnia

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13
Q

What is cleavage (post fertilization step)?

A

single-celled zygote divides by mitosis - resulting in many smaller cells in a solid ball called a morula

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14
Q

What is the blastula?

A

later embryonic stage - hollow ball o cells

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15
Q

What is a gastrula?

A

a saclike embryo with one opening - blastopore - and at least two layers of cells

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16
Q

What are the stages in a embryo development?

A

zygote, eight-cell stage, blastula, gastrula

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17
Q

What usually happens to the gastrula?

A

develops into one or more immature stages (e.g. larvae) that later develop into the sexually mature adults after metamorphosis

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18
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

coordinated set of movement sin which the cells of the blastoderm migrate inward, creating germ layers of cells within the embryo and ancheteron

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18
Q

what is the archenteron?

A

rudimentary alimentary cavity (‘gut’) of an embryo at the gastrula stage

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18
Q

what are germ layers?

A

primary layers tha forms during embryonic development

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18
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

surface of the embryo forms the nervous system and outer surfaces such as skin, pigment cells and hair cells

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19
Q

What are the two types of germ layer?

A

ectoderm and endoderm

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20
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

inner most germ later, forms the respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as associated organs such as the liver and pancreas

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21
Q

how many germ layers do most animals have? called?

A

3 (bilaterians) called triploblastic

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22
Q

How many germ layers do cnidarians have? called?

A

2 called diploblastic

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23
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

germ layer between the ectoderm and the endoderm forms majority of body organs, including muscle =, blood vessels, kidney, heart and skeleton

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24
Q

What are homeobox genes?

A

a group of genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical embryonic development in multicellular organisms

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25
Q

What are hox genes?

A

special regulatory homeobox genes which control zygote development along the anterior-posterior axis

26
Q

When do fossils of the oldest animals date from?

A

Proterzoic eon roughly 550-600 million years ago

27
Q

What are the origins of Ediacaran fauna?

A

from Ediacara Hills Australia

28
Q

What is the Cambrian explosion?

A

‘modern’ animal body plans evolved during period of rapid diversification between 542-488 million years ago

29
Q

What preserved biotas allow for the base of diversity explosion in the Cambrian period?

A

Burgess Shale and Chengjiang

30
Q

What is the sister clade for animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

31
Q

What are choanoflagellates?

A

free-living, single-celled and colony forming eukaryotes ubiquitous in aquatic environments (marine and freshwater)

32
Q

What do choanoflagellates cells resemble that are found in sponges?

A

specialised cells called choanocytes that line the canals of sponges

33
Q

What supports the relationship of choanoflagellates to sponges?

A

molecular and morphological data
mitochondrial genome sequences confirm placement as outgroup to multicellular animals (metazoa) and negate reverse

34
Q

What are metazoa?

A

multicellular animals; animals with differentiated tissues (all animals except sponges) are eumetazoans

35
Q

What is a body plan?

A

a group of animals that share the same morphological and developmental traits

36
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

a circular body plan having a central axis from which structures radiate outward

37
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

a body plan in which the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other

38
Q

What is cephalization?

A

animals with bilateral symmetry exhibit the evolutionary trend of concentrating nervous tissue and sense organs toward the anterior of animals

39
Q

What is the nervous system like in Cnidarians?

A

nerve cells form a decentralized nerve net

40
Q

What is nervous system like in planarians? and those that exhibit bilateral symmetry

A

neurons cluster into an anterior ganglion that process information

41
Q

What is nervous system like in arthropods?

A

a brain - and clusters of nerve cell bodies, called peripheral ganglia, located along the ventral cord

42
Q

What is nervous system like in Mollusks? e.g. squid and octopi

A

must hunt to survive have complex brains with millions of neurons

43
Q

What is nervous system like in vertebrates?

A

brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system, while neurons extending into the rest of the body comprise the peripheral nervous system

44
Q

Which animal does not have true tissues?

A

sponges (two layers of cells but no distinct tissues despite differentiated cell types (called parazoans)

45
Q

What is the embryo like in Cnidarians? e.g. jellyfish … Bilaterians?

A

have embryos with 2 germ layers ecto and endoderm. (diploblastic) (bilaterians are triploblastic)

46
Q

What is a body cavity? formed?

A

(or coelom) is a fluid filled sac separating the gur from the outer body wall
among bilaterians (3 germ layers) further development of the embryo may result in its formation.

47
Q

what are the three groups based on body cavity presence?

A

acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and eucoelomates

48
Q

What are acoelomates?

A

no body cavity between the gut (endoderm) and the outer body wall (ectoderm)

49
Q

What are Pseudocoelomates?

A

fluid filled body cavity that is not completely lined with mesodermal tissue

50
Q

What are Eucelomates?

A

fluid filled body cavity that is completely lined with tissue that is derived from the mesoderm

51
Q

WHat is the distinguishin g difference between Protostomes and Deuterostomes?

A

mouth forms from blastopore in Protostomes
and anus forms from blastopore in Deuterostomes

52
Q

What is the cleavage in Protostomes like?

A

Spiral determinate development - divisions after the third cleavage are unequal; eight cell stage creates 4 larger cells and 4 smaller cells

53
Q

WHat ius cleavage like in Deuterostomes?

A

Radial indeterminate development - division after the third cleavage equal

54
Q

What is Spiral cleavage?

A

cells cleavage is diagonal or off-set to vertical axis cleavage of lower tier cells

55
Q

WHat is Radial cleavage?

A

upper tier cells cleavage is parallel or directly over axis of lower tier cells

56
Q

What does determinate mean?

A

the developmental fate of each cell is predetermined at the early embryonic stage

57
Q

What does Indeterminate mean?

A

the cells of the eight-cell embryo, if separated, remain capable of developing as complete organisms

58
Q

What is the difference in coelom (body cavity) formation for protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

protostomes is schizocoelous development; coelom begins as splits within the solid mesodermal mass
Deuterostomes is enterocoelous development; mesoderm arises as lateral out pockets of the archenteron that develop into coelomic cavities

59
Q

What are the two ways animal phylogenies have been created?

A

by body plans and by molecular sequence data

60
Q

What are the points of agreement between both phylogenetic trees?

A

all animals share a common ancestor
sponges are basal animals
eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
most animal phyla are members of the Bilateria clade
Vertebrates and other phyla consistently belong to the Deuterstomia clade

61
Q

What is the challenge of sponges being basal animals?

A

ctenophores are basal instead

62
Q

What are the points of disagreement between the 2 phylogenetic trees?

A

morphologically (body plan) based tree has bilaterians as two clades and molecular has 3

63
Q

WHat are the 3 clades in molecular based tree?

A

Deuterostomes and 2 protostomes: ecdysozoans and lophotrocozoans

64
Q

What are Ecdyzoans?

A

undergo ecdysis (molting)

65
Q

What are Lophotrochozoans?

A

presence of a lophophore or a trochophore larva

BIOL-120 (16 decks)

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