BIO 101 Final Review 2

Question 1

1) Viruses are not considered living things – why?

Answer 1

they cannot reproduce by themselves, they need a host cell

Question 2

2) What are the two basic structural parts of a virus

Answer 2

nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Question 3

3) If you are swimming in a lake with fish that are infected with a virus, why would it be very unlikely that you would get sick?

Answer 3

they only infect specific cells from specific species

Question 4

4) What kinds of nucleic acids can you find in a virus (the genome)?

Answer 4

DNA or RNA

Question 5

5) Describe how a virus infects a host cell (step by step).

Answer 5

attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.

Question 6

6) What is a prion?

Answer 6

slow-acting, non-living, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals

Question 7

7) How do prions work? Include what they do to the host’s normal proteins in your response.

Answer 7

they convert normal proteins into the altered prion version

Question 8

8) What are a couple of examples of prion-caused diseases?

Answer 8

mad cow disease, dementia, scrapie in sheep

Question 9

9) What are the two domains of prokaryotes, and how do they differ from each other?

Answer 9

bacteria and archaea

archaea: extremophiles, different membrane structure, metabolic, transcription/translation genes similar to eukaryotes.

Question 10

10) Rank from smallest to largest —– prokaryotic cell, virus, eukaryotic cell

Answer 10

virus, prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell

Question 11

11) Be able to describe the shapes, and structures of bacteria. Include in your description of bacterial structures, what each structure does.

Answer 11

cocci- spheres
bacilli- rods
spirals

Question 12

12) What is the major structure that allows bacteria to move?

Answer 12

flagella

Question 13

13) What is the DNA like in a prokaryote? Include its shape, and what a plasmid is in your answer.

Answer 13

DNA is circular

plasmids are smaller rings of DNA

Question 14

14) After binary fission, how do the daughter cells compare to the parent?

Answer 14

identical to the parent

Question 15

15) How quickly do bacteria reproduce? (generally speaking)

Answer 15

1-3 hours

Question 16

16) Do bacteria reproduce sexually, or asexually? Explain.

Answer 16

asexually

Question 17

17) What is the purpose of a sex pilus? How could this relate to antibiotic resistance?

Answer 17

they allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

increase genetic diversity, making them able to quickly evolve and adapt to their environments

Question 18

Capsid:

Answer 18

: the protein shell of a virus particle surrounding its nucleic acid.

Question 19

Cocci:

Answer 19

is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.

Question 20

Bacilli :

Answer 20

rod-shaped bacteria

Question 21

Plasmid:

Answer 21

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells

Question 22

Binary Fission:

Answer 22

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

Question 23

Sex Pilli (pilus is singular):

Answer 23

In bacterial conjugation, an appendage of a male bacterium by which it attaches to a female bacterium, preparatory to the transfer of DNA from male to female.

Question 24

2) Are most protists multicellular or unicellular? Explain, and provide an example of each.

Answer 24

unicellular: algae, plankton, amoeba
multicellular: kelp

Question 25

1) Kingdom Protista is considered “polyphyletic” now – what does this mean?

Answer 25

no longer valid as a kingdom (of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon

Question 26

3) Describe the endosymbiotic theory. Then, state what are believed to have evolved first, prokaryotes, (and why)?

Answer 26

The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes -mitochondria first than chloroplasts

Question 27

4) State two ways that protists are beneficial to our ecosystems or our bodies.

Answer 27

Wood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut of termites In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes are the main producers

Question 28

5) State a way that protists can be harmful to an organism (provide an example).

Answer 28

an organism that lives on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism

Question 29

6) In most terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems, plants are the primary producers – meaning they perform photosynthesis to convert energy from the sun to chemical energy that can be consumed by organisms (glucose). How do terrestrial ecosystems compare to aquatic ecosystems regarding producers?

Answer 29

In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes are the main producers

Question 30

7) What would be some negative consequences to not having as many protists in aquatic biomes globally?

Answer 30

``` Decreased: Marine ecosystems Fishery yields The global carbon cycle ```

Question 31

Photoautotroph

Answer 31

which contain chloroplasts, and perform photosynthesis

Question 32

Heterotroph

Answer 32

which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

Question 33

Mixotroph

Answer 33

which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Question 34

Endosymbiosis

Answer 34

The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

Question 35

Symbiont (which are symbiotic)

Answer 35

protist symbionts benefit their hosts

Question 36

1) What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

Answer 36

Heterotrophs: Eat other living things to acquire energy-containing moleculesAutotrophs: Capture energy from light to generate energy-containing molecules by photosynthesis

Question 37

cellular respiration equation

Answer 37

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Question 38

3) Is cellular respiration a catabolic or anabolic process?

Answer 38

catabolic

Question 39

4) What does it mean to say that a molecule has been “reduced”, and what is the significance of it?

Answer 39

Called “reduced” because the charge is more negative (lower) - gained an electron - higher energy (ready for work)

Question 40

Where: Cytoplasm What goes in: C6H12O6 (Glucose) What comes out: 2 ATP + 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH

Answer 40

Glycolysis

Question 41

Where: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane What goes in: Remaining NADH +FADH2 What comes out: *28 ATP*

Answer 41

Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 42

Where: Cytoplasm What goes in: 2 Pyruvate What comes out: 2 ATP + Biproducts

Answer 42

Fermentation

Question 43

8) What is chemiosmosis, and what is the main enzyme that makes it happen?

Answer 43

is the method which cells use to create ATP for energy. | ATP synthase

Question 44

9) What is the difference between lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation? (formulas) What organisms perform them?

Answer 44

lack of oxygen present, byproducts of alcoholic fermentation- CO(2) + Alcohol byproducts of lactic fermentation = lactic acid

Question 45

7) How does the location of cellular respiration differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 45

Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of the cells More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic cells where the mitochondria are the site of most of the reactions

Question 46

the chemical formula for photosynthesis

Answer 46

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

Question 47

2) Most of the electricity in our area is generated by burning coal. How does this relate to photosynthesis?

Answer 47

Fossil fuels are stores of solar energy from the distant past by photosynthesis

Question 48

stacked columns of thylakoids in a sholoroplast

Answer 48

granum

Question 49

chlorophyll stores in membranes - little discs

Answer 49

thylakoids

Question 50

a dense interior fluid in chloroplasts

Answer 50

stroma

Question 51

stacked columns of thylakoids in a chloroplast

Answer 51

granum

Question 52

1st stage of photosynthesis location: thylakoids purpose: to make ATP and NADPH to perform the Calvin Cycle

Answer 52

Light Reactions

Question 53

purpose: to make glucose location: stroma

Answer 53

Calvin Cycle

Question 54

5) What contains more energy, red light, or blue light, and why?

Answer 54

blue light because shorter wavelength=higher energy

Question 55

6) What is the purpose of a pigment, and what is an example of one?

Answer 55

substances that absorb visible light | chlorophyll makes leaves green because it reflects and transmits green light

Question 56

8) Is glucose the only sugar made by photosynthesis? Explain.

Answer 56

no, starch is also made in the form of excess sugar and is stored the polymer of glucose made

Question 57

3) What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells? I

Answer 57

diploids ( 2n) : two chromosomes of each kind - somatic cells haploid: 1 chromosome of each kind - gametes

Question 58

DNA synthesizes occurs, and DNA replication results in duplicated chromosomes

Answer 58

S

Question 59

cell growth, cell doubles its organelles, accumulates materials for DNA synthesis

Answer 59

G1

Question 60

cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division

Answer 60

G2

Question 61

the microtubule organizing center

Answer 61

centrosome

Question 62

These are the openings in the leaf for gas exchange.

Answer 62

stomata