LAB REVIEW 7 Flashcards
what are the 2 different types of cellular respiration?
aerobic (using oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen)
aerobic respiration requires oxygen to completely break down food molecules into…., …., and …..
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
aerobic respiration creates …-…. ATP molecules for every glucose molecule that is broken down, which is …..% efficient
36-38 ATP, 40% efficient
chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)»_space;> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + 30-32 ATP
or
glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + cellular energy
anaerobic respiration can only partially breakdown food molecules yielding only … ATP, which is …% efficient
2 ATP, 2% efficient
2 examples of anaerobic respiration
alcoholic fermentation in yeast, as a back-up system for organisms that don’t have any available oxygen, lactic acid in a sprinter who uses their oxygen in a short period of time.
equation for alcoholic fermentation
glucose»_space;>2 ethanol + 2CO(2) + 2 ATP
equation for lactic acid fermentation
glucose»_space;> 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP
as the concentration of sugar increases, the amount of gas released by fermentation… (increases or decreases?)
increases
what gas is produced by fermentation in yeast?
CO(2)
Is fermentation in yeast an aerobic or anaerobic process?
anaerobic process
why does sugar produce more gas than starch?
sugar is simpler to break down compared to starch which is made of multiple glucose molecules.
What is sugar in the chemical equation of fermentation?
a reactant
chemical equation for photosynthesis
sun + 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O»_space;> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
How is the rate of photosynthesis influenced by the distance of the light source?
The closer the light source, the faster the rate of photosynthesis.
However, the rate of photosynthesis does not decrease at the same rate
the distance is decreased.
which plants prefer the green light and why?
none, because green is not absorbed in the leaves from the light. Because
light is necessary for photosynthesis, the plants cannot use it to produce
food, and so they cannot grow as well.
( photosynthesis ) Rf equation
Rf= distance traveled by compound/ distance traveled by solvent
How can calculating the Rf value help you determine a pigment’s identity?
It lets me know how soluble the pigment is by how high how much it
traveled on the paper.
Explain how a crime lab could use paper chromatography to determine if lipstick
found at a crime scene matched the lipstick of a suspect.
If the pigments in each lipstick have the same Rf, than they are
most likely a match. Lipsticks are made of different pigments and products and
can differ in their Rf.
what is white light
a mixture of all colors of the light spectrum
Light can be either … or … by substances called pigments
absorbed or reflected
why are most plants green?
because the pigment chlorophyll reflects green and yellow light and absorbs the other colors of the spectrum
What are some similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
1) the reactants of cellular respiration are the same as the products of photosynthesis, and vice versa.
2) When comparing cellular respiration and photosynthesis, something I noticed was that cellular respiration contains four stages which are Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain (oxidative phosphorylation) and photosynthesis has two stages which are the light-dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle.
3) Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction where big molecules break down into smaller molecules. Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction where small molecules form larger molecules.
what are the four stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
what are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?
the light-dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle.
What are the 3 stages of interphase in a eukaryotic cell cycle?
G1 stage, S phase, and G2 stage
what happens during G1 stage?
cell grows to its full size, carries out its normal functions, and duplicates organelles
what happens during the S stage?
if a cell is going to undergo mitosis, the chromosomes duplicate and make copies of themselves
what does the replication of the DNA result in?
two identical sister chromatids attached via a centromere
what happens during the G2 stage?
the cell prepares to divide by synthesizing proteins necessary for the process
what is the second major stage of the cell cycle called?
the first being interphase
mitotic stage
what does the mitotic stage consist of?
division of the nucleus (mitosis or meiosis) and division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
determines the cell’s characteristics
nucleus
threadlike network in the nucleus made up of DNA and proteins condenses into chromosomes at the time of cell division
chromatin
coiled rod-like structures that contain DNA
chromosomes
two identical parts of a chromosome (following replication of DNA)
chromatids
hereditary unit that carries hereditary traits; segment of DNA that controls a specific cellular function; determines which proteins are synthesized or regulates the actions of other genes
gene
body cells (the prefix “soma” means “body”
somatic cells
sex cells ( egg and sperm)
gametes
46 chromosomes in humans, somatic cells
diploid (2n)
23 chromosomes in gametes of humans (egg and sperm)
haploid (1n )
daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell ( diploid number); occurs in the somatic (body) cells
mitosis
daughter cells have only half the parental number of chromosomes; occurs in the sex cells and results in a reduction of the chromosome number; forms gametes
meiosis
chromatids exchange genetic portions during Prophase I
crossing over
programmed cell death
apoptosis
what are 5 differences between mitosis and meiosis?
number of divisions (mitosis:1 / meiosis: 2) , number of stages ( mitosis: 4 / meiosis: 8), purpose (mitosis: gorwth&repair / meiosis:reproduction) , type of cells (mitosis: somatic / meiosis: gametes) ,chromosome product (mitosis: daughter has same # as parent / meiosis: daughter has 1/2 # of parent)
Explain why more cells in the exercise above are found in Interphase and Prophase
compared to the other phases?
Cells spend more time in Interphase because they are going through the stages of G1,
S, and G2 in Interphase and have to pass checkpoints to continue on. Not all of the
cells pass the checkpoints in Interphase and cannot continue on to the Mitotic stage.
List three processes that lead to genetic diversity and list what phase the process occurs
in.
1) crossing over occurs during Prophase I
2) independent assortment occurs during Anaphase I
3) fertilization occurs after meiosis
the instructions for specifying the characteristics of the organism are carried in …
DNA
Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single …
chromosome
the process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA template and takes place in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or in the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell
transcription
the process that requires a ribosome to create a string of Amino Acids using the mRNA strand as directions or a blueprint
translation
the … strand is called the “codon” and the … strand is called the “anticodon”
mRNA and tRNA
what is the purpose of ‘Met’
starts a new strand of amino acids during translation
Transcribe DNA to DNA: TAC- GGA- CCA- ATT
ATG- CCT- GGT- TAA
Transcribe DNA to mRNA:
TAC- GGA- CCA- ATT
AUG- CCU- GGU- UAA
what is the tRNA or mRNA strand AUG- CCU-GGU-UAA
UAC-GGA-CCA- AUU
what is gel electrophoresis?
a technology in science that allows an individual to separate molecules according to size, electrical charge and other physical properties
(gel electrophoresis) the gel being used is …
porous
(gel electrophoresis) the DNA will travel from the well at the top with a … charge down to the bottom which has a … charge
negative, positive
(gel electrophoresis) Large pieces of DNA will travel a shorter or longer distance in the gel, compared to smaller pieces?
shorter
(gel electrophoresis) what are the bands in the gel?
clumps of DNA
(gel electrophoresis) what items do you need to make a gel?
powdered agarose, a buffer, a flask, a microwave, the gel mold, the gel comb
(gel electrophoresis) since some bacteria can consume gelatin, what can be used to make the gel?
seaweed agarose
(gel electrophoresis) what will the agarose be mixed with?
a buffer made of a saltwater solution
(gel electrophoresis) how will the agarose and the buffer be mixed?
by microwaving it w/ loosely placed plastic on top of the flask until the agarose melts into the buffer
(gel electrophoresis) is the comb placed in the box before or after pouring the gel?
after
(gel electrophoresis) after the gel cools in a separate container, the comb is taken out, and what is poured into the electrophoresis box, before putting the gel in?
more buffer
(gel electrophoresis) how do you get the DNA samples into the well?
with a clean pipet tip and using a micropipette
(gel electrophoresis) what does the loading buffer contain, so that the DNA will be visible?
blue dye
(gel electrophoresis) you will plug up your electrophoresis box to the electrical source. Which side are the wells on?
black/negative
(gel electrophoresis) which way will the DNA samples run? (from what to what)
from negative to positive- top to bottom
(gel electrophoresis) what is the gel stained with?
ethidium bromide
(gel electrophoresis) what type of light will be used to view the gel with afterwords?
UV light
(gel electrophoresis) why does the largest band travel the shortest?
because it cannot fit through the pores of the gel easily like the shorter bands can
explain how comparing DNA fingerprinting can help identify a person who has committed a crime?
It confirms whether the suspect committed the crime or not by matching their DNA with a sample from the crime scene
(gel electrophoresis) why do series of bands appear on the gel?
the DNA leaves behind traces when it gets pulled to the positive charge
(gel electrophoresis) what is true of the DNA fragment band closest to the positive end of the gel?
it is smaller than the rest of the DNA
