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BIOL1190 LAB > LAB3 > Flashcards

LAB3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of similar cells that work together to carry out a specialized function

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2
Q

what are various tissue types organized into to perform specific body functions?

A

organized into organs, arrangement of tissues in an organ determines the organ’s structure and function

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3
Q

how do you see the details of finer structures like cilia and cell membranes under light microscopes?

A

under high power, rotate the fine focus knob back and forth an eighth of a turn to see the details

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4
Q

where can you find epithelial tissues?

A
  • lines cavities and hollow organs
  • forms glands
  • covers external body surfaces
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5
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissues?

A
  • protection
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • filtration
  • excretion
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6
Q

what are some characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  • avascular, gets nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels located in underlying connective tissue
  • basal surface attached to basement membrane
  • apical surface are exposed to lumen
  • may produce specialized secretions
  • cells can regenerate by mitosis
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7
Q

what is simple squamous epithelium?

A

single layer of flattened cells with a central nucleus

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8
Q

where can you find simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • lines blood and lymphatic vessels, alveoli, glomerular capsule, inner surface of tympanic membrane
  • forms serous membranes
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9
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • thinness allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in areas where protection not important
  • secretes serous fluid within serous membranes
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10
Q

what is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

a single layer of cube-shaped cells with a large, central nucleus

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11
Q

where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • makes up secreting portions of some glands (thyroid)
  • ducts of some glands (pancreas)
  • ovary surface
  • kidney tubules
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12
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

absorption and secretion

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13
Q

what is simple columnar epithelium?

A

single layer of cells which are taller than they are wide
- oval-shaped nucleus found in lower half of cell
- goblet cells and maybe microvilli

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14
Q

where can you find simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • nonciliated version lines digestive canal, gallbladder
  • ciliated version lines bronchioles of respiratory tract
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15
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • secretion and absorption
  • goblet cells secret mucus which lubricate linings of digestive and respiratory tract
  • if present, cilia move fluids across cell surfaces
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16
Q

what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

as in simple ciliated columnar, not all cells reach lumen but all are attached to basement membrane
- goblet cells and cilia may be present

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17
Q

where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • secrets mucus which trap foreign particles
  • cilia sweep and move mucus and foreign particles away for elimination from body
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19
Q

what is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

several layers of cells

squamous shaped cells near apical surface and cuboidal or columnar shaped cells near basal surface

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20
Q

where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

nonkeratinized: wet surfaces, such as lining of mouth, vagina
keratinized: skin

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21
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, foreign invasion
  • 1st line of defense against microbes
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22
Q

what is urothelium?

A

when relaxed, cells at apical surface look large and rounded, not all cells reach apical or basal surface, cells can be variety of shape and size

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23
Q

where can you find urothelium?

A

exclusive to urinary system
- ureter and bladder

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24
Q

what is the function of urothelium?

A
  • allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing
  • multiple layers and elasticity make it ideal for lining hollow structures subjected to expansion from within
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25
Q

compare the functions of simple epithelium with that of stratified epithelium

A

simple - absorption and secretion
stratified - protection and barrier

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26
Q

what are the two types of epithelial tissues that have goblet cells?

A

simple columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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27
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

glands that produce secretions which are released into the surrounding interstitial tissue and distributed by the blood stream

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28
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

glands that produce secretions which are released via ducts onto an epithelial surface

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29
Q

what are acini?

A

darker purple clusters of cells which make up majority of pancreas, secrete pancreatic juice

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30
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes, contain islets and acini

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31
Q

what are salivary glands?

A

exocrine glands associated with oral cavity prominent ducts with visible lumen and acini

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32
Q

where can you find salivary glands?

A

mouth, oral cavity

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33
Q

what is the function of salivary glands?

A
  • secretes saliva containing substances to lubricate food, adhere together chewed pieces into bolus, and begin process of chemical digestion
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34
Q

what are sudoriferous glands?

A

coiled, tubular glands located in deep dermis or upper subcutaneous
- lumen can be seen in coiled regions, rarely seen leading to the surface

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35
Q

what is the function of sudoriferous glands?

A
  • regulates body temp
  • waste removal
  • stimulated during emotional stress
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36
Q

what are sebaceous glands?

A

located behind hair follicles in dermis and epidermis, acinar cells are tear drop in shape, lumen very narrow

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37
Q

what is the function of sebaceous glands?

A
  • prevents hair from drying out
  • prevents water loss
  • makes skin soft
  • inhibits bacterial growth
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38
Q

what are the most common functions of connective tissues?

A
  • protection
  • support
  • binds together other tissues
  • insulation
  • transportation
  • adipose tissue store fat for energy
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39
Q

what are the two components of the extracellular matrix?

A
  • ground substance that may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, very hard
  • combo of collagen, reticular, or elastic fibres which strengthen and support connective tissue
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40
Q

what are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  • has vast extracellular matrix
  • many types of cells and fibres scattered throughout tissue
  • highly vascularized except cartilage, tendons, ligaments
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41
Q

what are collagen fibres?

A

fibres made of collagen, most abundant protein in body
- often occur in parallel bundles
- adds strength but not stiffness
- found in cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments

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42
Q

what are elastic fibres?

A
  • strong, stretchable fibres that can be stretched up to 150x their relaxed length without breaking
  • found in skin, blood vessel walls, lungs
  • made of elastin and fibrillin
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43
Q

what are reticular fibres?

A

fibres made of glycoproteins and collagen
- forms branching networks, providing support and strength
- forms the framework for many soft organs like spleen, lymph nodes
- forms part of basement membranes of epithelial tissues
- provides support in blood vessel walls

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44
Q

what are fibroblasts?

A

immature, large, flat cells that move through connective tissue and secretes fibres and ground substance

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45
Q

what are macrophages?

A

cells that develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis

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46
Q

what are mast cells?

A

cells most abundant along blood vessels
- produce histamine which dilate blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria

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47
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

cells that develop from B lymphocytes
- secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances

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48
Q

what are adipocytes?

A

fat cells that store fats
- found below skin and around organs like the heart and kidney

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49
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection and destroy microbes by phagocytosis

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50
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses?

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51
Q

what is ground substance?

A

material between cells and fibres in connective tissue
- made of water, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine
- supports cells and fibres, binds them together
- provides medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells

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52
Q

what is areolar connective tissue?

A

has all three types of fibers and many different types of cells with a loose, irregular arrangement

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53
Q

where can you find areolar connective tissue?

A
  • in and around nearly every body structure
  • dermis
  • subcutaneous layer
  • lamina propria of mucous membranes
  • surrounds blood vessels, nerves, body organs
54
Q

what is the purpose of areolar connective tissue?

A
  • strength
  • elasticity
  • support
55
Q

what is adipose connective tissue?

A

nucleus and cytoplasm are displaced peripherally due to a large internal fat droplet
- matrix sparse and cells are closely packed

56
Q

where can you find adipose connective tissue?

A

wherever areolar connective tissue is located
- subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
- yellow bone marrow
- around heart and kidneys

57
Q

what is the function of adipose connective tissue?

A
  • reduces heat loss through skin
  • energy reserve
  • supports and protects organs
  • excellent source for stem cells
58
Q

what is reticular connective tissue?

A

a network of dark reticular fibres with many cells containing small, round nuclei

59
Q

where can you find reticular connective tissue?

A
  • red bone marrow
  • forms framework of liver, spleen, lymph nodes
  • reticular lamina of basement membrane
  • around blood vessels and muscles
60
Q

what is the function of reticular connective tissue?

A
  • forms framework of organs
  • binds smooth muscle tissue cells
  • removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
61
Q

what is dense regular connective tissue?

A

wavy bundles of parallel collagen fibres, darkly stained nuclei between the collagen fibres

62
Q

where can you find dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses
63
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • provides strong attachment between structures
  • withstands pulling/tension along long axis of fibres
64
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A

sparse numbers of chondrocytes lie in lacunae
- matrix is made up of fine collagen fibres that are not visible
- most abundant, weakest cartilage in body

65
Q

where can you find hyaline cartilage?

A
  • at ends of long bones
  • anterior ends of ribs
  • nose
  • parts of larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchial tubes
  • embryonic and fetal skeleton
66
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • provides smooth movement at joints
  • flexibility
  • support
67
Q

what are lacunae?

A

small cavities in bone and cartilage which hold chondrocytes (in cartilage) and osteocytes (in bone)

68
Q

what are chondrocytes?

A

cells that secret extracellular matrix for cartilage, embedded in them

69
Q

what is bone connective tissue?

A

matrix of collagen fibers and mineral salts (mainly calcium and phosphate) are organized into lamellae
- osteocytes sit in bone lacunae and are connected by bone canaliculi

70
Q

what is the function of bone connective tissue?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • houses blood-forming tissues
  • serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement
71
Q

what is blood connective tissue?

A

cells found in blood plasma/fluid extracellular matrix
- fibres observed only during clotting
- erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

72
Q

what is the function of blood connective tissue?

A

delivers nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and gets rid of waste from them

73
Q

what are muscle tissues?

A

tissues that contract to provide body movements, to pump blood, to control movement of materials through the viscera

74
Q

what is skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  • long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated muscle fibres
  • nuclei on periphery of cells
  • voluntary
75
Q

where can you find skeletal muscle tissue?

A

attached to bones by tendons

76
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  • motion
  • posture
  • heat production
  • protection
77
Q

what is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

short, branched cells that typically only have one nucleus located at centre
- have intercalated discs and striations
- involuntary

78
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

structures in muscle cells that connect heart tissue to ensure smooth and rapid contraction, has gap junctions

79
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle cells?

A
  • pumps blood to all parts of body via involuntary contractions
80
Q

what is smooth muscle tissue?

A

short, spindle-shaped cells with a single centrally located nucleus
- involuntary
- no intercalated discs or striations

81
Q

where can you find smooth muscle tissue?

A
  • iris of eyes
  • walls of hollow internal structures of organs
  • blood vessels
  • airways
82
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

A
  • functions in motion/constriction/dilation of blood vessels and airways
  • propulsion of food through digestive tract
  • contraction of urinary bladder and gallbladder
83
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

tissue composed of neurons and neuroglial cells
- convert chemical or mechanical stimuli into action potentials/nerve impulses

84
Q

what do neuroglial cells do?

A

supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect neurons
much smaller and numerous than neurons

85
Q

what is the integumentary system?

A

a body system consisting of the skin and accessory structures such as glands, nails, hair, muscles, nerves

86
Q

what is the integumentary system involved in?

A

protection against mechanical stress, regulates water and heat loss, site of vit D synthesis

87
Q

what are the two distinct regions of the integument?

A
  • epidermis and dermis
88
Q

what is the epidermis?

A

superficial layer composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

  • protection, water repellent, moderates entry and exit out of cell
89
Q

what is the dermis?

A

deeper layer composed of connective tissue

90
Q

what layers in the epidermis are present in thick-skinned areas such as the palmar and plantar surfaces?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum (not in thin-skinned areas)
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
91
Q

what are dermal papillae?

A

finger-like projections in dermis which attach it to the epidermis

92
Q

which one is vascularized: epidermis or dermis?

A

dermis

93
Q

what attaches the dermis to the subcutaneous later?

A

numerous collagen and elastic fibres

94
Q

what are cutaneous sensory receptors?

A

sensory receptors found in the dermis
- when stimulated by environmental changes, they transmit messages to the brain(CNS) for interpretation

95
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A

attaches dermis to the underlying structures
- composed mainly of adipose tissues and areolar tissues
- contains large blood vessels that supply the dermis w nutrients and stores fat

96
Q

what causes hairs to stand upright?

A

arrector muscles of the hair (arrector pili muscles) which are attached to hair follicles

97
Q

what is the stratum corneum?

A

outermost layer, undergoes exfoliation

98
Q

what is the function of stratum corneum?

A

protects deeper layers from injury and microbial invasion

99
Q

what is the stratum lucidum?

A

present in thick skin, 4-6 layers of keratinized skin

100
Q

what is the function of stratum lucidum?

A

additional level of toughness for thick skin

101
Q

what is the stratum granulosum?

A

middle layer, undergoes apoptosis

102
Q

what is the function of stratum granulosum?

A

cells here die to form outer layers, provides waterproof barrier

103
Q

what is the stratum spinosum?

A

superficial to stratum basale, coarser bundles of keratin that join at desmosomes

104
Q

what is the function of stratum spinosum?

A

provides strength and flexibility to skin

105
Q

what is the stratum basale?

A

next to basement membrane, single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells

106
Q

what is the function of stratum basale?

A

protection from injury, forms new cells from stem cells

107
Q

what is the dermal papillae?

A

small, nipple-shaped structures that project into undersurface of epidermis

108
Q

what is the function of the dermal papillae?

A

increases SA for increased absorption

109
Q

what is the tactile corpuscle/Meissner corpuscle?

A

in dermal papilla of hairless skin; nerve endings sensitive to touch/tactile receptors

110
Q

what is the function of the tactile corpuscle/Meissner corpuscle?

A

detect the onset of the sensation of touch and low frequency vibration

111
Q

what is the lamellar corpuscle/Pacinian corpuscle?

A

in dermis and subcutaneous layer; sensory & tactile receptors

112
Q

what is the function of the lamellar corpuscle/Pacinian corpuscle?

A

detects high frequency vibrations

113
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer?

A

deep to dermis, not part of skin; consists of areolar & adipose tissues;

114
Q

what is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

A

storage depot for fat & contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

115
Q

what is the hair follicle?

A

in the dermis layer, surrounds the root of a hair; grows hair by packing cells together; anchor hair to skin

116
Q

what is hair?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; regulates temp, sensory organ

117
Q

what is the arrector pili muscle?

A

small muscles attached to hair follicle; sensory receptor that contracts

118
Q

what are eccrine sudoriferous glands?

A

skin of most regions and tubular glands

119
Q

what is the function of eccrine sudoriferous glands?

A
  • regulation of temperature
  • waste removal
  • stimulated during emotional stress
120
Q

what are apocrine sudoriferous glands?

A

sudoriferous glands found in axillary and genital areas

121
Q

what is the function of apocrine sudoriferous glands?

A

secretion of perspiration stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement

122
Q

where would you expect to find the thinnest keratinized epidermis?

A

eyelids

123
Q

what are the functions of keratinocytes?

A
  • produce keratin
  • protection against external environment
124
Q

what is the function of the capillary networks in the dermis?

A
125
Q

what type of muscle tissue are the arrector pili muscles made of?

A
126
Q

what regions of the body do not have hair?

A
127
Q

what are melanocytes?

A

cells that produce melanin

128
Q

what is melanin?

A

pigment that gives skin colour

129
Q

where are melanocytes located?

A

in the stratum basale

130
Q

which layers of the epidermis have accumulations of melanin in their cells?

A
131
Q

what is the function of melanin in the skin?

A
  • protection against UV radiation
132
Q

what is the origin and function of carotene in the stratum corneum?

A

BIOL1190 LAB (8 decks)

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