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BIOL-120 > Annelids and Molluscs > Flashcards

Annelids and Molluscs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of Annelids?

A

Nereis, Earthworms, Leeches

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2
Q

WHat are the 2 major clades of Annelida?

A

Errantia, Sedentaria (some with a clitellum)
earthworms and leeches = clitellata

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3
Q

Why are Annelids lophotrochozoans?

A

ancestrally there is a trochopore larva as part of the life cycle

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4
Q

What are general characteristics of annelids?

A

cylindrical body with distinct segments
digestive system with an anterior mouth and posterior anus
anterior cerebral ganglia to connect an extensive nervous system

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5
Q

What is gas exchange like in annelids? (aquatic and terrestrial)

A

aquatic have gill-like organs
terrestrial exchange gases across their skin
a closed circulatory system if present moves dissolved gases through the body

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6
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

blood flows through connected blood vessels pumped by muscular heart(s). The blood flows through vessels to supply tissues with nutrients

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7
Q

What are the waste filtering organs in terrestrial annelids called?

A

metanephridia

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8
Q

What is a nephron?

A

the glomerulus, capsule, renal tubes and collecting ducts = nephron = the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney

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9
Q

What is reproductive systems of annelids like?

A

can be monoecious (clitellates) (hermaphroditic
or dioecious (errantia)

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10
Q

What is the clitellum? (earthworms - cross-fertilize)

A

thickened glandular structure of the body wall near the anterior region found in earthworms and leeches. it secreted a sac in which eggs are stored

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11
Q

How do earthworms feed?

A

they are detritivores - ingest sediment, digesting the organic matter it contains and excreting mineral particles

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12
Q

What are Invasive Jumping Worms?

A

native to asia spread throughout North America in potted plants, soil, compost etc.
jumping worms as they mov like a snake and appear to be jumping when disturbed

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13
Q

How do invasive jumping worms affect soil quality?

A

after feeding on organic matter, they excrete grainy-looking hard little pellets that alter the texture and composition of soil, which provides poor structure and water retention for many forest understory plants and garden plants

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14
Q

What do medicinal leeches do?

A

produce a natural anesthetic and an anticoagulant and suck blood from the surface of skin

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15
Q

What are features of some annelids enabling food filtering from water?

A

tentacle development

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16
Q

What is an example of a marine annelid predator?

A

Polychaete Bristle Worm (Errantia)

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17
Q

describe parchment tube dwelling worms?

A

Chaetopterus sp. Water moves through tune and food is trapped in worms mucus net to be ingested

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18
Q

WHy are Mollusks lophotrochozoans?

A

there is a trochophore larva as part of life cycle

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19
Q

What are ancestral characters of Mollusks?

A

Foot
Visceral mass
Mantle and mantle cavity
mouth cavity possesses a specialized protrusible, rasping organ - radula

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20
Q

What are the 4 classes of molluscs?

A

Chitons, Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopods

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21
Q

How is shell produced in molluscs?

A

mantle secretes shell

22
Q

How does pearl formation occur in clams and oysters?

A

starts when an irritant is established between the mantle and shell
covers the irritant for protection with layers of nacre substance from mantle (used to create shell) concentric depositions forms a pearl

23
Q

What is the Nervoud System in Molluscs like?

A

a nerve collar and 2 logitudinal nerve cords

24
Q

What type of circulatory system do most molluscs have?

A

open circulation

25
Q

WHat is open circulatory system?

A

blood flows through a vessel with muscular thickenings that act as a pump. Blood empties into an open body cavity to supply tissues with nutrients and is returned to the circulation

26
Q

What are features of gastropods?

A

most have a single, spiraled shell
many shells have a hardened protective plate called the operculum on the back of the foot

27
Q

What are evolutionary changes in gastropod shell architecture?

A

Planospiral sjhell was not as compact
change in symmetry of the shell created a shift in the weight to one side of the animal, thus the shell needed to shift upwards and posterior to offset theis weight

28
Q

What is feeding like in gastropods?

A

mostly herbivorous - use radula

29
Q

What is the radula?

A

a toothed chitinous structure used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the gut

30
Q

What is a venomous gastropod?

A

cone snails - use radula cusps or teeth as harpoons

31
Q

What is torsion?

A

during development, 1 side of the visceral mass grows at a much faster rate than the other; rotates visceral mass 180 degress relative to the head-foot

32
Q

What are the advantages of torsion?

A

gills positioned anteriorly = better respiration
head retracted first = better protection

33
Q

How does Gastropod respiration work in aquatic and terrestrial species?

A

aquatic have gills
terrestrial have a well vascularized mantle (‘lung’)

34
Q

How does reproduction work in gastropods?

A

many marine are dioecious, terrestrial monoecious

35
Q

What are nudibranch gastropods?

A

soft-bodied marine gastropods that feed on algae, sponges and cnidarians
tentacles - cerata - aid in gaseous exchange
when stinging cells consumed they pass through cnidosacs where they are stored until use for defense

36
Q

WHat are adaptations of Cephalopod molluscs?

A

dorsal-ventral axis became elongated, and anterior-posterior axis became compressed
migration of the head to the ventral part of the body where it fused to the foot

37
Q

What are some examples of Cephalopods?

A

octopus, Chambered nautilus, Squid

38
Q

How do Cephalopods feed?

A

predacious carnivores
powerful parrot-like beak and radula
salivary glands are modified poison glands

39
Q

How do cephalopods move?

A

swimmers; streamlined body and tentacles and fins serve as stabilizers
by means of jet propulsion - using muscular mantle and siphon/funnel (expelling water)

40
Q

What happened to cephalopod shell?

A

sokme coiled and non-coiled but lost in derived lineages (octopus)

41
Q

WHat are the shells on living cephalopods like?

A

Nautilus has a coiled, chambered shell
Cuttlefish have an internal, non-coiled, chambered shell - cuttlebone
squids have an internal thin shell made of chitinous material - pen
octopuses have no shell

42
Q

What do cephalopods have for protection?

A

ink sacs, well developed sense organs incl camera type eye, well-developed brains; excellent learning behaviours

43
Q

WHat type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?

A

closed circulatory system

44
Q

WHat are the shells of Bivalvia of Mollusca like?

A

divided into 2 equal valves
mantle tissue with 2 centers of calcification and indent in anterior-posterior margins
joined at dorsal midline
closed via adductor muscles

45
Q

Describe bivalve burrowing?

A

often burrow in sand and sediment using their muscular foor
bring water into and out of hte shell through opening called siphons

46
Q

WHat is the importance of gills with cillia in Bivalvia?

A

moving water in, through and out of the animal; for filter feeding and oxygenation

47
Q

What is an example of a soft bottom burrower? (Bivalvia)

A

razor clam

48
Q

What is an example of a attached surface dweller? with what? (Bivalvia)

A

Blue mussels with byssal threads

49
Q

WHat is an example of unattached surface dwellers? what are they?

A

scallop, locomotion by rapid clapping of valves using powerful adductor muscle

50
Q

WHat is an example of hard bottom burrowers? what are they?

A

shipworms - capable of burrowing into hard surfaces such as coral and wood

51
Q

What could be a adaptation for dispersal of some mussels?

A

Lapsillis mussel can use lure to squirt young into mouth of smallmouthbass

52
Q

WHere dooes the clam glochidia live??

A

larval stage attaches to the gills of fish for further development

BIOL-120 (16 decks)

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