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BIOL1190 LAB > LAB4 > Flashcards

LAB4 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the skeletal system do?

A
  • supports the weight of the body
  • works together with the muscles to maintain body position and produce controlled movements
  • involved in mineral
    and lipid storage (mineral homeostasis)
  • site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
  • protects organs from physical damage
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2
Q

how do bones respond to stresses placed on them?

A

growing thicker and stronger with exercise or becoming thin and brittle with inactivity

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3
Q

what bone tissues are adult bone made up of?

A

compact bone tissue and spongy bone tissue

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4
Q

what is the central canal?

A

Central region of osteon containing blood vessels and nerves
- blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissue allows bone to receive nutrients, remove wastes, and be controlled by the nervous system

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5
Q

what are bone lacunae?

A

Spaces between lamellae that house osteocytes

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6
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that maintain bone (i.e., maintains metabolic processes such as nutrient/waste exhange with blood)

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7
Q

what are concentric bone lamellae?

A

Ring-shaped layers of collagen and calcified extracellular matrix

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8
Q

what are bone canaliculi?

A

Small canals between lacunae that connect osteocytes; provides osteocytes with nutrients and a pathway for communication

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9
Q

what are bone trabeculae?

A

Functional unit of spongy bone; arranged in an irregular lattice to make space for red bone marrow

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10
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

immature osteocytes, build bone (bone deposition); secretes extracellular matrix and initiates calcification

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11
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

remodel bone through bone resorption

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12
Q

what is the function of the osteocyte’s cytoplasmic extensions?

A

Allows osteocytes to communicate with each other for processes such as movement
- Runs throughout canaliculi of bone to other osteocytes (connected by gap junctions)

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13
Q

where is spongy bone tissue found?

A

Hip bones, ribs, sternum, skull

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14
Q

Where do the osteocytes of spongy bone obtain their nutrients and oxygen, since there is no
central (Haversian) canal?

A

Red and yellow bone marrow have many blood vessels that give osteocytes in spongy bone nutrients and oxygen.

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15
Q

what is the function of red bone marrow?

A
  • produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets via hemopoiesis
  • Mainly composed of developing blood cells, adipocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
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16
Q

what is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A
  • Stores triglycerides, which are a potential chemical energy reserve - Mainly made from adipocytes
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17
Q

which adult bones contain red bone marrow?

A

hip bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, ends of humerus and femur

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18
Q

what are the epipheses?

A

Proximal and distant ends of bone; primarily functions to form joints with other bones or attachments to muscles.

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19
Q

what is the diaphysis/shaft?

A

Long, cylindrical, main portion of bone. Provides the bone with strong support without too much weight.

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20
Q

what is the periosteum?

A
  • layer of connective tissue surrounding bone
  • Outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue protects bone
  • inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteopregenitor cells (area of bone production)
  • Nourishes the bone through periosteal arteries (provides nutrients)
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21
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

Thin membrane lining medullary cavity and internal spaces of spongy bone
- Contains single layer of osteoregenitor cells and some connective tissue

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22
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

bone stem cells, usually found in areas of bone production

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23
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow, cylindrical region within diaphysis
- Contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels (blood vessels give nutrients to the bone)
- Allows bone to be strong while minimizing weight

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24
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate/line?

A

Area in each epihphyses consisting of hyaline cartilage, which allows the diaphysis to grow in length via endochondral ossification

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25
Q

what does the appendicular division of the skeleton include?

A

the pectoral girdle, pelvic
girdle, upper and lower limbs

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26
Q

what does the axial division of the skeleton include?

A

the skull, vertebrae,
sternum, ribs and hyoid bone

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27
Q

what is the function of the axial skeleton?

A
  • provides a framework for the attachment
    of the structures of the appendicular skeleton
  • protecting internal organs such as the heart, lungs and brain
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28
Q

what is the foramen/foramina?

A

Hole/opening; allows passageway of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments.

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29
Q

what is the fossa?

A

Shallow depression; acts as attachment point (for other bones/muscles) for articulation

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30
Q

what is the meatus?

A

Tubelike opening; passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

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31
Q

what is the process?

A

Projection/outgrowth; forms joints or acts as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

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32
Q

what is the condyle?

A

Large, round protuberance. Has smooth articular surface at end of bone.

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33
Q

what is the crest?

A

Prominent ridge; forms attachment points

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34
Q

what is the facet?

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex surface. Forms joints

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35
Q

what is the head?

A

Process; rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone; forms joints

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36
Q

what is the frontal cranial bone?

A

Forms the forehead, roofs of orbits, and anterior part of cranial base

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37
Q

what is the ethmoid bone?

A

Located anterior to sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones.
Forms:
- part of anterior portion of cranial base
- medial wall of orbits
- superior part of nasal septum
- most of superior side walls of nasal cavity

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38
Q

what is the occipital bone?

A

Forms posterior region of cranial cavity and most of cranium base. Foramen magnum allows medulla oblongata and spinal cord to connect. Occipital condyles articulate with C1, forming atlanto-occipital joint.

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39
Q

what is the sphenoid bone?

A

Lies in middle of cranial base. Articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together.

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40
Q

what is the parietal bones?

A

Forms greater portion of sides and roof of cranial cavity. Contains many blood vessels that supply the sura mater.

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41
Q

what is the temporal bone?

A

Forms inferior lateral parts of cranial cavity, part of cranial base. Forms zygomatic arch with zygomatic bones (via zygomatic process).

  • Mandibular fossa (on zygomatic bone) and articular tubercle articulates with mandible
  • Mastoid process; rounded projection on mastoid region, serves as attachment point for multiple neck muscles.
  • Styloid process; attachment point for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck
  • external auditory meatus; directs sound waves into the ear
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42
Q

what is the mandible?

A

Largest, strongest facial bone. Only moveable bone in skull. Articulates with temporal bone to form temporomandibular joint.

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43
Q

what is the maxilla?

A

Articulates with every bone except mandible; mainly forms most of hard palate.
Infraorbital foramen; allows passageway of infraorbital blood vessels
Palatine process; horizontal projection of maxilla forming part of hard palate.

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44
Q

what is the zygomatic bone?

A

Forms prominences of cheeks, lateral wall and floor of orbits

45
Q

what is the palatine bone?

A

L-shaped bones; forms posterior part of hard palate, small part of orbit

46
Q

what is the vomer bone?

A

Triangular bone; forms inferior part of nasal septum.

47
Q

what is the inferior nasal concha?

A

Forms part of inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity. Increases surface are of nasal cavity and allows air to be filtered before being sent to lungs.

48
Q

what is the nasal bone?

A

Forms nose bridge; attachment point for some thin facial expression muscles

49
Q

what is the lacrimal bone?

A

Small, fragile bones; contains lacrimal fossa that has lacrimal sac, which collects tears and passes them to nasal cavity.

50
Q

List the bones that make up the bony wall of the orbits

A

Maxillae, frontal bone, zygomatic bones, ehtmoid, lacrimal bones, sphenoid, palatine bones

51
Q

list the unpaired cranial and facial bones

A

Cranial: ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital bone, frontal bone

Facial: vomer, mandible

52
Q

what are the bones that make up the hard palate?

A

Maxillae, palatine bones

53
Q

what are the bones that form the nasal septum?

A

Vomer, ethmoid (perpendicular plate), septal nasal cartilage

54
Q

what bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomatic bone (temporal process), temporal bone (zygomatic process)

55
Q

what is the primary function of the cranial bones?

A

Protection of the brain from physical damage

56
Q

what are the primary functions of the facial bones?

A

Creates framework of the face, provides support for entrances to digestive and respiratory systems.

57
Q

what are three bones in the skull involved in articulations?

A
  • mandible
  • temporal bone
    -sphenoid bone
58
Q

what is the coronal suture?

A

Connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones

59
Q

what is the sagittal suture?

A

Connects the parietal bones

60
Q

what is the lambdoid suture?

A

Connects to parietal bones to the occipital bone

61
Q

what is the squamous suture?

A

Connects the parietal and temporal bones

62
Q

what are sutures?

A

immoveable joints found only in the skull
- holds bone of the skull together

63
Q

what are fontanels?

A

soft spots on a newborn skull
- areas where ossification was not yet complete

64
Q

what is the function of fontanels?

A
  • allows bones to compress during birth
  • permit rapid growth of the brain
65
Q

what is the anterior fontanel?

A

Roughly diamond shaped, located on midline of perietal bones and frontal bone

66
Q

what is the posterior fontanel?

A

Located at midline of parietal bones and occipital bone

67
Q

what is the anterolateral fontanel?

A

Located laterally among frontal, parietal, and sphenoid bones. Small and irregularly shaped.

68
Q

what is the posterolateral fontanel?

A

Located laterally among occipital, parietal, and temporal bones. Irregularly shaped.

69
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Allows skull to increase in size without changing the mass of bones
  • Acts as a resonating chamber for the voice, enhancing it
  • Increases surface area for the nasal mucosa, increasing mucus production, which helps to moisten and purify air
70
Q

what important muscle is attached to the hyoid bone?

A

the tongue

71
Q

what is the malleus ossicle?

A

hammer
- Small bone in middle ear
- Sends vibrations from eardrum to incus

72
Q

what is the incus ossicle?

A
  • anvil-shaped
  • small bone in middle ear
  • sends vibrations from malleus to stapes
73
Q

what is the stapes ossicle?

A
  • stirrup-shaped
  • small bone in middle ear
  • sends vibration from incus to inner ear
74
Q

what is the vertebral column?

A
  • supports the head
  • protects the spinal cord
  • provides attachment
    points for back and abdominal muscles
75
Q

what are intervertebral discs?

A
  • found between the
    vertebrae from the cervical region to the sacrum
  • made of fibrocartilage that
    cushion and absorb vertical shocks
76
Q

what is the body/centrum of the vertebra?

A

Thick, disc-shaped portion of vertebra; weight-bearing

77
Q

what is the vertebral foramen?

A

Opening through which the spinal cord can pass through

78
Q

what is the transverse process?

A

Process extending laterally where lamina and pedicle join. Attachment point for muscles.

79
Q

what is the spinous process?

A

Process extending posteriorly between junction of laminae. Attachment point for muscles.

80
Q

what is the superior articular process?

A

Process extending/facing upward on each side of vertebrae. Articulates (makes joint) with inferior articular processes of vertebra above.

81
Q

what is the inferior articular process?

A

Process extending/facing downward on each side of vertebrae. Articulates with superior articular processes of vertebra below.

82
Q

what are the facets on the superior and inferior articular processes?

A

Smooth, flat surface covered by hyaline cartilage on aticular processes; allows articulation of vertebrae to one another (intervertebral joints)

83
Q

what are the five regions of the vertebral column?

A
  1. cervical (C1 - C7)
  2. thoracic (T1 - T12)
  3. lumbar (L1 - L5)
  4. sacrum (5 sacral bones)
  5. coccyx (3-4 coccygeal)
84
Q

what are some characteristics of the atlas?

A
  • highly specialized to perform specific functions
  • large superior articular facets that articulate with occipital condyles of the skull
  • lacks a body and spinous process
85
Q

what are the characteristics of the axis?

A
  • highly specialized to perform specific functions
  • can be identified by peg-like process projecting superiorly from the body, called the dens or odontoid process
86
Q

what is the odontoid process/dens?

A

peg-like process projecting superiorly from the body

87
Q

what two features make cervical vertebrae easily identifiable?

A
  • The tips of the spinous processes of C2-C6 are bifid
  • The transverse processes have a transverse foramen
88
Q

which pair of bones articulate to allow you to nod?

A

atlas and occipital bone
- connected by atlanto-occipital joint

89
Q

which bones allow you to rotate your head from side to side?

A

axis and atlas

90
Q

how can you identify thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • easily identified by the facets for rib articulations
  • body has two small articulating surfaces on each side, a superior and inferior costal facet (demifacet), which articulate with the head of the ribs
  • each transverse process has an articular facet for the tubercle of the rib
91
Q

how do you identify the five lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • largest
  • have short, thick processes for the attachment of large back muscles
92
Q

how do you identify the sacrum?

A
  • formed of five fused vertebrae
  • articulates with the pelvic girdle at the sacroiliac joints
93
Q

what is the vertebral canal formed by?

A

the vertebral foramen

94
Q

where does the vertebral canal terminate?

A
  • vertebral canal continues through sacrum as the sacral canal
  • terminates at the sacral hiatus, just above coccyx
95
Q

what is the coccyx formed by?

A
  • formed by the union of 3/5 bones
96
Q

what is the thoracic cage formed by?

A
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • costal cartilages
97
Q

what three parts is the sternum composed of?

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
98
Q

when does the xiphoid process typically fuse?

A

fuses to the body by age 25

99
Q

how many pairs of rips articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly?

A

twelve pairs of ribs

100
Q

what are the true ribs?

A

the first seven pairs of ribs
- attaches to sternum anteriorly and directly by their own costal cartilage

101
Q

what are the false ribs?

A
  • last 5 pairs of ribs
  • costal cartilages do not attach directly to sterum
  • cartilages of 8 9 and 10 ribs attach to each other and then to cartilage of 7th rib
  • last two pairs have no sternal attachment
102
Q

what are floating ribs?

A
  • last two pairs of ribs
  • have no sternal attachment
103
Q

what type of tissue forms the costal cartilages?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
104
Q

name 4 bones whose primary function is to protect brain from trauma

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
105
Q

name 3 bones that contain a paranasal sinus

A
  • maxillae
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • frontal
106
Q

describe how to differentiate between the three different types of ribs

A
  1. True (vertebrosternal) ribs - connects to sternum directly
  2. False (vertebrochondral) ribs - connects to costal cartilages of each other, then to cartilages of 7th pair of ribs
  3. Floating ribs - Does not connect to the sternum at all
107
Q

name 3 bones of the skull that have a foramen

A
  • occipital
  • mandible
  • frontal
108
Q

name 3 features/marking common to all vertebrae

A
  • vertebral body/ centrum
  • vertebral arch
  • spinous process
109
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A
  • bone suspended from styloid process of the temporal bone by muscles and ligaments
  • does not articulate with any other bones

BIOL1190 LAB (8 decks)

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