Labelling

Question 1

Jock Young

Answer 1

Study of hippy marijunana smokers
Initially small part of lifestyle - primary deviance
Labelling by police - retreat and develop deviant subculture
Drug use became central activity

Question 2

Cohen -

Deviance Amplification

Answer 2

Media exaggerates a social problem - moral panic

Media identifies source of the problem - folk devil

Question 3

Lemert

Answer 3

Primary deviance refers to deviant acts that haven’t been publicly labelled
Secondary deviance is the result of societal reaction

Question 4

Becker

Answer 4

Deviant is someone label has been applied to.
Intersted in moral entrepeneurs (people trying to change the law) had two effects:
Creation of new group ‘outsiders’
Expansion of social control agency (police) to enforce law&impose label
Not everyone who commits an offence is punished depends on their label/position

Question 5

Circourel - who gets labelled

Answer 5

Officers devision to arrest based on stereotypes

M/C youth less likely to get charged - parents able to negotiate

Question 6

Evaluations

Answer 6

It's over romantic 
Too much focus on exotic deviance 
Ignores origin of deviant acts
Deterministic 
Deviants can adapt identity without being labelled

Question 7

Who gets labelled?

Answer 7

Whether a person is arrested, charged and convicted depends on factors such as:
Their interactions with agencies of social control eg police
Their appearance, background and personal biography
The situations and circumstances of the offence

Question 8

Reintegrative shaming -

Braithwaite

Answer 8

Identifies a more positive role for the labelling process. He distinguishes between two types of shaming:

Disintegrative shaming - where not only the crime, but the criminal is labelled as bad and the offender is excluded from society.

Reintegrative shaming - labels the act but not the actor - as if to say ‘he has done a bad thing’ rather than ‘he is a bad person’.

Policy of reintegrative shaming avoids stigmatising the offender at the same time as making aware of the negative impact of their actions upon others and then encourages others to forgive him and accept them back into society. This allows people to re-admit the wrongdoer back into society.
Crime rates tend to be lower in societies where reintegrative shaming is the dominant way of dealing with offenders.