BIO101 LAB 1-6 Flashcards
1
Q
Ton
A
one million 1,000,000
2
Q
How many meters are in 1 decimeter?
A
0.1m
3
Q
How many grams are in 1 kilogram?
A
1000g
4
Q
How many grams are in 1 microgram?
A
0.000001g
5
Q
deci
A
one-tenth 0.1
6
Q
How many meters are in 1 milimeter?
A
0.001m
7
Q
sum of all measures/ # of measures
A
average
8
Q
How many meters are in 1 kilometer?
A
1000m
9
Q
highest result value- lowest result value
A
range 3
10
Q
kilo
A
one thousand 1,000
11
Q
the group that nothing has been changed to
A
control
12
Q
centi
A
one hundredth
13
Q
H+ = 1 x 10 ^-7 what is the pH?
A
7 *ph is equal to exponent
14
Q
What is the equation to convert from one unit to another?
A
given unit x
desired unit/given unit
ex: 20m to millimeters
20m x 1000mm/1m = 20,000mm
15
Q
How many grams are in 1 nanogram?
A
0.000000001g
16
Q
How many grams are in 1 decigram?
A
0.1g
17
Q
mili
A
one thousandth 0.001
18
Q
the thing affected by the change you made (*must be measurable)
A
dependent variable
19
Q
what is pH?
A
a measurement of the relative balance of the ionized forms of water
20
Q
micro
A
one millionth 0.000001
21
Q
How many meters are in 1 centimeter?
A
0.01m
22
Q
nano
A
one billionth 0.000000001
23
Q
factor that is deliberately changed
A
independent varaible
24
Q
How many meters are in 1 nanometer?
A
0.000000001m
25
releases hydogen ions
acids
26
the group(s) where the IV is deliberatel altered by the experimenter
experimental group
27
How many grams are in 1 centigram?
0.01g
28
substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-)
bases
29
factors kept consistent between the groups
constants
30
How many grams are in 1 miligram?
0.001g
31
How many meters are in 1 micometer?
0.000001m
32
What influences enzyme activity?
pH, temperature, etc
33
type of microscope that uses a series of lenses and a light source
compound light miscroscope
34
type of microscope that is used to view objects in 3 dimensions
steroscopic microscope
35
type of microscope that filters out certain light rays to view certain structures better (especially clear objects)
phase-contact microscope
36
type of microscope that shines a beam of electrons across the surface of an object in a vacuum that gives an image of surface and dimensions of an object
scanning electron microscope
37
type of microscope that uses electrons in a vacuum to view ultra-thinly sliced objects that have been treated with heavy metal salts to imporce contrast
transmission electron microscope
38
which knob would fine tune the image of the specimen?
fine focus
39
how many objective lenses are there?
3 or 4
40
what do we call the shortest lens?
scanning power
41
what is the power of the middle lens?
10x
42
what is the power of the "high dry" lens?
40x
43
what do we need to add to see the highest magnification?
immersion oil
44
eye piece
ocular lens
45
what are the series of 4 lenses
4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x with oil immersion
46
lever or dial under the stage that regulates the amount of light going through the specimen
iris diaphgram
47
a series of lenses that you can move up and down to condense and clarify the light shinning through the object
condenser
48
large know found on both sides of the microscope the moves stage and is ONLY used with 4x lense
coarse adjustmend knob
49
How do you find the total magnification?
multiply objective lens by 10x (ocular lens)
50
used for living of recently living tissues
wet mounts
51
contain non-living tissue (dead)
prepared slides
52
major groups to classify organisms
hint:
Dear King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
53
the circle that you see when you look through the ocular lens
field of view
54
the space between the slide and the objective
working distance
55
the capactiy to distinguis between two adjacent points
resolving power
56
Is Prokarya a domain of life?
NO
57
What are the 3 domains of Life?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
58
cell membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that...
some things can enter/exit them
59
forms a thin, protective layer around the cell
cell membrane
60
this type of transport requires energy from the cell
active transport
61
this type of transport doesn't require energy expenditure from the cell
passive transport
62
includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
passive movement
63
requires ATP and the cell to expand energy, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Active movement
64
the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are distributed evenly
diffusion
65
the difference in concentration areas is called the
concentration gradiant
66
this occurs when certain molecules can only pass through the cell membrane with assistance from other cellular structures such as large proteins
facilitated diffusion
67
the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration)
osmosis
68
the process in which the plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming membrane-bound sacs that enter the cytoplasm and thereby move material into the cell
endocytosis
69
"cell drinking" the cell takes in fluid filled droplets by forming a pocket in the cell membrane and then pinching off with the fluid and any small nutrients, amino acids, glucose, vitamins, etc. inside
pinocytosis
70
"cell eating" the cell engulfs a particle by sending out pseudopods and then consumes the particle with enzymes.
phagocytosis
71
the process in which intracellular material is enclosed within a membrane-bound sac that moves to the plasma membrane and fuses with it, releasing the material outside the cell
exocytosis
72
particles in the solvent
solute
73
liquid the solute is in
solvent
74
the mixture
solution
75
Iso-
equal
76
Tonic
tension, refers to amount of solute in the solution
77
same amount of solute particles in the cell as in the solution; a cell neither gains now loses water
isotonic solution
78
higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell; a cell loses water and the cytoplasm shrinks
hypertonic solution
79
higher solute concentration inside the cell than outside the cell; a call gains water
hypotonic solution
80
differences between animal cell and plant cell
```
animal cells=round
plant cells= rectangular
animal cells= no cell wall
plant cells= cell wall
plants= autotrophs
animals=heterotrophs
```
81
similarities between animal cell and plant cell
- eukaryotic
| - membrane-bound organelles
82
mostly unicellular eukaryotes mostly found in water
protists
83
protists consist of a group that has a common ancestor
polyphyletic group
84
The 3 modes of nutrition for protists are...
photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
85
hair-like structures that cover a cellular surface of a protist, and move the protist with coordinated back and forth beating-like motions
cilia
86
these are tail-like appendages that whip through the water, propelling the protist forward. There can be one, two, or several of these on the surface of a protozoan
flagella
87
this is the movement of cytoplasm within. cells, and typically serves to circulate nutrients and move organelles throughout the cell
cytoplasmic streaming
88
various lineages of protists
supergroups
89
this supergroup of protists includes parasites as well as many predatory and photosynthetic species
supergroup excavata
90
this supergroup of protists includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth as well as predatory and parasitic species
*may not all have the same most recent common ancestor*
supergroup chromalveolata
91
this supergroup of protists contains amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia. pseudopodia are extensions of the cytoplasm formed by cytoplasmic streaming
supergroup rhizarians
92
this supergroup of protists contains the red algae, green algae, and Kingdom Plantae
supergroup archaeplastida
93
this supergroup of protists contains the amoebas, slime molds, as well as the Fungi and Animal kingdoms
supergroup unikonta
94
single-celled, prokaryotic organisms that are about 10-100 times smaller than the average human cell
Domain Bacteria
95
this strain of bacteria contains 1 thick peptidoglycan layer and 1 plasma membrane. This strain appears violet
Gram 'Positive'
96
this strain of bacteria contains an inner and outer plasma membrane with a thinner peptidoglycan layer in-between. This strain appears red/pinkish
Gram 'Negative'
97
this is a material made of the linking of various proteins that form a very strong chain fence-like structure that is also permeable to most materials
peptidoglycan
98
Only difference between gram positive and gram negative
thick layer peptidoglycan/ one cell membrane= positive
thin layer/ 2 cell membrane =negative
one cell membrance=
99
(purple of blue) refers to organisms that retain the iodine complex
gram positive
100
(pink or red) refers to organisms that lose the iodine complex
gram negative
101
Bacteria reproduce by...
pili and binary fission
102
what helps dry the bacteria during gram straining?
heating it
103
What is the order of chemicals used in gram straining?
crystal violet, grams iodine, 95% alcohol, and safranin
