Laboratory Hazards (PPT) Flashcards
6 chains of (biological) infection
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- means of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
Chain of infection:
* Bacteria
* fungi
* parasites
* viruses
infectious agent
Chain of infection:
* humans
* animals
* insects
* fomites
* blood/body fluids
Reservoir
Chain of infection:
* nose
* mouth
* mucous membranes
* specimen collection
Portal of exit
Chain of infection:
* droplet
* airborne
* contact
* vector
* vehicle
means of transmission
Chain of infection:
* nose
* mouth
* mucous membranes
* skin
* unsterile equipment
portal of entry
Chain of infection:
* patients
* elderly
* newborns
* immuno-compromised
* healthcare workers
Susceptible hosts
How to break the link of reservoir in the chain of infection
- disinfection
- hand hygiene
How to break the link of portal of exit in the chain of infection
- sealed biohazardous waste containers
- sealed specimen containers
- hand hygiene
- standard precautions
How to break the link of means of transmission in the chain of infection
- hand hygiene
- standard precautions
- PPE
- patient isolation
How to break the link of portal of entry in the chain of infection
- hand hygiene
- standard precautions
- PPE
- sterile equipment
How to break the link of susceptible host in the chain of infection
- immunizations
- patient isolation
- nursery precautions
- healthy lifestyle
(In America), guidelines, regulations, and safety policies are mandated by CDC and OSHA which means??
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
In PH, guidelines, regulations, and safety policies are mandated by? (2)
DOH, and DOLE
- Patients are considered as possible carriers of bloodborne pathogens
- Excluded urine and other body fluids not visibly contaminated by blood
- In this, only blood and other blood products are considered as infectious
Universal Precautions (UP) - 1987
- Not limited to blood born pathogens
- All body fluids and moist body substances are possibly infectious
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
- Combination of UP and BSI guidelines
- Treat all patients as possible carriers of infectious diseases, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic
Standard Precaution
- hand washing and use of sanitizers
- After touching specimen (With or without gloves)
- After gloves are removed
- Between procedures on the same patient
- Between patient contact
Hand hygiene
- Wear gloves when touching specimens and contaminated items
- Remove gloves immediately after use
- Sanitize hands immediately after removal of gloves
Gloves (Standard Precaution)
- Wear mask and face shield in activities that cause splashes of specimen
- Use N95 mask during activities connected with Mycobacterium exposure
Mouth, Nose, and eye protection
- Remove a soiled gown immediately, then sanitize hands
Gown (standard precaution)
Donning of PPE steps
- gown
- mask
- goggles
- gloves
Doffing of PPE steps
- gloves
- gown
- goggles
- mask
How many seconds should hand washing be?
20 seconds
Handwashing procedure?
- Wet your hands
- Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap
- Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds
- Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them
Biologic waste should be??
incinerated, autoclaved, or
picked up by a licensed disposal company
Place all specimen (except ____) in a container with ____ symbol
urine, biohazard
Discard urine in the ___ , then flush with water, disinfect the _____ (using 1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite) daily
sink
- Place all specimen (except urine) in a container with biohazard symbol
- Biologic waste should be: incinerated, autoclaved, or picked up by a licensed disposal company
- Discard urine in the sink, then flush with water, disinfect the sink (using 1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite) daily
Biologic Waste Disposal
- Needles, lancets, broken glassware
- Possible injury: cuts, puncture, or blood borne exposure
- Disposable sharp objects in puncture resistant containers with biohazard symbol
Sharp Hazards
- If there’s skin contact – flush the area with large amount of water for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention
- Remove contaminated clothing
CHEMICAL SPILLS AND EXPOSURE (Chemical Hazards)
a. Chemicals should never be mixed together (unless specific instructions are followed)
b. Chemicals should be added in the order specified in the instruction (ex. Acid should always be added to water)
c. Prepare reagents under a fume hood
d. Do not pipet by mouth
CHEMICAL HANDLING (Chemical Hazards)
Standardized the labels for chemical hazard through the Hazard diamond
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 704)
- NFPA Hazard diamond
- Provides immediate general sense of hazards of a material and the severity of these hazards as they relate to emergency response
- A number rating system of 0-4 is provided to rate each of the four hazards
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 704)
4 colors of the health diamond
white, yellow, red, blue
In the hazard diamond:
- yellow
- capability of a hazard to explode when stored in an unstable environment
- Rating from 0 - 4: stable, unstable if heated, violent chemical change, shock and heat may detonate, may detonate
Instability hazard
In the hazard diamond:
- red
- from 0 - 4: will not burn, above 200 ℉, below 200 ℉, below 100℉, below 73℉
Fire hazard
In the hazard diamond:
- white
- symbols
Specific hazard
In the hazard diamond:
- blue
- from 0-4, normal material, slightly hazardous, hazardous extreme danger, deadly
Health hazard
- A document required by OSHA detailing safety information about each hazardous substance
material safety data sheet (MSDS)
- Information included in an ______:
a. Physical and Chemical Characteristics
b. Fire and explosion potential
c. Reactivity potential
d. Health hazards
e. Routes of entry
f. Methods of safe handling & disposal
g. Exposure limit & carcinogenic potential
material safety data sheets (MDSD)
- Radioisotopes are used in the procedure
- The amount of radioactivity present in the laboratory is very small and not dangerous, however the effects of radiation are cumulative related to the amount of exposure
- Persons exposed to radioactive hazards are requires to wear a film badge
Radioactive hazards
2 major ________ in the lab:
1. Physical harm from laboratory shocks or burns when a person comes into contact with an electrical sources
2. Dangers from fire caused by heat and sparks generated by malfunctioning wiring or equipment
electrical hazards
- Extension cords/ outlet adapters should not be used
- Equipment should not be operated with wet hands.
- Report dangerous conditions such as frayed cords overloaded circuits to the appropriate persons
- Circuit breakers should be labeled and conveniently
located - Electrical equipment should not be used in areas with
flammable materials - There should be constant electrical safety checks
Recommended safeguard from NFPA)
3 elements of fire?
heat, fuel, and and an oxidizing agent (usual oxygen)
- three elements: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).
- prevented or extinguished by removing any one of them.
- A fire naturally occurs when the
elements are combined in the right mixture
Fire/explosive hazards
In fire/explosive hazards, RACE means?
Rescue, Alarm, Contain, extinguish
PASS is how to properly operate a fire extinguisher. It means what?
Pull the pin
Aim - at the extinguisher at the base of the fire
Squeeze - the handle of the fire extinguisher
Sweep from side-to-sde at the base of the flame
What class is common materials wood, paper, clothing? What is its extinguisher
Class A, water as its extinguisher
What class is flammable organic chem, gas, solvent? What is its extinguisher
Class B; dry chem, CO2, foam, halon
What class is electrical? What is its extinguisher
Class C; dry chem, CO2, halon
What class is combustible chemicals/metals? What is its extinguisher
class d, sand or dry paper`
What class is grease oils, fats? What is its extinguisher?
Class K, liquid designed to prevent splashing & cooling the fire
type of fire extinguishers: liquefied, compressed gas
halon
type of fire extinguisher: pressurized water
A
type of fire extinguisher: carbon dioxide
BC
type of fire extinguisher: ABC
dry chemicals
- Avoid running in the work place
- Watch for wet floors
- Keep long hair pulled back
- Avoid dangling jewelry
- Use closed-toe shoes
physical hazards
