Field Techniques for Biologists Flashcards

1
Q

Hazards in fieldwork include

A

adverse weather conditions, difficult terrain, problems associated with isolation, and contact with harmful organisms

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2
Q

What is risk?

A

The likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard

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3
Q

Risk assessment involves…

A

identifying control measures to minimise risk

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4
Q

Control measures include…

A

appropriate equipment, clothing, footwear and means of communication

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5
Q

What considerations should be carried out when sampling?

A

Sampling should be carried out in a manner that minimises impact on wild species and habitats.
Considerations must be given to rare and vulnerable species and habitats that are protected by legislation

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6
Q

What are quadrats used for?

A

Plants and other sessile or slow-moving organisms

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7
Q

Capture techniques such as traps and nets are used for

A

mobile species

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8
Q

How can elusive species be sampled?

A

directly using camera traps or indirectly using scat sampling

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9
Q

What does a point count involve?

A

The observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed point count location

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10
Q

Identification of an organism in a sample can be made using…

A

classification guides, biological keys or analysis of DNA or protein

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11
Q

2 ways organisms can be classified?

A

taxonomy, phylogenetics

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12
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

taxonomy involves the identification and naming of organisms and their classification into groups based on shared characteristics

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13
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

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14
Q

What are model organisms?

A

Model organisms are those that are either easily studied or have been well studied

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15
Q

Information obtained from model organisms can be

A

applied to other species that are more difficult to study directly

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16
Q

Classic taxonomy classification is based on

A

morphology

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17
Q

Phylogenetics uses heritable traits such as morphology, DNA sequences, and protein sequences to

A

make inferences about an organisms evolutionary history and create a phylogenetic tree (phylogeny)

18
Q

Examples of taxonomic groups

A

Nematodes, arthropods and chordates

19
Q

example of bacterium model organism?

20
Q

example of nematode model organism?

A

C. elegans

21
Q

example of arthropod model organism?

A

Drosophilia melanogaster

22
Q

example of chordate model organism?

23
Q

example of flowering plant model organism?

A

Arabidopsis Thaliana

24
Q

The presence, absence or abundance of indicator species can

A

give information of environmental qualities, such as presence of a pollutant

25
Susceptible and favoured (indicator) species can be
used to monitor an ecosystem
26
N=
MxC/R
27
Methods of marking animals includes:
banding, tagging, surgical implantation, painting and hair clipping
28
the method of marking and subsequent observation must
minimise the impact on the study species
29
Absence or reduction indicates a species is
susceptible to some factor in the environment
30
Abundance or increased population indicates the species is
favoured by the conditions
31
First capture and mark?
M
32
Second capture and mark
C
33
Population recaptured in second capture and mark
R
34
What does the mark and recapture method assume?
All individuals have an equal chance of capture there is no immigration or emmigration Individuals that are marked and released can mix fully and randomly with the total population
35
what is anthropomorphism?
Applying human emotions to other non-human animals or things and so this behaviour is misinterpreted
36
An ethogram of the behaviours shown by a species in a wild context allows the construction of
time budgets
37
What is latency?
The time between the stimulus occurring and the response behaviour
38
What is frequency?
The number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period
39
What is duration?
The length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period
40
An ethogram
lists species-specific behaviour to be recorded and studied in the study
41
Anthropormorphism can lead to
invalid conclusions