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PMLS > Laboratory Hazards (PPT) > Flashcards

Laboratory Hazards (PPT) Flashcards

1
Q

6 chains of (biological) infection

A
  • infectious agent
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • means of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
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2
Q

Chain of infection:
* Bacteria
* fungi
* parasites
* viruses

A

infectious agent

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3
Q

Chain of infection:
* humans
* animals
* insects
* fomites
* blood/body fluids

A

Reservoir

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4
Q

Chain of infection:
* nose
* mouth
* mucous membranes
* specimen collection

A

Portal of exit

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5
Q

Chain of infection:
* droplet
* airborne
* contact
* vector
* vehicle

A

means of transmission

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6
Q

Chain of infection:
* nose
* mouth
* mucous membranes
* skin
* unsterile equipment

A

portal of entry

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7
Q

Chain of infection:
* patients
* elderly
* newborns
* immuno-compromised
* healthcare workers

A

Susceptible hosts

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8
Q

How to break the link of reservoir in the chain of infection

A
  • disinfection
  • hand hygiene
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9
Q

How to break the link of portal of exit in the chain of infection

A
  • sealed biohazardous waste containers
  • sealed specimen containers
  • hand hygiene
  • standard precautions
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10
Q

How to break the link of means of transmission in the chain of infection

A
  • hand hygiene
  • standard precautions
  • PPE
  • patient isolation
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10
Q

How to break the link of portal of entry in the chain of infection

A
  • hand hygiene
  • standard precautions
  • PPE
  • sterile equipment
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11
Q

How to break the link of susceptible host in the chain of infection

A
  • immunizations
  • patient isolation
  • nursery precautions
  • healthy lifestyle
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12
Q

(In America), guidelines, regulations, and safety policies are mandated by CDC and OSHA which means??

A
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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13
Q

In PH, guidelines, regulations, and safety policies are mandated by? (2)

A

DOH, and DOLE

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14
Q
  • Patients are considered as possible carriers of bloodborne pathogens
  • Excluded urine and other body fluids not visibly contaminated by blood
  • In this, only blood and other blood products are considered as infectious
A

Universal Precautions (UP) - 1987

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15
Q
  • Not limited to blood born pathogens
  • All body fluids and moist body substances are possibly infectious
A

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

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16
Q
  • Combination of UP and BSI guidelines
  • Treat all patients as possible carriers of infectious diseases, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic
A

Standard Precaution

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17
Q
  • hand washing and use of sanitizers
  • After touching specimen (With or without gloves)
  • After gloves are removed
  • Between procedures on the same patient
  • Between patient contact
A

Hand hygiene

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18
Q
  • Wear gloves when touching specimens and contaminated items
  • Remove gloves immediately after use
  • Sanitize hands immediately after removal of gloves
A

Gloves (Standard Precaution)

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19
Q
  • Wear mask and face shield in activities that cause splashes of specimen
  • Use N95 mask during activities connected with Mycobacterium exposure
A

Mouth, Nose, and eye protection

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20
Q
  • Remove a soiled gown immediately, then sanitize hands
A

Gown (standard precaution)

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21
Q

Donning of PPE steps

A
  1. gown
  2. mask
  3. goggles
  4. gloves
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22
Q

Doffing of PPE steps

A
  1. gloves
  2. gown
  3. goggles
  4. mask
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23
Q

How many seconds should hand washing be?

A

20 seconds

24
Q

Handwashing procedure?

A
  1. Wet your hands
  2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap
  3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds
  4. Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them
25
Q

Biologic waste should be??

A

incinerated, autoclaved, or
picked up by a licensed disposal company

26
Q

Place all specimen (except ____) in a container with ____ symbol

A

urine, biohazard

27
Q

Discard urine in the ___ , then flush with water, disinfect the _____ (using 1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite) daily

A

sink

28
Q
  • Place all specimen (except urine) in a container with biohazard symbol
  • Biologic waste should be: incinerated, autoclaved, or picked up by a licensed disposal company
  • Discard urine in the sink, then flush with water, disinfect the sink (using 1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite) daily
A

Biologic Waste Disposal

29
Q
  • Needles, lancets, broken glassware
  • Possible injury: cuts, puncture, or blood borne exposure
  • Disposable sharp objects in puncture resistant containers with biohazard symbol
A

Sharp Hazards

30
Q
  1. If there’s skin contact – flush the area with large amount of water for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention
  2. Remove contaminated clothing
A

CHEMICAL SPILLS AND EXPOSURE (Chemical Hazards)

30
Q

a. Chemicals should never be mixed together (unless specific instructions are followed)
b. Chemicals should be added in the order specified in the instruction (ex. Acid should always be added to water)
c. Prepare reagents under a fume hood
d. Do not pipet by mouth

A

CHEMICAL HANDLING (Chemical Hazards)

31
Q

Standardized the labels for chemical hazard through the Hazard diamond

A

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 704)

32
Q
  • NFPA Hazard diamond
  • Provides immediate general sense of hazards of a material and the severity of these hazards as they relate to emergency response
  • A number rating system of 0-4 is provided to rate each of the four hazards
A

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 704)

33
Q

4 colors of the health diamond

A

white, yellow, red, blue

34
Q

In the hazard diamond:
- yellow
- capability of a hazard to explode when stored in an unstable environment
- Rating from 0 - 4: stable, unstable if heated, violent chemical change, shock and heat may detonate, may detonate

A

Instability hazard

35
Q

In the hazard diamond:
- red
- from 0 - 4: will not burn, above 200 ℉, below 200 ℉, below 100℉, below 73℉

A

Fire hazard

36
Q

In the hazard diamond:
- white
- symbols

A

Specific hazard

37
Q

In the hazard diamond:
- blue
- from 0-4, normal material, slightly hazardous, hazardous extreme danger, deadly

A

Health hazard

38
Q
  • A document required by OSHA detailing safety information about each hazardous substance
A

material safety data sheet (MSDS)

39
Q
  • Information included in an ______:
    a. Physical and Chemical Characteristics
    b. Fire and explosion potential
    c. Reactivity potential
    d. Health hazards
    e. Routes of entry
    f. Methods of safe handling & disposal
    g. Exposure limit & carcinogenic potential
A

material safety data sheets (MDSD)

40
Q
  • Radioisotopes are used in the procedure
  • The amount of radioactivity present in the laboratory is very small and not dangerous, however the effects of radiation are cumulative related to the amount of exposure
  • Persons exposed to radioactive hazards are requires to wear a film badge
A

Radioactive hazards

41
Q

2 major ________ in the lab:
1. Physical harm from laboratory shocks or burns when a person comes into contact with an electrical sources
2. Dangers from fire caused by heat and sparks generated by malfunctioning wiring or equipment

A

electrical hazards

42
Q
  1. Extension cords/ outlet adapters should not be used
  2. Equipment should not be operated with wet hands.
  3. Report dangerous conditions such as frayed cords overloaded circuits to the appropriate persons
  4. Circuit breakers should be labeled and conveniently
    located
  5. Electrical equipment should not be used in areas with
    flammable materials
  6. There should be constant electrical safety checks
A

Recommended safeguard from NFPA)

43
Q

3 elements of fire?

A

heat, fuel, and and an oxidizing agent (usual oxygen)

44
Q
  • three elements: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).
  • prevented or extinguished by removing any one of them.
  • A fire naturally occurs when the
    elements are combined in the right mixture
A

Fire/explosive hazards

45
Q

In fire/explosive hazards, RACE means?

A

Rescue, Alarm, Contain, extinguish

46
Q

PASS is how to properly operate a fire extinguisher. It means what?

A

Pull the pin
Aim - at the extinguisher at the base of the fire
Squeeze - the handle of the fire extinguisher
Sweep from side-to-sde at the base of the flame

47
Q

What class is common materials wood, paper, clothing? What is its extinguisher

A

Class A, water as its extinguisher

48
Q

What class is flammable organic chem, gas, solvent? What is its extinguisher

A

Class B; dry chem, CO2, foam, halon

49
Q

What class is electrical? What is its extinguisher

A

Class C; dry chem, CO2, halon

50
Q

What class is combustible chemicals/metals? What is its extinguisher

A

class d, sand or dry paper`

51
Q

What class is grease oils, fats? What is its extinguisher?

A

Class K, liquid designed to prevent splashing & cooling the fire

52
Q

type of fire extinguishers: liquefied, compressed gas

A

halon

53
Q

type of fire extinguisher: pressurized water

A

A

54
Q

type of fire extinguisher: carbon dioxide

A

BC

55
Q

type of fire extinguisher: ABC

A

dry chemicals

56
Q
  • Avoid running in the work place
  • Watch for wet floors
  • Keep long hair pulled back
  • Avoid dangling jewelry
  • Use closed-toe shoes
A

physical hazards

PMLS (15 decks)

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