Ethics Flashcards
Moral code that guides how an individual should behave
Ethics
Branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles
Ethics
Also about the individual’s search for meaning while dealing with human problems which may be logical (problems of reasoning), epistemological (problems of truth), cosmological (problems of universe), ethical (problems of morality), aesthetical (problems of art and beauty), or scientific problems (problems of science)
Ethics
Deals with a diverse prescription of universal concepts and principles that serve as a foundation of moral beliefs
Ethics
Also known as moral relativism
Ethical relativism
School of ethics anchored on the principle that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture. Theory based on norms relative to a particular culture or society
Ethical relativism
Acknowledges societal diversity, that every society has a unique moral design and culture; and people’s beliefs are greatly influenced by culture.
Ethical relativism
Philosophical approach or movement that began in 1870s.
Pragmatism
This term was coined by Charles Sanders Peirce and further developed by William James
Pragmatism
It is more of a theory on knowledge, truth, and meaning rather than morality.
Ethical pragmatism
Founded by 2 English Philosophers, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill
Ethical Utilitarianism
School of ethics that states that the rightness or wrong ness of actions is determined by their consequences
Ethical Utilitarianism
‘Actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness. The utility or usefulness of an action is determined by the extent to which it promotes happiness rather than its reverse”
Ethical Utilitarianism
Psychology: a branch of philosophy concerned with establishing the principle of right and wrong behavior
Ethics
Philosophy : the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline
Ethics
the ability of an individual to perform one’s duties well
Competence
communication between a professional and a subject; gives permission for a procedure to occur
informed consent
a persons right to keep personal information out of public view
privacy
the capacity to keep information restricted to only those who have permission to view it
confidentiality
aim to help and do no harm
beneficence and non-maleficence
adherence to ethical principles; honest behaviors
integrity
establish trust and uphold one’s responsibility
fidelity and responsibility
Interdisciplinary field encompassing a broad range of domains: public health, research, and clinical care (WHO)
health ethics
_____ is considered illegal in the PH, as indicated by Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 PH constitution
abortion
In some cases _______ becomes necessary when the life of the mother is at stake
abortion
practice of ending a life intentionally, usually in situations when the individual is terminally ill, to relieve him or her of pain and suffering
euthanasia
also known as mercy killing, it is regarded as merciful release of an individual from an incurable sickness
euthanasia
Herbert Hendin (2004) also describes this as the process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful, either through voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary means
Euthanasia
_______ also describes euthanasia as the process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful, either through voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary means
Herbert Hendin (2004)
Is when an individual gives consent to subject himself or herself to a painless death
voluntary euthanasia
Is conducted when the permission of the patient to perform the process is unavailable, like in the case of patient in a deep comatose, or neonates born with significant and major birth befects
Non-voluntary
Is when the individual does not give his or her consent
Involuntary euthanasia
Controversial ethical issue because it involves genetic manipulations that are perceived to be against moral standards set by the society
genetic engineering
procedure whose main purpose is to screen, choose, and select genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal malformations
genetic screening
usually done for the early diagnosis of disease
genetic screening
techniques such as genetic control, therapy, and surgery. People can now “intervene” in the biological process and “control” bad or defective genes
Genetic intervention
form of genetic engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases. It has been the highest subject of controversy because of how stem cells are sources
Stem-cell therapy
popularly known as laboratory fertilization
in vitro fertilization (VF)
covers morally accepted behavior of individuals in the workplace
professional ethics
guide individuals in dealing with issues and conflicts in the workplace in order for them to remain functional
professional ethics
6 ethical issues in health care
- Patient Privacy and Confidentiality
- Transmission of Diseases
- Relationships
- End-of-Life Issues
- Elderly Patients
- Aggressive marketing practices
A written document that allows a patient to give explicit instructions in advance about the medical treatment to be administered when he or she is terminally ill or no longer able to express informed consent
living will
a concept associated with Passive Euthanasia
living will
Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause the patient’s death with the patient’s informed consent.
voluntary active euthanasia
Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause the patient’s death when the patient was competent to consent but did not—eg, the patient may not have been asked
involuntary active euthanasia
Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause the patient’s death when the patient was incompetent and was mentally incapable of consenting — eg, the patient might have been in a coma
nonvoluntary active euthanasia
Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatments from a patient to let the patient die (terminating life-sustaining treatments).
passive euthanasia
Administering narcotics or other medications to relieve pain with the incidental consequence of causing sufficient respiratory depression to result in the patient’s death
Indirect euthanasia
○ Goal: To establish a written code of ethics that details the policies and procedures that determine proper conduct for all employees.
* Assist patients and their families
* Work together to identify, understand, and resolve difficult ethical decisions
(health) ethics committee
○ Must seek to protect patient privacy in all settings to the greatest extent possible and should:
- Minimize intrusion on privacy when the patient’s; privacy must be balanced against other factors.
- Inform the patient when there has been a significant infringement on privacy of which the patient would otherwise not be aware.
- Be mindful that individual patients may have special concerns about privacy in any or all of these areas.
health care providers
an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research.
medical ethics
a practical discipline that provides a structured approach to assist health professionals in identifying, analyzing and resolving ethical issues that arise in clinical practice.
clinical ethics
focuses largely on identifying and implementing the acceptable conditions for exposure of some individuals to risks and burdens for the benefit of society at large.
ETHICS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH
are principles that govern the behavior of person or a group of people.
○ Provide rules on how a person should act towards other people and institutions
○ Unlike values, professional ethics are often codified as a set of rules, which a particular group of people use.
Professional ethics concepts
______underpin all professional codes of conduct
○ Some universal ethical principles that apply across all professions, including Honesty, Respect for others, Accountability, Trustworthiness, Adherence to the law , Loyalty, Doing good and avoiding harm to others
ethical principles
- Provide guidelines for the minimum standard of appropriate behavior in a professional context.
- Sit along side the general law of the land and the personal values of members of the profession.
codes of conduct
