Crime Prevention

Question 1

Newman -

Design out Crime

Answer 1

It is an example of situational crime prevention
Designing buildings, streets and areas to make it more difficult to commit crime

Examples:
Security of flats&buildings
Changing shape of building
Having one entrance&exit on shops
Brightly lit
Open design shops
Glass walls
Speed bumps 
Bollards

Question 2

Wilson and Kellig -

Environmental Crime Prevention

Answer 2

Change physical environment - based on broken window theory
Formal&informal social control measures to clamp down on anti-social behaviour. Stop an area from deteriorating - based on broken window theory

Examples:
No loitering signs
More bins
Cleaning area
Get rid of graffiti
Add plants, water features
Eg Singapore - cleaned, got rid of graffiti, rebuilt city, no littering, no chewing gum

A03 - New York tried zero tolerance&it didn’t work because people ignored. Doesn’t stop white collar&cyber crime

Question 3

Clarke -

Situational Crime Prevention

Answer 3

Reduce opportunities for crime - based on rational choice and routine activities theory - crime is opportunistic

1. Reduce opportunties
2. Costs outweigh benefits
3. Reduce rewards
4. Target hardening - victims make it tougher to be victims - CCTV, rape alarms, pepper spray

Question 4

Farrington -

Social and Community Prevention

Answer 4

Focus on the offenders and social context which causes them to commit crime. Does this through two methods;

1. Intervention - taking action with groups likely to offend eg youth groups, after school clubs, sport groups, boxing to lower knife crime
2. Community - involving local community eg community watch. PCSO (police community support officers)

Question 5

General Ways of Prevention

Answer 5

Neighbourhood watch
Harsh punishment - deterrent 
Education
Youth groups
Distraction - sport clubs
Public monitoring
Public punishment 
Heavy fines
Design out crime

Question 6

Evaluations

Answer 6

Functionalist - crime is product of bad socialisation, not preventable
Marxist - only focuses on street crime not white collar
Design out crime - expensive
Doesn’t tackle root of crime - poverty/deprivation
Outdated methods - doesn’t tackle white collar/cyber crime

Question 7

Displacement

Answer 7

Situational crime prevention does not reduce crime - it displaces:

1. Spatial - moving elsewhere to commit crime
2. Temporal - committing it at different time
3. Target - choosing a different victim
4. Tactical - different method