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Flight Paramedic Certification Study set > Lab studies > Flashcards

Lab studies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in a Chem 7 panel?

A 
NA+ (Sodium)
K+ (Potassium) 
CL- (chloride)
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
BUN (Blood urea Nitrogen)
CR (Creatinine)
Glucose
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2
Q

What is the normal range for NA+

A

135-145

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3
Q

What is the normal range for K+

A

3.5-5

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4
Q

What is the normal range for CL-

A

96-106

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5
Q

What is the normal range for CO2

A

22-26

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6
Q

What is the normal range for BUN

A

8-23

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7
Q

What is the normal range for Creatinine

A

0.7-1.4

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8
Q

What is the normal range for Glucose

A

60-100 or 70-110

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9
Q

What does NA+ do in the body?

A

Helps nerves and muscles interact

It is the primary extracellular cation

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10
Q

What does hypernatremia cause?

A

Fluid retention

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11
Q

What does hyponatremia cause?

A

CHF, renal failure, liver disease and dehydration

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12
Q

If you don’t correct hyponatremia slowly, what can it cause?

A

Central pontine myelinolysis

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13
Q

What can happen if your sodium drops below 125?

A

Behavioral problems, twitching and cardiac abnormalities

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14
Q

What electrolyte abnormality is the most dangerous?

A

Potassium K+

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15
Q

What can hyperkalemia cause?

A

Tissue breakdown, metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure

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16
Q

What EKG change is indicative of hyperkalemia?

A

Peaked T waves
P waves will flatten
Bradycardia

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17
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

Abdominal cramping, nausea, hypotension, bradycardia, numbness

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18
Q

What is the treatment for Hyperkalemia?

A

Goal is to push into cells
Bicarb, insulin, D50 and albuterol
To prevent V-Tach, give calcium gluconate

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19
Q

What medication do you give to excrete

A

Lasix and Kayexalate

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20
Q

What is the preferred method of administration of K+

A

Oral

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21
Q

What does hypokalemia cause?

A

GI/Renal losses, cellular shifts (insulin, hypothermia).

Lasix is a common cause of hypokalemia

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22
Q

What will the EKG show?

A

Depressed/inverted or flattened T waves

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23
Q

What is the treatment for hypokalemia?

A

Give 60 mEq of oral K+

If severe you can give 10 mEq IV

24
Q

What does CL do

A

Maintains osmotic pressure, helps stomach produce acid and responsible for offsetting NA+ and K+
It is an important role in how kidneys concentrate urine
It tends to shift with NA+

25
Q

What does CO2 do?

A

Important for helping maintain acid base balance

26
Q

What does BUN do

A

Provides picture of renal clearance and is always paired with CR and increases with age

27
Q

What does CR do?

A

Provides picture of renal clearance and produces at a steady rate.

28
Q

What is total calcium and what does it do? What is the normal range?

A

It is the most essential electrolyte in the body, mostly in bones
Found in 3 different states: 47% free, dispersed in body fluids, 43% bound to proteins, 10% bound to molecules
8.5-1.2

29
Q

What can cause hypercalcemia?

A

Tumor on parathyroid, tuberculosis, thiazide diuretics, kidney transplant

30
Q

What causes hypocalcemia?

A

Low level albumin, decreased vitamin D/calcium intake, alcoholism, pancreatitis, renal failure

31
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

Chvostek’s or Trousseau’s sign
Chvostek sign: cheek muscle spasm when facial nerve tapped in front of ear
Trousseau’s sign: curl up of wrist when BP cuff applied

Treat with calcium gluconate

32
Q

What is an anion gap?

A

NA+, CL- and HCO3 factored together to determine anion gap

Considered the poor man ABG

33
Q

What is a normal Anion Gap?

A

12 (+/- 4)

(NA) - (CL + HCO3) = Anion gap

34
Q

In an anion gap acidosis, what level of pH may be treated with Sodium Bicarb

A

< 7.0

35
Q

What is in a CBC?

A

Red blood cells, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, white blood cells, platelets

36
Q

What is the normal range for Red blood cells and what do they do?

A

5 million

Carry O2 to tissue

37
Q

What is the normal range for hemoglobin and what does it do?

A

15

Carries O2 from lungs to body

38
Q

What is the normal range for hematocrit and what does it do?

A

45%

% of RBC in blood

39
Q

What is the normal range for white blood cells and what do they do?

A

4500-11k

Body’s defense, part of immune system

40
Q

What is the normal range for platelets and what do they do?

A

150k-400k

Aids in clotting

41
Q

What is the normal range for total protein and what do they do?

A

6-8

Helps to fight stuff

42
Q

What is the normal range for albumin and what does it do?

A

3.5-5.5

Produced in liver and transports protein

43
Q

What is the normal range for PT, PTT, and INR?

A

PT- 10-13 sec
PTT- 25-40 sec
INR- .9-1.3

44
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway

A 
(Heparin)
Triggered by endothelial damage
platelets activate
initiates clotting
Forms clot
clot dissolves
45
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway?

A 
(coumadin)
Triggered by damage to tissue
Release of tissue thromboplastin
highest in brain in placenta
platelets activate
initiates clot
forms clot
clot dissolves
46
Q

What is the treatment for overdose of lovenox or heparin

A

Pratamine Sulfate

47
Q

What is the treatment for overdose of coumadin?

A

Vitamin K

48
Q

What is measured in a liver function test?

A

AST, ALT, ALP, Albumin, Billirubin

49
Q

What is the normal range for ALT and it’s function?What is measured in a liver function test?

A

7-55

Helps body metabolize protein

50
Q

What is the normal range for AST and it’s function?

A

8-48

Helps metabolize alanine (amino acid)

51
Q

What is the normal range for ALP and it’s function?

A

45-115

Enzyme in liver, bile ducts and bones. can indicate any blocked bile ducts

52
Q

What is the normal range for bilirubin and what is it’s function?

A

0.1-1.2

Produced during normal breakdown of RBC

53
Q

What is the normal range for lactate and it’s funtion?

A

0.5-1

Indicates tissue hypo-perfusion or hypoxia

54
Q

What is the normal range for amylase and what is it’s function?

A

25-125
Breaks down carbs in food into simple sugars
Testing used to detect pancreatitis

55
Q

What is the normal range of lipase and it’s funciton?

A

5-60

Breaks down fats

56
Q

What is the calculation for urine?

A 
2/1/0.5
2 ml/kg/hr infant
1 ml/kg/hr child
0.5 ml/kg/hr adult
Average urine output: 30-50ml/hr
57
Q

What is the normal range for ALT and it’s function?

A

275-295
Measures the wt of a solution
Indicator of hydration status

Flight Paramedic Certification Study set (17 decks)

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