BIO 101 Final Review Flashcards
Name and briefly describe the 7 things that all living things do
order, energy processing, evolutionary adaption, regulation, growth and development, response to the environment, reproduction (RRROGEE)
List the levels of the organization of life from smallest to largest
Molecules>organelles>cells>tissues>organs>organisms>
populations>communitieis>ecosystems>the biosphere
characteristics of a eukaryotic cell
- membrane-bound organelles
- contains a nucleus
- complex
- larger
characteristics of a prokaryotic cell
- simpler
- smaller
- no nucleus
similarities between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell
- has a cell membrane
- contains DNA
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
B&C are prokaryotes
what are some examples of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants and animals
prokaryotes: bacteria and algae
Independent Variable:
the thing that is deliberately changed
Dependent Variable:
the thing that is measured after changing the Independent Variable
Constants:
things kept consistent between the groups
Control Group (“Control”):
the group that is unchanged (for comparison)
Experimental Group:
the group(s) where the Independent Variable is changed
What is a scientific theory, and what has to be done for a concept to be considered a theory?
once a result is repeated many times in many different ways
Is Potassium Chloride (KCl) an element or a compound, and why?
A compound because it consists of two elements
What was the significance of CHON?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen make up 96.3% of human bodies
If Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7, and an atomic mass of 14.0067, how many neutrons does it have?
7 (Atomic mass-Atomic number)
How do ions and isotopes differ?
Ions:
-different number of electrons
-elements that gain or lose electrons become positively or negatively charged
Isotopes:
-different number of neutrons
-radioactive isotopes decay spontaneously
Which electron shell would contain electrons with the highest potential energy, and what can higher-energy electrons do that is important?
the outer shell (valence shell) because they tend to react with other elements the most because they have the most potential energy
What subatomic particle is typically shared or interacting between two elements that are chemically bonded together?
valence electrons
what causes covalent bonds to form and how strong are they compared to the other two?
sharing of electrons, strongest
what causes ionic bonds to form and how strong are they compared to the other two?
the stripping of electrons from one atom of another, causing both atoms to have charges - moderate
what causes hydrogen bonds to form and how strong are they compared to the other two?
forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom - weakest
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar-covalent bond?
nonpolar: atoms share the electron equally ie. H(2)
polar: one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally ie. H(2)O
covalent bond:
the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms- strongest of the three bonds
molecule:
consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
ionic bond:
atoms strip electrons from their bonding partners
hydrogen bond:
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
polar:
distribution of electrons between the covalently bonded atoms is not even
ion:
a charged atom or molecule
isotope:
are different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds is what makes it able to perform most of its important properties that support life on Earth. Explain what makes water able to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.
polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other- the opposite ends have opposite charges
(water)cohesion definition and example
the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
ie
-cohesion helps the transport of water against gravity in plants
-surface tension **
(water) adhesion definition and example
an attraction between different substances
ie water and plant cell walls
Water can absorb and release heat, just like many other substances. However, unlike most substances, does the temperature of water change much when absorbing or releasing heat? Explain:
only slightly, because water’s slow absorbing and releasing of heat makes the temperature of things more stable around it
ie coast of California cooler near the coast than inland
Your body is mostly water. How does this help your body maintain homeostasis (regarding temperature)?
evaporative cooling - sweating to cool down
Why does ice float? Describe the shape of its hydrogen bonds in your answer.
hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered,” making ice less dense
solute:
the substance that. is dissolved
solvent:
the dissolving agent of a solution
solution:
a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances
Water can dissolve most things – even rock. But not everything. Would something that does not dissolve in water be hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
molarity:
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
In an acidic solution, describe what is there more of, H+ or OH-?
H+
In a basic solution, is there a high or low abundance of H+?
lower H+
What pH is “neutral”, and how many H+ are present compared to OH-?
ph 7
H+ = OH-
If something has a pH = 6, is it acidic or basic? How about pH = 9?
ph=6= acid
pH=9=base
something that balances pH (makes it more stable in a solution) was described. What was this thing called? Give an example of this from your body.
buffers are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
ie. buffering chemicals in our blood to keep the pH around 7
the two examples from the lecture of how acidity can negatively affect an ecosystem.
- acid rain damages like in lakes and streams and changes soil chemistry on land
- increases in CO(2) results in decreased calcium carbonate in the sea needed for the coral formation
What is the only macromolecule group that we discussed that does not form polymers?
lipids
What is the difference between a dehydration reaction and hydrolysis?
dehydration reaction: occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
hydrolysis: occurs when a polymer breaks into 2 monomers through the addition of a water molecule
Lipids are (hydrophilic or hydrophobic?) because their bonds are (polar or non-polar?).
hydrophobic, nonpolar covalent bonds
Describe the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid.
saturated fatty acids: no double bonds/ straight shape
unsaturated fatty acids: one or more double bonds/ bent shape
What characteristic of phospholipids allows cell membranes to exist?
when phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior forming a bilayer found in cell membranes
What holds the two strands of DNA together?
hydrogen bonds form between the nitrogenous bases holding the strands together and forming a double helix
monomer:
small building-block molecules
polymer:
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
monosaccharide:
molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH(2)O - usually rings that contain an oxygen
single sugar cannot be broken down
disaccharide:
formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
polysaccharide:
polymers of sugars and have energy storage and structural roles
How do the terms “polypeptide” and “protein” differ, and is it possible in some cases they could be the same thing? Explain.
a protein can be one or multiple polypeptides stuck together
There are about 20 amino acids that exist – how do they differ from each other structurally?
different side chains called r groups
polypeptide:
the polymer of amino acid
What bonds give secondary structure their shape?
hydrogen bonds of the backbone
the study of compounds that contain carbon
organic chemistry
What is better able to take in nutrients and release wastes – a small cell or a large cell, and why? (why is important here)
a small cell because nutrients cannot reach the middle of a large cell. smaller cells are more efficient at taking in nutrients and releasing wastes
contains the cell’s DNA and controls cellular activities, such as how the cell makes proteins , plant and animal cells
Nucleus
particles made of RNA and proteins (no membrane) and make proteins in the cytoplasm and on the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope, plant and animal cells
Ribosome
folded envelop in plant and animal cells that help make proteins, lipids, membranes, etc
attached to the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
shipping and receiving center modifies products of the ER, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles, plant and animal cells
Golgi Apparatus
plant and animal cells, membrane sack (vesicle) of enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosome
ONLY plant or fungal cell
storage compartments
Vacuoles
sites of cellular respiration providing cells with chemical energy, both plant, and animal cells
mitochondria
sites of photosynthesis, making glucose and oxygen, only plants
chloroplasts
How are the purposes (functions) of the chloroplasts and mitochondria similar?
they both provide energy for the cells
What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
organizes the cell’s structures/activities, and anchors many organelles
What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
organizes the cell’s structures/activities, and anchors many organelles, maintains shape
What does a cell wall do, and what is it made out of in plants?
provides shape and protections
mostly made of cellulose fibers in plants
plasmodesmata: type of cell that has them and function
plant cell, channels through plant cell walls used for the transfer of water and small solutes to other cells
tight junctions: type of cell that has them and function
animal cell , membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
desmosomes: type of cell that has them and function
animal cell , fasten cells together in strong sheets
gap junctions: type of cell that has them and function
animal cell , provide channels between cells for cellular communication
thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
microtubules
thinnest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
microfilaments
fibers with diameters in a middle range
intermediate filaments
made up of protein and fibers
functions: support, adhesion, movement, cell-to-cell communication
animal cells
maze-like structure in flud
The Extracellular Matric (ECM
made up of protein and fibers
functions: support, adhesion, movement, cell-to-cell communication
animal cells
maze-like structure in fluid
The Extracellular Matric (ECM
A bacterium swims into a portion of a pond where the water surrounding it is hypertonic, what will happen to the bacterium (what does it have to worry about)?
If the bacterium swims into a portion of the pond that is hypertonic, that means that the pond water has a higher solute concentration than the inside of the bacterium. Based on osmosis, water will exit the bacterium (going from low solute to high solute concentration…water chasing solute), causing the bacterium to shrivel up and possibly die if it loses too much water.
After swimming, you look at your hands and realize your skin is pruney and shriveled. Based on this observation, were you likely swimming in really fresh or salty water, and why?
Your hands are pruney/shriveled because of water that the skin cells in your hands have lost. If water is leaving your hands, remember that it is going to “chase solute”, meaning it will go to an area with a higher solute concentration (the water you were swimming in). If the water has a high solute concentration, it is likely very salty (not fresh).
A plant cell and an animal cell are placed into a hypotonic solution – which one will be more likely to survive, and why?
A hypotonic solution causes water to enter a cell and makes the cell swell. Remembering Figure 7.15, plant cells have a cell wall that makes it harder to burst when it takes in water (being called “turgid”). When this happens to an animal cell, it is more likely to burst – a process called lysis, which kills the cell. The plant cell will do much better.
Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.
Lipids
monomer: amino acid
polymer: polypeptide
can be one or multiple polypeptides stuck together
Proteins
A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).
Carbohydrates
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. These form bilayers that function as biological membranes.
phospholipids
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.
cholesterol
diffusion of water across membranes
from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration until the solute concentration is equal on both sides (equilibrium)
osmosis
Cells take in water and nutrients, but what is something that all cells release?
waste
isotonic solution
-normal
hypotonic solution
-lysed/has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution. In biology, a solution outside of a cell is called hypotonic
moving things against the concentration gradient
active transport proteins
used for transportation of larger loads
bulk transport
hypertonic solution
-shriveled A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane.
isotonic solution
-normal
one that has the same osmolarity, or solute concentration, as another solution. If these two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane, water will flow in equal parts out of each solution and into the other.
hypotonic solution
-lysedIf a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume.
The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.
tertiary structure
