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BIOL1190 LAB > LAB1 > Flashcards

LAB1 Flashcards

1
Q

cranial

A

the skull

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2
Q

axillary

A

the armpit

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3
Q

brachial

A

the arm

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4
Q

antebrachial

A

the forearm

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5
Q

antecubital

A

the front of the elbow

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6
Q

cephalic

A

the head

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7
Q

cervical

A

the neck

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8
Q

popliteal

A

the hollow behind the knee

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9
Q

plantar

A

the sole of the feet

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10
Q

superior

A

closer to head

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11
Q

inferior

A

farther from head

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12
Q

anterior

A

towards the front of the body

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13
Q

posterior

A

towards the back of the body

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14
Q

medial

A

closer to midline

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15
Q

lateral

A

farther from midline

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16
Q

superficial

A

closer to surface

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17
Q

deep

A

farther from surface

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18
Q

proximal

A

closer to trunk

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19
Q

distal

A

farther from trunk

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20
Q

how do dorsal and ventral relate to anterior and posterior?

A

anterior = ventral and posterior = dorsal for humans

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21
Q

sagittal

A

longitudinal plane, divides body into left and right sides

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22
Q

midsagittal/median

A

longitudinal plane that passes through midline, divides body into equal left and right sides

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23
Q

parasagittal/paramedian

A

longitudinal plane that does not pass through midline, divides body into unequal left and right sides

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24
Q

transverse/cross section

A

latitudinal plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions

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25
Q

frontal/coronal

A

longitudinal plane that divides body into posterior and anterior portions

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26
Q

oblique

A

plane that passes through body/organ at an oblique angle

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27
Q

cranial cavity

A

formed by cranial bones, contains brain

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28
Q

vertebral canal

A

formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

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29
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity, contains pleural, pericardial cavities and mediastinum

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30
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between pleura that surrounds lung

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31
Q

pericardial cavity

A

potential space between pericardium that surrounds heart

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32
Q

mediastinum cavity

A

central portion of thoracic cavity

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33
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains abdominal and pelvic cavities

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34
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder

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35
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs

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36
Q

what is the structure that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

the diaphragm

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37
Q

what is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

A

cytosol is the semifluid portion of cytoplasm where organelles are suspended in

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38
Q

why are cells best visible under electron micrographs and not light microscopes?

A

too small to visualize and don’t readily take up stains

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39
Q

what are TEMs?

A

transmission electron microscopes, 2D image

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40
Q

what are SEMs?

A

scanning electron microscopes, 3D image

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41
Q

centrosome and centrioles

A

organ where assembly of microtubules begin, contains tubulins, used for growth of mitotic spindle

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42
Q

chromatin

A

uncondensed DNA in interphase cells

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43
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments, provides structural support for cell and aids in movement of organelles

44
Q

microfilaments

A

thinnest protein filaments, composed of actin and myosin, generate movement and provide mechanical support

45
Q

microtubules

A

largest of cytoskeletal components, long unbranched tubules of tubulin proteins, function in movement of organelles and chromosomes and compose cilia and flagella

46
Q

mitotic spindle

A

microtubules formed by pericentriolar matrix, appears during mitosis’s prophase

47
Q

asters

A

visible only when cells in mitosis

48
Q

cilia

A

motile cell projections that move fluid across cell’s surface

49
Q

flagella

A

motile cell projections that move entire cell forward

50
Q

golgi complex

A

consists of flattened membranous saccules with cis and trans face, modifies proteins and lipids and sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations

51
Q

microvilli

A

cell extensions/projections that greatly increase cell’s surface area, supported by microfilaments

52
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell, cellular respiration

53
Q

nucleus

A

control centre of cell where genes are located and ribosomes manufactured

54
Q

nuclear envelope

A

membrane of nucleus, separates interior of nucleus from cytoplasm

55
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in nuclear envelope that permit exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm, controls movement of substances

56
Q

nucleolus

A

core of nucleus, produces ribosomes

57
Q

plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic lipid bilayer studded with proteins, encompasses and protects cell

58
Q

ribosomes

A

composed of two subunits, made of ribosomal RNA, synthesizes proteins via translation

59
Q

rough er

A

membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules, covered with ribosomes, attached to nuclear envelope, synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids

60
Q

smooth er

A

membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules, lacks ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids

61
Q

what happens when normal cells or tissues change?

A

the organ’s function can be altered, may result in disease

62
Q

what does performing microscopic examination of tissue biopsies do?

A

determine if abnormal structures are indicative of disease

63
Q

how does a light microscope operate?

A

passes light through a specimen, sequence of lenses magnify image

64
Q

what does the condenser do?

A

focuses light into a beam of parallel light waves that go through specimen, passing through objective lens that magnifies image and sends it along the tube to the ocular lens

65
Q

how do you carry a microscope?

A

carry with two hands, one hand on arm and other supporting base

keep close to body, in upright position

66
Q

what is something you need to check and do before plugging and using microscope?

A
  1. check if light switch was left in off position
  2. check if intensity dial is lowest number
  3. fully unwind cord
  4. keep cord from dangling off desk
  5. clean lenses and any other surface with kimwipes
67
Q

what do you do before putting away the microscope?

A
  1. return low power objective to center
  2. center stage and remove slide
  3. turn intensity dial to lowest number
  4. turn off the lamp
  5. unplug and wind electrical cord
  6. put dust cover over microscope
  7. place in cabinet w/ arm facing out
68
Q

what is the base?

A

broad, flat, lower support - one hand placed here when carrying microscope

69
Q

what is the turret?

A

allows oculars to revolve after screw is loosened,

always retighten screw

70
Q

what is the arm?

A

connects base to head - used as hand grip when carrying microscope

71
Q

what are the ocular lenses?

A

contains 10x magnifying lens - observations made through these lenses,

one lens has pointer that can be adjusted by rotating ocular to indicate interesting features on slide

72
Q

what are the objective lenses?

A

four barrels with lenses to magnify images to 4x, 10x, 40x, or 100x

73
Q

what is the nosepiece?

A

rotating mechanism below the turret with objective lenses attached - used to switch between objective lenses

74
Q

what is the stage?

A

large, flat surface - supports slide over hole that admits light from below

75
Q

what is the mechanical stage?

A

holds slide on stage with spring clip - allows for exact slide manipulation

76
Q

what are the mechanical stage knobs?

A

one knob moves slide vertically, one moves slide horizontally - allows movement of slide

77
Q

what is the coarse focus knob?

A

changes the distance between objective lenses and specimen to permit rough focusing

78
Q

what is the fine focus knob?

A

changes the distance between objective lenses and specimen to permit precise focusing once coarse focusing completed

79
Q

what is the condenser lens?

A

small, substage lens - focuses light onto the specimen

80
Q

what is the condenser adjustment knob?

A

moves the condenser lens up or down

condenser lens best kept close to stage

81
Q

what is the iris diaphragm?

A

regulates amount of light passing through condenser lens to the specimen

82
Q

what does reducing the light intensity via iris diaphragm do?

A

increases contrast of semi-transparent objects

83
Q

what is the iris diaphragm lever?

A

bent arm attached to the bottom of condenser - adjusts size of iris opening

84
Q

what is the blue filter?

A

located under iris diaphragm - increases resolution by reducing light wavelength

85
Q

what is the lamp switch?

A

turns light on/off

86
Q

what is the lamp intensity dial?

A

adjusts intensity of light produced by lamp

87
Q

what is the lamp?

A

the light source

88
Q

what is a parfocal microscope?

A

microscope where if you change from one objective lens to another, the specimen will stay relatively in focus

89
Q

what do you need to do for better contrast at higher magnifications?

A

increase amount of light passing through specimen - intensity dial, iris diaphragm, condenser adjustmen

90
Q

what orientation are images produced by light microscopes?

A

upside down and backward

91
Q

what is the relationship between magnification and field of view?

A

as magnification increases, field of fiew decreases

92
Q

What is the formula for actual image size?

A

Actual Size = fraction of field occupied x field diameter

93
Q

what is depth of field?

A

the vertical distance of the object on the slide that remains in focus at each magnification

94
Q

what is the relationship between magnification and depth of field?

A

as magnification increases, depth of field decreases

95
Q

how do you increase contrast?

A
  1. staining
  2. adjusting light intensity
96
Q

what is contrast?

A

how distinct details are in an image

97
Q

what is resolution?

A

the clarity/sharpness of an image

98
Q

Why must microscopes not only increase size of an image but also make them sharper?

A

magnification is NOT valuable without resolution

99
Q

what is the relationship between resolution and the power of the illuminating source?

A

As illuminating source increases/gets brighter, resolution decreases/micrograph gets blurrier

100
Q

what is resolving power?

A

minimum distance that two points/lines can be distinguished as separate units, directly related to wavelength of light used to produce image

101
Q

what is the relationship between resolution and wavelength of light?

A

the shorter the wavelength of light, the better the resolving power, the better the resolution

102
Q

how do you increase resolution in a microscope?

A
  1. blue filter increases resolution by reducing wavelength of light passing through condenser
  2. placing a drop of immersion oil and using oil immersion lens
103
Q

why does blue light filter increase resolution?

A

shorter wavelengths results in diffraction/scattering of light after it passes through specimen

104
Q

why does immersion oil increase resolution?

A

oil decreases the diffraction of light waves so more enter objective lens

105
Q

what is the naked eye’s resolution?

A

100 micrometres

106
Q

what is the resolving power of the light microscopes?

A

0.2micrometres with oil, 0.4micrometres without oil

BIOL1190 LAB (8 decks)

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