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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution?

A

the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

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2
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

the non-random process involving the selection of alleles that increase the individuals chances of mating and producing offspring

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3
Q

Sexual selection may lead to

A

sexual dimorphism

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4
Q

Sexual selection can be due to

A

male-male rivalry and female choice

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5
Q

When does genetic drift occur?

A

when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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6
Q

Why is genetic drift more important in small populations

A

alleles are more likely to be lost from the gene pool

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7
Q

Why is a gene pool altered by genetic drift?

A

because certain alleles may be under-represented or over-represented and allele frequencies change

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8
Q

When can the rate of evolution be rapid?

A

When selection pressures are strong

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9
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) principle state?

A

In the absence of evolutionary influence, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over the generations

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10
Q

What can the HW principle be used to determine?

A

Whether a change in allele frequency is occurring to a population over time. Changes suggest evolution is occurring

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11
Q

What is male-male rivalry?

A

large size or weaponry increases access to females through conflict

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12
Q

What does female choice involve?

A

females assessing the fitness of males

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13
Q

When do population bottlenecks occur?

A

When a population size is reduced for at least one generation

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14
Q

How do founder effects occur?

A

Through the isolation of a few members of a population from a larger population

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15
Q

The gene pool of the new population is not ______________ of that in the original gene pool

(founder effects)

A

representative

(founder effects)

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16
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

the environmental factors that influence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles.

17
Q

What are the conditions for maintaining the HW equillibrium?

A

no natural selection, random mating, no mutation, large population size, no gene flow

18
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula?

A

p² + 2pq +q² = 1

19
Q

p =

A

frequency of dominant allele

20
Q

q =

A

frequency of recessive allele

21
Q

p² =

A

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

22
Q

2pq =

A

frequency of heterozygous genotype

23
Q

q² =

A

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

24
Q

What is fitness?

A

Fitness is an indication of an individuals ability to be successful at surviving and reproducing

25
Q

Absolute fitness formula

A

frequency of a particular genotype after selection/frequency of a particular genotype before selection

26
Q

Fitness is a measure of

A

the tendency of some organisms to produce more surviving offspring than competing members of the same species

27
Q

If the absolute fitness is 1, then

A

the frequency of that genotype is stable

28
Q

If the value for absolute fitness is greater than 1 it conveys

A

an increase in the genotype

29
Q

If the value for absolute fitness is less than 1 it conveys

A

a decrease in the genotype

30
Q

Relative fitness formula

A

number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype/number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype

31
Q

What is co-evolution?

A

The process by which two or more species evolve in response to selection pressures imposed by each other.

32
Q

Co-evolution is frequently seen in pairs of species that have

A

symbiotic interactions

33
Q

The Red Queen hypothesis states that

A

A change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on the other species. This means that species in these relationships must adapt to avoid extinction

34
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

a co-evolved intimate relationship between members of two different species

35
Q

Mutualism

A

both organisms in the interaction are interdependent on each other for resources or other services. Both organisms gain from the relationship (+/+)

36
Q

Commensalism

A

only one of the organisms benefits (+/0)

37
Q

Parasitism

A

the parasite benefits in terms of energy or nutrients and the host is harmed (+/-)

Biology (21 decks)

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