BIO 101 Final Review 2 Flashcards
1) Viruses are not considered living things – why?
they cannot reproduce by themselves, they need a host cell
2) What are the two basic structural parts of a virus
nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
3) If you are swimming in a lake with fish that are infected with a virus, why would it be very unlikely that you would get sick?
they only infect specific cells from specific species
4) What kinds of nucleic acids can you find in a virus (the genome)?
DNA or RNA
5) Describe how a virus infects a host cell (step by step).
attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.
6) What is a prion?
slow-acting, non-living, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals
7) How do prions work? Include what they do to the host’s normal proteins in your response.
they convert normal proteins into the altered prion version
8) What are a couple of examples of prion-caused diseases?
mad cow disease, dementia, scrapie in sheep
9) What are the two domains of prokaryotes, and how do they differ from each other?
bacteria and archaea
archaea: extremophiles, different membrane structure, metabolic, transcription/translation genes similar to eukaryotes.
10) Rank from smallest to largest —– prokaryotic cell, virus, eukaryotic cell
virus, prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell
11) Be able to describe the shapes, and structures of bacteria. Include in your description of bacterial structures, what each structure does.
cocci- spheres
bacilli- rods
spirals
12) What is the major structure that allows bacteria to move?
flagella
13) What is the DNA like in a prokaryote? Include its shape, and what a plasmid is in your answer.
DNA is circular
plasmids are smaller rings of DNA
14) After binary fission, how do the daughter cells compare to the parent?
identical to the parent
15) How quickly do bacteria reproduce? (generally speaking)
1-3 hours
16) Do bacteria reproduce sexually, or asexually? Explain.
asexually
17) What is the purpose of a sex pilus? How could this relate to antibiotic resistance?
they allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
increase genetic diversity, making them able to quickly evolve and adapt to their environments
Capsid:
: the protein shell of a virus particle surrounding its nucleic acid.
Cocci:
is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.
Bacilli :
rod-shaped bacteria
Plasmid:
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells
Binary Fission:
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
Sex Pilli (pilus is singular):
In bacterial conjugation, an appendage of a male bacterium by which it attaches to a female bacterium, preparatory to the transfer of DNA from male to female.
2) Are most protists multicellular or unicellular? Explain, and provide an example of each.
unicellular: algae, plankton, amoeba
multicellular: kelp
1) Kingdom Protista is considered “polyphyletic” now – what does this mean?
no longer valid as a kingdom (of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon
3) Describe the endosymbiotic theory. Then, state what are believed to have evolved first, prokaryotes, (and why)?
The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes
-mitochondria first than chloroplasts
4) State two ways that protists are beneficial to our ecosystems or our bodies.
Wood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut of termites
In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes are the main producers
5) State a way that protists can be harmful to an organism (provide an example).
an organism that lives on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism
6) In most terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems, plants are the primary producers – meaning they perform photosynthesis to convert energy from the sun to chemical energy that can be consumed by organisms (glucose). How do terrestrial ecosystems compare to aquatic ecosystems regarding producers?
In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes are the main producers
7) What would be some negative consequences to not having as many protists in aquatic biomes globally?
Decreased: Marine ecosystems Fishery yields The global carbon cycle
Photoautotroph
which contain chloroplasts, and perform photosynthesis
Heterotroph
which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Mixotroph
which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
Endosymbiosis
The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes
Symbiont (which are symbiotic)
protist symbionts benefit their hosts
1) What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
Heterotrophs: Eat other living things to acquire energy-containing moleculesAutotrophs: Capture energy from light to generate energy-containing molecules by photosynthesis
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
3) Is cellular respiration a catabolic or anabolic process?
catabolic
4) What does it mean to say that a molecule has been “reduced”, and what is the significance of it?
Called “reduced” because the charge is more negative (lower)
- gained an electron
- higher energy (ready for work)
Where: Cytoplasm
What goes in: C6H12O6 (Glucose)
What comes out:
2 ATP + 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH
Glycolysis
Where: Inner
Mitochondrial Membrane
What goes in: Remaining
NADH +FADH2
What comes out: 28 ATP
Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where: Cytoplasm
What goes in: 2 Pyruvate
What comes out:
2 ATP + Biproducts
Fermentation
8) What is chemiosmosis, and what is the main enzyme that makes it happen?
is the method which cells use to create ATP for energy.
ATP synthase
9) What is the difference between lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation? (formulas) What organisms perform them?
lack of oxygen present,
byproducts of alcoholic fermentation- CO(2) + Alcohol
byproducts of lactic fermentation = lactic acid
7) How does the location of cellular respiration differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of the cells
More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic cells where the mitochondria are the site of most of the reactions
the chemical formula for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
2) Most of the electricity in our area is generated by burning coal. How does this relate to photosynthesis?
Fossil fuels are stores of solar energy from the distant past by photosynthesis
stacked columns of thylakoids in a sholoroplast
granum
chlorophyll stores in membranes - little discs
thylakoids
a dense interior fluid in chloroplasts
stroma
stacked columns of thylakoids in a chloroplast
granum
1st stage of photosynthesis
location: thylakoids
purpose: to make ATP and NADPH to perform the Calvin Cycle
Light Reactions
purpose: to make glucose
location: stroma
Calvin Cycle
5) What contains more energy, red light, or blue light, and why?
blue light because shorter wavelength=higher energy
6) What is the purpose of a pigment, and what is an example of one?
substances that absorb visible light
chlorophyll makes leaves green because it reflects and transmits green light
8) Is glucose the only sugar made by photosynthesis? Explain.
no, starch is also made in the form of excess sugar and is stored
the polymer of glucose made
3) What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells? I
diploids ( 2n) : two chromosomes of each kind - somatic cells
haploid: 1 chromosome of each kind - gametes
DNA synthesizes occurs, and DNA replication results in duplicated chromosomes
S
cell growth, cell doubles its organelles, accumulates materials for DNA synthesis
G1
cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division
G2
the microtubule organizing center
centrosome
These are the openings in the leaf for gas exchange.
stomata
