Functionalism

Question 1

Parsons - bad socialisation

Answer 1

Bad primary&secondary socialisation
Maternal deprivation - crime

A03 - too deterministic, can’t explain individual motives of crime

Question 2

Matza - delinquency and drift

Answer 2

Deviants have subterranean values
Leads to normative confusion between childhood and adulthood

A03 - not everyone turns to crime due to confusion

Question 3

Cloward and Ohlin

Answer 3

Three types of subcultures:

1. Criminal - areas of lot of organised crime, young people climb professional criminal ladder
2. Conflict - areas little organised crime. Young people focus on gaining respect eg gang violence.
3. Retreatest - people who failed in criminal subcultures. Retreat to drugs&alcohol.

A03 - exaggerates differences between each group - overlap. Over exaggerates w/c crime, ignores m/c.

Question 4

Cohen - status frustration

Answer 4

W/c males feel frustrated with inability to gain high status
Turn to crime to gain status

A03 - assumes young w/c delinquents see mainstream values as desirable and superior

Question 5

Hirschi - control theory

Answer 5

Looks at why people don’t commit crime - less likely to commit crime with strong social bonds:

1. Belief - religion, political
2. Attachment - family
3. Commitment - job, relationships
4. Involvement - society, community

A03 - domestic abuse, some people too integrated doesn’t;t explain why some people with weaker bonds don’t commit crime&some with strong bonds do eg m/c white collar crime

Question 6

Merton - strain theory

Answer 6

Strain between goals&means

Conformists - got goals&means
Innovators - got goals, not means
Ritualists - got means, not goals
Retreatists - not got means or goals
Rebels - could have both or neither - rebel against society 

A03 - not all crime for economic gain, doesn’t explain where goals have come from

Question 7

Dukheim - FIN

Answer 7

Functional - protesting against segregation eg feminism. Boundary maintenance
Inevitable - not everyone socialised into same norms&values eg terrorism
Normal - in times of anomie people don’t know boundaries. Crime happens in every society.

A03 - doesn’t explain why people commit crime, not clear what is “right” amount of crime

Question 8

Miller - Focal Concerns

Answer 8

Argues lower class with its own values and cultures passed on down through the centuries, not a 'subculture'. 
Working class has six focal concerns that cause crime:
1. Smartness - witty, look good
2. Trouble - violence 
3. Excitement - thrill seeking
4. Toughness - masculine, strong
5. Autonomy - don't get pushed around
6. Fate - accept life, wider fate