LAB7 Flashcards
what is the major function of the cardiovascular system?
transportation
what happens in the pulmonary circuit?
- O2 picked up
- CO2 eliminated
what happens in the systemic circuit?
oxygenated blood is supplied to all body tissues
substance transported from GI tract to all body cells?
nutrients
substance transported from endocrine glands to specific target tissues?
hormones
substance transported from various organs to kidneys and other organs?
waste
substance transported from lymphatic tissues to sites of infection/inflammation?
white blood cells
what is transported from muscles and various internal organs to the skin?
heat
which ventricle has thicker walls?
why might this difference exist?
- left ventricle
- LV needs to distribute blood to all body tissues
- RV need only to distribute blood to lungs
what are arteries?
blood vessels that carry blood away from heart
what are the properties of capillary beds?
- blood vessel walls are very thin
- gases, nutrients, and wastes can diffuse down their respective concentration gradients, moving btwn blood and interstitial fluid
what are veins?
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
why is the blood leaving the ventricles under high pressure?
because of the force generated by contractions of cardiac muscles in the myocardium of the heart
what does high pressure in arteries allow?
high pressure allows blood in arteries to move to capillaries
why is blood pressure in vessels lower in the toes than in the trunk?
as blood flows further from the heart, the pressure in the vessels decrease
what are the mechanisms that allow venous blood to return to the heart?
- valves
- skeletal muscle pump
- respiratory pump
how do valves help venous blood return to the heart?
valves permit blood to flow in only one direction, preventing gravity from making blood flow even further from the heart
how does the skeletal muscle pump help venous blood return to the heart?
compression of blood vessels by skeletal muscle contractions squeezes the blood towards the heart
how does the respiratory pump help venous blood return to the heart?
Inhalation: diaphragm contraction compresses abdominal veins, blood moves to decompressed thoracic veins
exhalation: diaphragm relaxation, venous valves prevent backflow of blood in thoracic veins back into the abdominal veins
why do arteries have a thicker muscle layer?
what type of epithelium lines blood vessels?
simple squamous epithelium
- diffusion of substances across vessels from blood to tissues must occur
what does the cerebral arterial circle supply?
supplies blood to the brain
what arteries compose the cerebral arterial circle?
- anterior cerebral
- posterior cerebral
- anterior communicating
- posterior communicating
what is the cerebral arterial circle?
circle of willis
- provides alternate pathway for blood to reach brain tissue in case of impaired blood flow
what is the blood vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
vertebral artery
what organs or structures do the celiac trunk branches supply?
- gallbladder
- duodenum
- pancreas
- stomach
- liver
what is the function of valves in peripheral veins?
keep blood flowing towards heart
would you expect valves in veins to be visible in a cross-section slide?
what is the source of blood in the hepatic portal system?
capillaries of digestive tract and the spleen
pathway: capillaries → portal → liver → normal systemic circulation
why is the blood in the hepatic portal vein carried to the liver before it returns to the systemic veins?
- detoxification
- neutralization
- metabolize
how does nutrient and gas exchange occur in fetal circulation?
via the placenta, diffusing from mother → fetus
what arteries carry deoxygenated waste-laden blood to the placenta?
two umbilical arteries
what veins carry oxygen and nutrients to the fetus?
umbilical veins
what is the placenta?
where materials diffuse down their concentration gradients from mother → fetus
- attaches umbilical cord of fetus
what is the adult structure of the placenta?
afterbirth
what are the umbilical arteries?
2 arteries that passes deoxygenated blood from fetus → placenta in umbilical cord
- branches of the internal iliac arteries
what is the adult structure of the umbilical arteries?
medial umbilical ligaments
what are the umbilical veins?
1 vein that ascends to liver of fetus and divides into 2 branches
- oxygenated blood goes to fetus from placenta via umbilical cord
what is the adult structure of the umbilical veins?
ligamentum teres
what is the ductus venosus?
- 2nd branch from umbilical vein
- drains/shunts blood to inferior vena cava that otherwise would have went to liver of fetus
what is the adult structure of the ductus venosus?
ligamentum venosum
what is the foramen ovale?
- opening btwn atria in fetal heart
- allows blood to bypass lungs and directly join systemic circulation of fetus
what is the adult structure of the foramen ovale?
fossa ovalis
what is the ductus arteriosus?
- connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
- allows blood to bypass lungs
what is the adult structure of the ductus arteriosus?
ligamentum arteriosum
what is the opening in the fetus’s interatrial septum?
the foramen ovale
what are the components of the lymphatic system?
- lymphatic plasma
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
how are lymphatic capillaries and veins different to blood veins?
- they are thinner walled
- they have more valves
- more permeable than blood capillaries
what is the function of lymphatic capillaries and veins?
- to return interstitial fluid to the blood stream
what are lymph nodes?
- contains lymphocytes and phagocytic macrophages
- located in scattered groups along lymphatic vessels
- macrophages destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign substances before lymph reenters blood stream
what are lacteals?
specialized lymphatic capillaries in small intestines
- carry digestive lipids into lymphatic vessels and into blood
what is the thoracic (left lymphatic) duct?
main duct for return of lymph into blood
located on left side of body
- receives lymph from left side of neck, head, chest, body below ribs
- empties into internal jugular and left subclavian veins
what is the cisterna chyli?
thick portion of the thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
- origin of thoracic duct
- receives lymph from right, left, and intestinal trunks
what is the right lymphatic duct?
lymphatic vessel btwn jugular and subclavian veins on right side of body
- delivers lymph into junction btwn right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
- drains from upper body
what is the thymus?
lymphatic organ located in mediastinum btwn sternum and aorta
- has T cells, dendritic cells
- production and maturation of T cells
what is the spleen?
lymphatic organ btwn stomach and diaphragm (in LUQ)
- B & T cells carry out immune functions, macrophages
- phagocytosis of ruptured blood cells
what are lymphatic nodules (MALT)?
organs scattered in connective tissue of mucus membrane lining of digestive canal, urinary tract, genital tracts
- contains lymphocytes and macrophages
- defends against invading bacteria and other pathogens that enter these passageways along with food, air, urine
what are aggregated lymphatic follicles?
- transports antigens and bacteria from intestines
- found in ilium of small intestine
what are tonsils?
- An aggregation of large lymphoid nodules embedded in the mucous membrane of the throat
- participate in immune response against inhaled air or ingested foreign substances
what are the different tonsils?
- palatine
- lingual
- pharyngeal
- appendix
what is the role of bone marrow in the lymphatic system?
- pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow gives rise to mature, immunocompetent B cells and T cells
what are lymph nodes?
lymphatic organs
- filters substances that travel through lymphatic fluid
- contains lymphocytes that help body fight infection and disease by immune responses
- macrophages destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis
what are the different lymph nodes?
- iliac (pelvis)
- inguinal (femur)
- intestinal (abdomen)
- axillary (armpit)
- submandibular (face)
- cervical (neck)
what are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
- immunity
- maintenance of fluid balance
- getting rid of cellular waste
- protects, drains, and transports dietary lipids
what is edema?
swelling due to fluid trapped in tissues
- blood vessels are more permeable and more liquid goes into tissue in edema
what causes lymph to be transported into lymph capillaries?
- pressure gradients
- When pressure is greater in the interstitial fluid than in lymph plasma, the cells separate slightly, like the opening of a one-way swinging door
what are the 3 mechanisms that cause lymph to move back toward the heart
- valves
- respiratory pump
( inhalation: less volume in abdominal cavity, more pressure;
exhalation: more volume in abdominal cavity, less pressure) - skeletal muscle pump
at what point in the cardiovascular system is lymph returned to blood on the right side?
junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
at what point in the cardiovascular system is lymph returned to blood on the left side of the body?
junction of left subclavian vein and left
+internal jugular vein
how do lymphatic vessels differ from veins that carry blood?
- drains interstitial fluid that collects in tissue
- serves for immune cell trafficking and fat absorption (more permeable to larger molecules than veins)
where does hemopoiesis take place during fetal development?
in spleen’s red pulp
where does hemopoiesis occur in the adult?
red bone marrow in spongy bone of long bones like the femur
why is it important to have an abundance of lymph nodules located along the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts?
- they are exposed to the external environment
- they need to be filtered more, more debris, dust, foreign substances in them
- defense mechanism against these foreign and abrasive substances
distinguish btwn blood plasma, serum, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
blood plasma- liquid component of blood
serum- liquid remaining after blood has clotted
interstitial fluid - fluid btwn blood vessels and tissue cells, intracellular environment
lymph - fluid that filters against microbes, organic wastes, toxins
ascending aorta
oxygenated blood from heart to aortic arch
aortic arch
oxygenated blood from ascending aorta to descending aorta
descending aorta
oxygenated blood from aortic arch to thoracic aorta
thoracic aorta
oxygenated blood from aortic arch to thoracic organs via visceral and parietal branches
ex. esophagus, diaphragm, pericardium, mediastinum, thoracic vertebrae
abdominal aorta
oxygenated blood from thoracic aorta to abdominal organs
ex. organs of digestive canal, liver, pancreas, spleen
brachiocephalic trunk
oxygenated blood from aortic arch to right subclavian and common carotid arteries to supply head, neck, upper limb, thoracic wall
common carotid arteries
oxygenated blood from brachiocephalic trunk to external and internal carotid arteries to supply head and neck
celiac trunk
oxygenated blood from descending aorta to gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries to supply all organs in digestive canal and spleen
common hepatic arteries
oxygenated blood from celiac trunk to proper hepatic, right gastric, and gastroduodenal arteries to supply liver
splenic arteries
oxygenated blood from celiac trunk to pancreatic, short gastric, and left gastroomental arteries to supply spleen, pancreas, and stomach
renal arteries
oxygenated blood from abdominal aorta to kidneys
common iliac arteries
oxygenated blood from abdominal aorta to internal and external iliac arteries to supply pelvic muscle walls, pelvic organs, external genitals, and lower limbs
external carotid arteries
oxygenated blood from common carotid arteries to superficial temporal and maxillary arteries to supply all structures of head except brain
internal carotid arteries
oxygenated blood from common carotid arteries to anterior cerebral arteries to supply eyeball, ears, pituitary gland
vertebral arteries
oxygenated blood from right subclavian artery to basilar artery to supply cerebellum, pons, inner ear
basilar arteries
oxygenated blood from vertebral arteries to posterior cerebral and cerebellar arteries to supply cerebellum, pons, inner ear
anterior cerebral arteries
oxygenated blood from internal carotid arteries to frontal lobe of cerebrum
anterior communicating artery
oxygenated blood from anterior cerebral arteries to brain tissue via cerebral arterial circle
posterior communicating arteries
oxygenated blood from internal carotid arteries to posterior cerebral arteries to supply brain tissue
posterior cerebral arteries
oxygenated blood from posterior communicating arteries to brain tissue via cerebral arterial circle
subclavian arteries
oxygenated blood from aortic arch(left) and brachiocephalic trunk(right) to axillary arteries to supply neck, shoulder, scapular muscles
axillary arteries
oxygenated blood from subclavian arteries to humerus and thoracic, shoulder, and scapular muscles
brachial arteries
oxygenated blood from axillary arteries to radial and ulnar arteries to supply arm muscles, humerus, and elbow joint
radial arteries
oxygenated blood from brachial arteries to muscles of posterior compartment of forearm
ulnar arteries
oxygenated blood from brachial arteries to muscles of anterior compartment of forearm
external iliac arteries
oxygenated blood from common iliac arteries to femoral arteries to supply lower abdominal wall and lower limb
internal iliac arteries
oxygenated blood from common iliac arteries to pelvic muscle wall, pelvic organs, buttocks, medial thigh muscles
femoral arteries
oxygenated blood from external iliac arteries to popliteal arteries to supply thigh muscles, femur, and knee joint
superior vena cava
deoxygenated blood from brachiocephalic veins to right atrium to drain head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax
brachiocephalic veins
deoxygenated blood from subclavian and internal jugular veins to superior vena cava to drain _ head, neck, upper limbs_
internal jugular veins
deoxygenated blood from face, brain, neck, and head to brachiocephalic veins
external jugular veins
deoxygenated blood from scalp, pharynx, and skin of head and neck to subclavian veins
inferior vena cava
deoxygenated blood from common iliac veins to right atrium to drain abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs
renal veins
deoxygenated blood from kidneys to inferior vena cava
splenic veins
deoxygenated blood from spleen, stomach, pancreas to hepatic portal vein
hepatic veins
deoxygenated blood from liver to inferior vena cava
hepatic portal vein
deoxygenated blood from splenic, superior mesenteric, gastric veins to liver and hepatic veins to drain spleen, and digestive canal organs
subclavian veins
deoxygenated blood from axillary veins to brachiocephalic veins to drain skin and muscles of neck, arms, shoulders, and superior thoracic wall
axillary veins
deoxygenated blood from brachial and basilic veins to subclavian veins to drain skin and muscles of arm, axilla, shoulder, and superolateral chest wall
cephalic veins
deoxygenated blood from lateral aspect of upper limb to axillary veins
basilic veins
deoxygenated blood from medial aspect of upper limbs to axillary veins
brachial veins
deoxygenated blood from radial and ulnar veins to axillary veins to drain muscles and bones of elbow and brachial regions
ulnar veins
deoxygenated blood from muscles, bones, and skin of hand, and muscles of medial aspect of forearms to brachial veins
radial veins
deoxygenated blood from muscles, bones, and skin of hand, and muscles of lateral aspect of forearms to brachial veins
common iliac veins
deoxygenated blood from internal and external iliac veins to inferior vena cava
external iliac veins
deoxygenated blood from femoral veins to common iliac veins to drain external genitals, lower limb, and lower abdominal wall anteriorly
internal iliac veins
deoxygenated blood from external genitals, pelvic viscera, muscles of pelvic wall and gluteal region to common iliac veins
femoral veins
deoxygenated blood from popliteal veins to external iliac veins to drain skin, lymph nodes, muscles, and bones of thigh
great saphenous vein
deoxygenated blood from integumentary tissues and superficial muscles of lower limbs, groin, and lower abdominal wall to femoral veins
thoracic duct
lymph plasma from left side of head, neck, chest, left arm, entire body below ribs to junction between internal jugular and left subclavian veins
cisterna chyli
lymph plasma from right and left lumbar trunks to thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct
lymph plasma from upper right side of body to right subclavian vein
