Lactation - Infant Flashcards
Breast milk - 3 types
Colostrum
Transitional
Mature
Colostrum
Days 1-3
High Na/Cl
Low fat
High protein
Transitional
Days 3-7
Mature breast milk
Days 7<
Fore milk = low fat, high energy
Hind milk = high fat, low energy
Breast milk composition differences
Colostrum - most protein + retinol
Transitional - most Na
Mature - most energy, fat + CHO
Protein
Whey (60%) - enzymes, glycoprotein, lactoferrin, immunoglobins, a-lacalbumin
Casein (40%) - soft curds easily digested
Non-protein urea (25%) - urea, creatinine, a-amino, amino sugar, ammonia
Fat
Composition varies with maternal diet
Fat content increases during feeding
LCPs
High fat content - cholesterol, linoleic acid, carnitine, lipases
CHO
Primary = lactose
-> galactose + glucose (in gut)
Glycoproteins - membrane support
Glycolipids - immune response
Bifidus factor (colon flora)
Vitamins + minerals
Little relationship to maternal diet (unless deficient)
Vit A,C+D deficiency seen in breast fed
Seasonal variation in vit D content
Vit E higher breast milk > cows milk
Vit K low in both
Minerals generally low but increased bioavailability
6x more P + 4x more Ca than cows milk
Immune system
Macrophages - lactoferrin, lysosymes
Antibodies
Bifidus factor
Lymphocytes - interferon, IgA, IgG, IgD
LCPs
Naturally in colostrum + breastmilk
Most common = arachidonic acid + DHA
Properties beneficial to - neural, retinal + vascular tissue development
Metabolised -> eicosanoids which regulate b.p, immune response, homeostasis, thrombosis + inflammatory response
Potential benefits
Decreased
- b.p
- risk type 1 diabetes
- risk childhood obesity
- risk SIDS
- risk gastrointestinal disease
Benefits
Optimal balance of nutrients + source nutrients in most bio-available form
Provides hormones that promote physiological development
Protective against infections, food allergies + some chronic diseases
Bacteriologically safe
Least allergenic
Good jaw + tooth development
