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Biology > Laboratory Techniques > Flashcards

Laboratory Techniques Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hazards in the lab include…

A

toxic or corrosive chemicals, heat or flammable substances, pathogenic organisms and mechanical equipment

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2
Q

What is risk?

A

the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard

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3
Q

What do control measures include?

A

appropriate handling techniques, protective clothing and equipment and aseptic techniques

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4
Q

Dilutions in a linear dilution series differ by…

A

an equal interval

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5
Q

dilutions in a log dilution series differ by…

A

a constant proportion

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6
Q

Addition of acid or alkali has very small effects on the pH of a buffer, allowing…

A

the pH of a reaction mixture to be kept constant

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7
Q

Absorbance is used to determine..

A

the concentration of a COLOURED SOLUTION using suitable wavelength filters

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8
Q

Percentage transmission is used to…

A

determine turbidity

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9
Q

What can percentage transmission be used to estimate?

A

the number of cells in suspension

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10
Q

What do centrifuges do?

A

separate substances of differing density

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11
Q

What can paper and thin layer chromatography be used for?

A

separating different substances such as amino acids and sugars

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12
Q

More dense components settle in the…

A

pellet

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13
Q

less dense components remain in the…

A

supernatant

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14
Q

The speed that each solute travels along the chromatogram depends on…

A

its differing solubility in the solvent used

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15
Q

What happens in gel electrophoresis?

A

charged macromolecules move through an electric field applied to a gel matrix

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16
Q

Gel electrophoresis separates proteins based on their

A

shape, size and charge

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17
Q

SDS separates proteins by…

A

size alone

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18
Q

Why don’t native gels denature the molecule?

A

so that separation is by size, shape and charge

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19
Q

SDS PAGE gives all the molecules an equally…..

A

negative charge and denatures them

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20
Q

Proteins can be separated from a mixture using their…

A

isoelectric points (IEPs)

21
Q

What is the IEP?

A

the pH at which a soluble protein has no net charge and will precipitate out of solution

22
Q

If the solution is buffered to a specific pH, only the protein(s) that….

A

have an IEP of that pH will precipitate

23
Q

Proteins can also be separated using their IEPS in a technique called…

A

electrophoresis

24
Q

soluble proteins can be separated using an electric field and a

A

pH gradient

25
Q

A protein stops migrating through the gel at it’s IEP in the pH gradient because…

A

it has no net charge

26
Q

What are immunoassay techniques used for?

A

Used to detect and identify specific proteins

27
Q

What do immunassay techniques use?

A

monoclonal antibodies

28
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

stocks of antibodies with the same specificity

29
Q

What is western blotting?

A

A technique used after SDS-PAGE electrophoresis

30
Q

Describe the process of western blotting

A

The separated proteins from the gel are transferred (blotted) onto a solid medium. The proteins can be identified using specific antibodies that have reporter enzymes attached

31
Q

How can separated proteins be identified?

A

By using specific antibodies that have reporter enzymes attached

32
Q

What is the ‘label’?

A

The label is often a reporter enzyme producing a colour change, but chemiluminescence, fluorescence and other reporters can be used

33
Q

In some cases the assay uses a specific antigen to detect the presence of ___________

A

antibodies

34
Q

What is Bright-field microscopy commonly used to observe?

A

Whole organisms, parts of organisms, thin sections of dissected tissue or individual cells

35
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy?

A

Uses specific fluorescent labels to bind to and visualise certain molecules or structures within cells or tissues

36
Q

What is the purpose of aseptic technique

A

eliminates unwanted contaminants when culturing micro-organisms or cells

37
Q

How can a microbial culture be started?

A

Using an inoculum of microbial cell;s on an agar medium, or in a broth with suitable nutrients

38
Q

How are animal cells grown?

A

in a medium containing growth factors from serum

39
Q

In culture, primary cell lines can divide a __________ number of times

A

limited

40
Q

tumour cell lines can perform ____________ divisions

A

unlimited

41
Q

Plating out of a liquid microbial culture on solid media allows…

A

the number of colony-forming units to be counted and the density of cells in the culture to be estimated

42
Q

_______ ___________ is often needed to achieve a suitable colony count

A

serial dilution

43
Q

What do haemocytometers do?

A

estimate cell numbers in a liquid culture

44
Q

What is vital staining?

A

Vital staining is required to identify and count viable cells

45
Q

What does asceptic technique involve?

A

The sterilisation of equipment and culture of media by heat or chemical means and subsequent exclusion of microbial contaminants

46
Q

Many culture media exist that promote…

A

the growth of specific types of cells and microbes

47
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation

48
Q

Growth factors are essential for the…

A

culture of most animal cells

Biology (21 decks)

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