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BIOL1190 LAB > LAB7 > Flashcards

LAB7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

A

transportation

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2
Q

what happens in the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • O2 picked up
  • CO2 eliminated
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3
Q

what happens in the systemic circuit?

A

oxygenated blood is supplied to all body tissues

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4
Q

substance transported from GI tract to all body cells?

A

nutrients

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5
Q

substance transported from endocrine glands to specific target tissues?

A

hormones

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6
Q

substance transported from various organs to kidneys and other organs?

A

waste

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7
Q

substance transported from lymphatic tissues to sites of infection/inflammation?

A

white blood cells

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8
Q

what is transported from muscles and various internal organs to the skin?

A

heat

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9
Q

which ventricle has thicker walls?
why might this difference exist?

A
  • left ventricle
  • LV needs to distribute blood to all body tissues
  • RV need only to distribute blood to lungs
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10
Q

what are arteries?

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from heart

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11
Q

what are the properties of capillary beds?

A
  • blood vessel walls are very thin
  • gases, nutrients, and wastes can diffuse down their respective concentration gradients, moving btwn blood and interstitial fluid
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12
Q

what are veins?

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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13
Q

why is the blood leaving the ventricles under high pressure?

A

because of the force generated by contractions of cardiac muscles in the myocardium of the heart

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14
Q

what does high pressure in arteries allow?

A

high pressure allows blood in arteries to move to capillaries

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15
Q

why is blood pressure in vessels lower in the toes than in the trunk?

A

as blood flows further from the heart, the pressure in the vessels decrease

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16
Q

what are the mechanisms that allow venous blood to return to the heart?

A
  1. valves
  2. skeletal muscle pump
  3. respiratory pump
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17
Q

how do valves help venous blood return to the heart?

A

valves permit blood to flow in only one direction, preventing gravity from making blood flow even further from the heart

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18
Q

how does the skeletal muscle pump help venous blood return to the heart?

A

compression of blood vessels by skeletal muscle contractions squeezes the blood towards the heart

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19
Q

how does the respiratory pump help venous blood return to the heart?

A

Inhalation: diaphragm contraction compresses abdominal veins, blood moves to decompressed thoracic veins

exhalation: diaphragm relaxation, venous valves prevent backflow of blood in thoracic veins back into the abdominal veins

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20
Q

why do arteries have a thicker muscle layer?

A
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21
Q

what type of epithelium lines blood vessels?

A

simple squamous epithelium
- diffusion of substances across vessels from blood to tissues must occur

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22
Q

what does the cerebral arterial circle supply?

A

supplies blood to the brain

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23
Q

what arteries compose the cerebral arterial circle?

A
  • anterior cerebral
  • posterior cerebral
  • anterior communicating
  • posterior communicating
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24
Q

what is the cerebral arterial circle?

A

circle of willis
- provides alternate pathway for blood to reach brain tissue in case of impaired blood flow

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25
Q

what is the blood vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

A

vertebral artery

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26
Q

what organs or structures do the celiac trunk branches supply?

A
  • gallbladder
  • duodenum
  • pancreas
  • stomach
  • liver
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27
Q

what is the function of valves in peripheral veins?

A

keep blood flowing towards heart

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28
Q

would you expect valves in veins to be visible in a cross-section slide?

A
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29
Q

what is the source of blood in the hepatic portal system?

A

capillaries of digestive tract and the spleen

pathway: capillaries → portal → liver → normal systemic circulation

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30
Q

why is the blood in the hepatic portal vein carried to the liver before it returns to the systemic veins?

A
  • detoxification
  • neutralization
  • metabolize
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31
Q

how does nutrient and gas exchange occur in fetal circulation?

A

via the placenta, diffusing from mother → fetus

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32
Q

what arteries carry deoxygenated waste-laden blood to the placenta?

A

two umbilical arteries

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33
Q

what veins carry oxygen and nutrients to the fetus?

A

umbilical veins

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34
Q

what is the placenta?

A

where materials diffuse down their concentration gradients from mother → fetus
- attaches umbilical cord of fetus

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35
Q

what is the adult structure of the placenta?

A

afterbirth

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36
Q

what are the umbilical arteries?

A

2 arteries that passes deoxygenated blood from fetus → placenta in umbilical cord
- branches of the internal iliac arteries

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37
Q

what is the adult structure of the umbilical arteries?

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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38
Q

what are the umbilical veins?

A

1 vein that ascends to liver of fetus and divides into 2 branches
- oxygenated blood goes to fetus from placenta via umbilical cord

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39
Q

what is the adult structure of the umbilical veins?

A

ligamentum teres

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40
Q

what is the ductus venosus?

A
  • 2nd branch from umbilical vein
  • drains/shunts blood to inferior vena cava that otherwise would have went to liver of fetus
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41
Q

what is the adult structure of the ductus venosus?

A

ligamentum venosum

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42
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A
  • opening btwn atria in fetal heart
  • allows blood to bypass lungs and directly join systemic circulation of fetus
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43
Q

what is the adult structure of the foramen ovale?

A

fossa ovalis

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44
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A
  • connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
  • allows blood to bypass lungs
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45
Q

what is the adult structure of the ductus arteriosus?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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46
Q

what is the opening in the fetus’s interatrial septum?

A

the foramen ovale

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47
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymphatic plasma
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
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48
Q

how are lymphatic capillaries and veins different to blood veins?

A
  • they are thinner walled
  • they have more valves
  • more permeable than blood capillaries
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49
Q

what is the function of lymphatic capillaries and veins?

A
  • to return interstitial fluid to the blood stream
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50
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A
  • contains lymphocytes and phagocytic macrophages
  • located in scattered groups along lymphatic vessels
  • macrophages destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign substances before lymph reenters blood stream
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51
Q

what are lacteals?

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries in small intestines
- carry digestive lipids into lymphatic vessels and into blood

52
Q

what is the thoracic (left lymphatic) duct?

A

main duct for return of lymph into blood
located on left side of body
- receives lymph from left side of neck, head, chest, body below ribs
- empties into internal jugular and left subclavian veins

53
Q

what is the cisterna chyli?

A

thick portion of the thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
- origin of thoracic duct
- receives lymph from right, left, and intestinal trunks

54
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct?

A

lymphatic vessel btwn jugular and subclavian veins on right side of body
- delivers lymph into junction btwn right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein
- drains from upper body

55
Q

what is the thymus?

A

lymphatic organ located in mediastinum btwn sternum and aorta
- has T cells, dendritic cells
- production and maturation of T cells

56
Q

what is the spleen?

A

lymphatic organ btwn stomach and diaphragm (in LUQ)
- B & T cells carry out immune functions, macrophages
- phagocytosis of ruptured blood cells

57
Q

what are lymphatic nodules (MALT)?

A

organs scattered in connective tissue of mucus membrane lining of digestive canal, urinary tract, genital tracts
- contains lymphocytes and macrophages
- defends against invading bacteria and other pathogens that enter these passageways along with food, air, urine

58
Q

what are aggregated lymphatic follicles?

A
  • transports antigens and bacteria from intestines
  • found in ilium of small intestine
59
Q

what are tonsils?

A
  • An aggregation of large lymphoid nodules embedded in the mucous membrane of the throat
  • participate in immune response against inhaled air or ingested foreign substances
60
Q

what are the different tonsils?

A
  • palatine
  • lingual
  • pharyngeal
  • appendix
61
Q

what is the role of bone marrow in the lymphatic system?

A
  • pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow gives rise to mature, immunocompetent B cells and T cells
62
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

lymphatic organs
- filters substances that travel through lymphatic fluid
- contains lymphocytes that help body fight infection and disease by immune responses
- macrophages destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis

63
Q

what are the different lymph nodes?

A
  • iliac (pelvis)
  • inguinal (femur)
  • intestinal (abdomen)
  • axillary (armpit)
  • submandibular (face)
  • cervical (neck)
64
Q

what are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. immunity
  2. maintenance of fluid balance
  3. getting rid of cellular waste
  4. protects, drains, and transports dietary lipids
65
Q

what is edema?

A

swelling due to fluid trapped in tissues
- blood vessels are more permeable and more liquid goes into tissue in edema

66
Q

what causes lymph to be transported into lymph capillaries?

A
  • pressure gradients
  • When pressure is greater in the interstitial fluid than in lymph plasma, the cells separate slightly, like the opening of a one-way swinging door
67
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms that cause lymph to move back toward the heart

A
  • valves
  • respiratory pump
    ( inhalation: less volume in abdominal cavity, more pressure;
    exhalation: more volume in abdominal cavity, less pressure)
  • skeletal muscle pump
68
Q

at what point in the cardiovascular system is lymph returned to blood on the right side?

A

junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein

69
Q

at what point in the cardiovascular system is lymph returned to blood on the left side of the body?

A

junction of left subclavian vein and left
+internal jugular vein

70
Q

how do lymphatic vessels differ from veins that carry blood?

A
  • drains interstitial fluid that collects in tissue
  • serves for immune cell trafficking and fat absorption (more permeable to larger molecules than veins)
71
Q

where does hemopoiesis take place during fetal development?

A

in spleen’s red pulp

72
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur in the adult?

A

red bone marrow in spongy bone of long bones like the femur

73
Q

why is it important to have an abundance of lymph nodules located along the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts?

A
  • they are exposed to the external environment
  • they need to be filtered more, more debris, dust, foreign substances in them
  • defense mechanism against these foreign and abrasive substances
74
Q

distinguish btwn blood plasma, serum, interstitial fluid, and lymph.

A

blood plasma- liquid component of blood

serum- liquid remaining after blood has clotted

interstitial fluid - fluid btwn blood vessels and tissue cells, intracellular environment

lymph - fluid that filters against microbes, organic wastes, toxins

75
Q

ascending aorta

A

oxygenated blood from heart to aortic arch

76
Q

aortic arch

A

oxygenated blood from ascending aorta to descending aorta

77
Q

descending aorta

A

oxygenated blood from aortic arch to thoracic aorta

78
Q

thoracic aorta

A

oxygenated blood from aortic arch to thoracic organs via visceral and parietal branches

ex. esophagus, diaphragm, pericardium, mediastinum, thoracic vertebrae

79
Q

abdominal aorta

A

oxygenated blood from thoracic aorta to abdominal organs

ex. organs of digestive canal, liver, pancreas, spleen

80
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

oxygenated blood from aortic arch to right subclavian and common carotid arteries to supply head, neck, upper limb, thoracic wall

81
Q

common carotid arteries

A

oxygenated blood from brachiocephalic trunk to external and internal carotid arteries to supply head and neck

82
Q

celiac trunk

A

oxygenated blood from descending aorta to gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries to supply all organs in digestive canal and spleen

83
Q

common hepatic arteries

A

oxygenated blood from celiac trunk to proper hepatic, right gastric, and gastroduodenal arteries to supply liver

84
Q

splenic arteries

A

oxygenated blood from celiac trunk to pancreatic, short gastric, and left gastroomental arteries to supply spleen, pancreas, and stomach

85
Q

renal arteries

A

oxygenated blood from abdominal aorta to kidneys

86
Q

common iliac arteries

A

oxygenated blood from abdominal aorta to internal and external iliac arteries to supply pelvic muscle walls, pelvic organs, external genitals, and lower limbs

87
Q

external carotid arteries

A

oxygenated blood from common carotid arteries to superficial temporal and maxillary arteries to supply all structures of head except brain

88
Q

internal carotid arteries

A

oxygenated blood from common carotid arteries to anterior cerebral arteries to supply eyeball, ears, pituitary gland

89
Q

vertebral arteries

A

oxygenated blood from right subclavian artery to basilar artery to supply cerebellum, pons, inner ear

90
Q

basilar arteries

A

oxygenated blood from vertebral arteries to posterior cerebral and cerebellar arteries to supply cerebellum, pons, inner ear

91
Q

anterior cerebral arteries

A

oxygenated blood from internal carotid arteries to frontal lobe of cerebrum

92
Q

anterior communicating artery

A

oxygenated blood from anterior cerebral arteries to brain tissue via cerebral arterial circle

93
Q

posterior communicating arteries

A

oxygenated blood from internal carotid arteries to posterior cerebral arteries to supply brain tissue

94
Q

posterior cerebral arteries

A

oxygenated blood from posterior communicating arteries to brain tissue via cerebral arterial circle

95
Q

subclavian arteries

A

oxygenated blood from aortic arch(left) and brachiocephalic trunk(right) to axillary arteries to supply neck, shoulder, scapular muscles

96
Q

axillary arteries

A

oxygenated blood from subclavian arteries to humerus and thoracic, shoulder, and scapular muscles

97
Q

brachial arteries

A

oxygenated blood from axillary arteries to radial and ulnar arteries to supply arm muscles, humerus, and elbow joint

98
Q

radial arteries

A

oxygenated blood from brachial arteries to muscles of posterior compartment of forearm

99
Q

ulnar arteries

A

oxygenated blood from brachial arteries to muscles of anterior compartment of forearm

100
Q

external iliac arteries

A

oxygenated blood from common iliac arteries to femoral arteries to supply lower abdominal wall and lower limb

101
Q

internal iliac arteries

A

oxygenated blood from common iliac arteries to pelvic muscle wall, pelvic organs, buttocks, medial thigh muscles

102
Q

femoral arteries

A

oxygenated blood from external iliac arteries to popliteal arteries to supply thigh muscles, femur, and knee joint

103
Q

superior vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from brachiocephalic veins to right atrium to drain head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax

104
Q

brachiocephalic veins

A

deoxygenated blood from subclavian and internal jugular veins to superior vena cava to drain _ head, neck, upper limbs_

105
Q

internal jugular veins

A

deoxygenated blood from face, brain, neck, and head to brachiocephalic veins

106
Q

external jugular veins

A

deoxygenated blood from scalp, pharynx, and skin of head and neck to subclavian veins

107
Q

inferior vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from common iliac veins to right atrium to drain abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

108
Q

renal veins

A

deoxygenated blood from kidneys to inferior vena cava

109
Q

splenic veins

A

deoxygenated blood from spleen, stomach, pancreas to hepatic portal vein

110
Q

hepatic veins

A

deoxygenated blood from liver to inferior vena cava

111
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

deoxygenated blood from splenic, superior mesenteric, gastric veins to liver and hepatic veins to drain spleen, and digestive canal organs

112
Q

subclavian veins

A

deoxygenated blood from axillary veins to brachiocephalic veins to drain skin and muscles of neck, arms, shoulders, and superior thoracic wall

113
Q

axillary veins

A

deoxygenated blood from brachial and basilic veins to subclavian veins to drain skin and muscles of arm, axilla, shoulder, and superolateral chest wall

114
Q

cephalic veins

A

deoxygenated blood from lateral aspect of upper limb to axillary veins

115
Q

basilic veins

A

deoxygenated blood from medial aspect of upper limbs to axillary veins

116
Q

brachial veins

A

deoxygenated blood from radial and ulnar veins to axillary veins to drain muscles and bones of elbow and brachial regions

117
Q

ulnar veins

A

deoxygenated blood from muscles, bones, and skin of hand, and muscles of medial aspect of forearms to brachial veins

118
Q

radial veins

A

deoxygenated blood from muscles, bones, and skin of hand, and muscles of lateral aspect of forearms to brachial veins

119
Q

common iliac veins

A

deoxygenated blood from internal and external iliac veins to inferior vena cava

120
Q

external iliac veins

A

deoxygenated blood from femoral veins to common iliac veins to drain external genitals, lower limb, and lower abdominal wall anteriorly

121
Q

internal iliac veins

A

deoxygenated blood from external genitals, pelvic viscera, muscles of pelvic wall and gluteal region to common iliac veins

122
Q

femoral veins

A

deoxygenated blood from popliteal veins to external iliac veins to drain skin, lymph nodes, muscles, and bones of thigh

123
Q

great saphenous vein

A

deoxygenated blood from integumentary tissues and superficial muscles of lower limbs, groin, and lower abdominal wall to femoral veins

124
Q

thoracic duct

A

lymph plasma from left side of head, neck, chest, left arm, entire body below ribs to junction between internal jugular and left subclavian veins

125
Q

cisterna chyli

A

lymph plasma from right and left lumbar trunks to thoracic duct

126
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

lymph plasma from upper right side of body to right subclavian vein

BIOL1190 LAB (8 decks)

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