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BIOL1190 LAB > LAB5 > Flashcards

LAB5 Flashcards

1
Q

occipitofrontalis frontal belly

A

draws scalp anteriorly

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2
Q

occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)

A

draws scalp posteriorly

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3
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes the eye

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4
Q

orbicularis oris

A

shapes lips during speech

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5
Q

platysma

A

depresses the mandible

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6
Q

masseter

A

elevates the mandible

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7
Q

temporalis

A

elevates the mandible; retracts it too

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8
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

extends the head at the atlanto-occipital joints

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9
Q

external abdominal oblique

A

flexes the vertebral column (both)
laterally flexes the vertebral column (singly)

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10
Q

internal abdominal oblique

A

flexes the vertebral column (both)
laterally flexes the vertebral column (singly)

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11
Q

rectus abdominis

A

flexes the vertebral column

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12
Q

transversus abdominis

A

compresses the abdomen

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13
Q

diaphragm

A

changes vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity (contraction & relaxation - inhalation & exhalation)

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14
Q

serratus anterior

A

abducts the scapula; rotates it upward too

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15
Q

trapezius

A

stabilizes the scapula; middle fibers adduct the scapula

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16
Q

biceps brachii

A

flexes the forearm at the elbow joint;
supinates forearm at radioulnar joints;
flexes arm at the shoulder joint

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17
Q

brachioradialis

A

flexes the forearm at the elbow joint

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18
Q

deltoid

A

abducts the arm at the shoulder joint

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19
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

extends the arm at the shoulder joint:
adducts and medially rotates it too

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20
Q

pectoralis major

A

adducts the arm at the shoulder joint;
medially rotates it too

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21
Q

triceps brachii

A

extends the forearm at the elbow joint;
extends the arm at the shoulder joint

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22
Q

biceps femoris

A

extends thigh at hip joint

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23
Q

semitendinosus

A

extends thigh at hip joint

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24
Q

semimembranosus

A

extends thigh at hip joint;
flexes leg at knee joint

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25
Q

gastrocnemius

A

flexes leg at knee joint;
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint

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26
Q

gluteus maximus

A

extends leg at hip joint;
laterally rotates leg at hip joint

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27
Q

gluteus medius

A

abducts the thigh at hip joint

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28
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

extends leg at knee joint

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29
Q

vastus lateralis

A

extends leg at knee joint

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30
Q

vastus medialis

A

extends leg at knee joint

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31
Q

vastus intermedius

A

extends leg at knee joint

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32
Q

rectus femoris

A

flexes thigh at hip joint;
flexes leg at knee joint

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33
Q

soleus

A

plantar flexes foot at ankle joint

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34
Q

tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint;
inverts foot at intertarsal joints

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35
Q

gracilis

A

adducts thigh at hip joint;
flexes leg at knee joint

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36
Q

what bones consist the pectoral girdle?

A
  • scapula
  • clavicle
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37
Q

what is the scapula’s acromion?

A

flattened, expanded process that articulates with clavicle’s acromial end

forms acromioclavicular joint

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38
Q

what is the scapula’s coracoid process?

A

lateral end of scapula’s superior border, attachment point for tendons and ligaments

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39
Q

what is the scapula’s spine?

A

prominent ridge that runs diagonally across scapula’s posterior surface

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40
Q

what is the scapula’s glenoid cavity?

A

cavity that articules with humerus’s head

forms glenohumeral joint

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41
Q

what is the clavicle’s sternal end?

A

rounded, articulates with sternum’s manubrium to form sternoclavicular joint

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42
Q

what is the humerus’s head?

A

head that articulates with scapula’s glenoid cavity to form glenohumeral joint

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43
Q

what is the ulna’s head?

A

head at distal end (near wrist) that is separated from wrist with a disc of fibrocartilage

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44
Q

what is the ulna’s olecranon?

A

process at proximal end of ulna that allows articulation between ulna and humerus

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45
Q

what is the radius’s head?

A

head at proximal end of radius that articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna

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46
Q

what are the carpals?

A

proximal region of hand, 8 bones

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47
Q

what are the metacarpals?

A

intermediate region of hand, 5 bones

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48
Q

what are the hand’s phalanges?

A

distal end of hand, bones of digits, 14 phalanges

I - thumb
V - pinky

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49
Q

what bones form the pelvic girdle?

A

two coxal(hip) bones

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50
Q

what is the function of the pelvic girdle?

A

connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

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51
Q

what is the function of the pectoral girdle?

A

connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

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52
Q

what bones form the pelvis?

A
  • the coxal bones
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
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53
Q

what are the three bones that form each coxal bone?

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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54
Q

what is the acetabulum?

A

socket formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

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55
Q

what is the ilium’s iliac crest?

A

super border of ilium, ends anteriorly by anterior iliac spine

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56
Q

what is the ilium’s greater sciatic notch?

A

notch where sciatic nerves pass

57
Q

what is the sacroiliac joint?

A

articulation of sacrum and ilium

58
Q

what is the ischium?

A

bone one sits on, inferior posterior portion of coxal bone

59
Q

what is the ilium?

A

superior portion of coxal bone

60
Q

what is the pubis?

A

inferior, anterior portion of coxal bone

61
Q

what is the obturator foramen?

A

largest foramen in the skeleton, nearly completely closed by fibrous obturator membrane

62
Q

what is the pubis’s pubic arch?

A

arch formed by converge of inferior rami of pubis and the two pubic bones

63
Q

what is the pubic symphysis?

A

cartilaginous joint made of fibrocartilage between the two pubis bones

64
Q

what is the femur’s head?

A

head of femur that articulates with the coxal bone’s acetabulum to form the hip joint

65
Q

what is the femur’s neck?

A

constricted region distal to the femur’s head

66
Q

what is the patella?

A

small, sesamoid bone anterior to the knee joint
increases leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris

67
Q

what is the tibial tuberosity?

A

point of attachment for patellar ligament on tibia’s anterior surface

68
Q

what is the tibia’s medial malleolus?

A

prominence on medial surface of leg that articulates with the talus

69
Q

what is the fibula?

A

bone lateral to tibia that stabilizes ankle joint and articulates with tibia at fibular notch to form the distal tibiofibular joint

70
Q

what are the tarsals?

A

proximal region of foot, 7 bones

71
Q

what is the talus?

A

ankle bone that articulates with tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint

72
Q

what is the calcaneus?

A

strongest tarsal bone located at the heel/posterior part of feet

73
Q

what are the metatarsals?

A

bones on the feet that articulate proximally with tarsals and distally with the phalanges

74
Q

what are the feet’s phalanges?

A

distal end of feet, bones of digits, 14 phalanges

75
Q

how is the pubic arch different btwn males and females?

A

males: <90°
females: >90°

76
Q

how is the obturator foramen different btwn males and females?

A

males: round
females: oval

77
Q

how is the pelvic inlet different btwn males and females?

A

males: narrow, heart shaped
females: wide, more oval shaped

78
Q

how is the composition of bone different btwn males and females?

A

males: harder and denser
females: lighter and less dense

79
Q

how is the greater sciatic notch different btwn males and females?

A

males: ~70°, inverted V
females: ~90°

80
Q

what are articulations?

A

points of contact btwn bone and another bone, cartilage, or tooth

81
Q

what are the three structural types of joints?

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
82
Q

what are fibrous joints?

A

articulations held together by dense irregular connective tissue, have no synovial cavity, and exhibit little to no movement

83
Q

what are the classifications for fibrous joints?

A
  • sutures
  • syndesmoses
84
Q

what are sutures?

A
  • articulations found only between skull bones
  • thin layer of connective tissue between them
  • immovable
85
Q

what are synostoses?

A

sutures that fused into a bony joint

86
Q

what is a syndesmosis?

A
  • articulations with structures farther apart than in sutures
  • dense irregular connective tissue
87
Q

what are the classifications of syndesmoses?

A
  • interosseous ligaments
  • interosseous membranes
  • gomphoses
88
Q

what are interosseous ligaments?

A
  • found between distal ends of tibia and fibula
  • permits slight movement
89
Q

what are interosseous membranes?

A
  • sheet of dense irregular connective tissue
  • occur between tibia and fibula
  • found between ulna and radius
  • permits slight movement
90
Q

what is a gomphosis?

A
  • permits small shock-absorbing movements
  • found between roots of teeth and their sockets in mandible and maxillae
91
Q

what are cartilaginous joints?

A

joints that unite two structures with hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

92
Q

what is a synchondrosis?

A
  • joint composed of a solid piece of cartilage that connects two bones
  • connected by a thin layer of hyaline or fibrocartilage
  • allows little to no movement
93
Q

what type of joints are epiphyseal cartilages?

A

synchondroses
- immovable
- ossifies and becomes synostoses as a child ages

94
Q

what is a symphysis?

A

ends of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage with a disc of fibrocartilage between them
- slightly movable because of collagen fibres in fibrocartilage

95
Q

what are examples of symphyses?

A
  • pubic symphysis
  • intervertebral discs
  • manubrium and body of sternum
96
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

joints with a synovial cavity between articulating bones
- articulating surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage
- two layers enclose the cavity
- outer fibrous membrane
- inner synovial membrane

97
Q

what is the function of synovial fluid?

A
  • lubricates joints, reducing friction
  • absorbs shocks
  • contains phagocytic cells that remove microbes and debris due to wear and tear at joints
98
Q

what are the two types of joints that can form synostoses?

A
  • sutures
  • epiphyseal cartilages
99
Q

what are the four main categories of movement at synovial joints?

A
  • gliding
  • angular
  • rotation
  • special movements
100
Q

gliding

A

flat bone surfaces move:
- side to side
- back and forth

101
Q

joints that can glide?

A
  • intercarpal joints
  • intertarsal joints
102
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle between articulating bones

103
Q

extension

A

increases angle between articulating bones

104
Q

lateral flexion

A

decreases angle between articulating bones along the coronal plane

105
Q

joints that can laterally flex?

A

intervertebral joints

106
Q

abduction

A

movement of bone away from midline

107
Q

adduction

A

movement of bone toward midline

108
Q

circumduction

A

movement of distal end of a body part in a circle

109
Q

rotation

A

bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

110
Q

medial rotation

A

anterior surface of limb bone is turned toward midline

111
Q

lateral rotation

A

anterior surface of limb bone is turned away from midline

112
Q

elevation

A

superior movement of body part

113
Q

depression

A

inferior movement of body part

114
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bending of foot at ankle joint in direction of dorsum

115
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending of foot at ankle joint in direction of plantar/inferior surface

116
Q

supination

A

movement of forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints, radius and ulna parallel, palm turned anteriorly

117
Q

pronation

A

movement of forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints, radius distal end crosses over ulna distal end, palm turned posteriorly

118
Q

what are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • saddle
  • ellipsoid
  • ball-and-socket
119
Q

what is the movement that occurs at a synovial joint dependent on?

A

supporting ligaments and muscles and on the shape of the articulating bones

120
Q

what are monaxial/uniaxial joints?

A

joints limited to movements around one axis

121
Q

what are biaxial joints?

A

joints limited to movements around two axes at right angles to each other

122
Q

what are triaxial/multiaxial joints?

A

joints capable of movement around three axes

123
Q

what are plane joints?

A

joints with flat or slightly curved articulating bones which permit gliding movements

  • biaxial
  • acromioclavicular joint
  • intertarsal joints
  • intercarpal joints
124
Q

what are hinge joints?

A

joints where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
- uniaxial
- humerus-ulna joint
- interphalangeal joints

125
Q

what are pivot joints?

A

one bone rotates around its own long axis
- monaxial
- radius-ulna joint
- atlanto-axial joint

126
Q

what are ellipsoid joints?

A

oval shaped depression of one bone and the oval shaped projection of the other fit together
- biaxial
- radius and carpal bones
- between metatarsals and phalanges

127
Q

what are saddle joints?

A

concave surface of one bits fits over the convex surface of another
- biaxial
- allows more movement than an ellipsoid joint
- btwn metacarpal of thumb and its carpal
- manubrium-sternum-clavicle joint

128
Q

what are ball-and-socket joints?

A

ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cup-shaped depression of the other bone
- triaxial
- hip joint
- shoulder joint

129
Q

what are some functions of skeletal muscles?

A
  • producing body movements
  • thermogenesis
  • storing and moving substances within body
130
Q

what is the origin?

A

bone a joint is attached to that remains stationary

131
Q

what is the insertion?

A

bone a joint is attached to that moves toward the origin, generating the action

132
Q

what is the insertion for muscles that cause facial expressions?

A

the skin

133
Q

which muscles whose aponeuroses form the linea alba?

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominis
134
Q

what is the linea alba?

A
  • tough fibrous band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
  • stretches to increase distance between rectus abdominis muscles in latter stages of pregnancy
135
Q

what type of connective tissue forms the linea alba?

A

fibrous connective tissue

136
Q

what layer of bone does a tendon attach to?

A

periosteum

137
Q

what are muscles of the abdomen? list from deep to superficial

A
  • transversus
  • internal
  • external
  • rectus
138
Q

what are muscles that act on mouth for facial expressions?

A
  • occipitofrontalis
  • orbicularis oculi
  • masseter

BIOL1190 LAB (8 decks)

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