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Biology 101 > BIO 101 Final Review 2 > Flashcards

BIO 101 Final Review 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

1) Viruses are not considered living things – why?

A

they cannot reproduce by themselves, they need a host cell

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2
Q

2) What are the two basic structural parts of a virus

A

nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

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3
Q

3) If you are swimming in a lake with fish that are infected with a virus, why would it be very unlikely that you would get sick?

A

they only infect specific cells from specific species

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4
Q

4) What kinds of nucleic acids can you find in a virus (the genome)?

A

DNA or RNA

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5
Q

5) Describe how a virus infects a host cell (step by step).

A

attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.

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6
Q

6) What is a prion?

A

slow-acting, non-living, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals

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7
Q

7) How do prions work? Include what they do to the host’s normal proteins in your response.

A

they convert normal proteins into the altered prion version

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8
Q

8) What are a couple of examples of prion-caused diseases?

A

mad cow disease, dementia, scrapie in sheep

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9
Q

9) What are the two domains of prokaryotes, and how do they differ from each other?

A

bacteria and archaea

archaea: extremophiles, different membrane structure, metabolic, transcription/translation genes similar to eukaryotes.

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10
Q

10) Rank from smallest to largest —– prokaryotic cell, virus, eukaryotic cell

A

virus, prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell

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11
Q

11) Be able to describe the shapes, and structures of bacteria. Include in your description of bacterial structures, what each structure does.

A

cocci- spheres
bacilli- rods
spirals

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12
Q

12) What is the major structure that allows bacteria to move?

A

flagella

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13
Q

13) What is the DNA like in a prokaryote? Include its shape, and what a plasmid is in your answer.

A

DNA is circular

plasmids are smaller rings of DNA

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14
Q

14) After binary fission, how do the daughter cells compare to the parent?

A

identical to the parent

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15
Q

15) How quickly do bacteria reproduce? (generally speaking)

A

1-3 hours

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16
Q

16) Do bacteria reproduce sexually, or asexually? Explain.

A

asexually

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17
Q

17) What is the purpose of a sex pilus? How could this relate to antibiotic resistance?

A

they allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

increase genetic diversity, making them able to quickly evolve and adapt to their environments

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18
Q

Capsid:

A

: the protein shell of a virus particle surrounding its nucleic acid.

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19
Q

Cocci:

A

is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.

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20
Q

Bacilli :

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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21
Q

Plasmid:

A

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells

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22
Q

Binary Fission:

A

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

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23
Q

Sex Pilli (pilus is singular):

A

In bacterial conjugation, an appendage of a male bacterium by which it attaches to a female bacterium, preparatory to the transfer of DNA from male to female.

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24
Q

2) Are most protists multicellular or unicellular? Explain, and provide an example of each.

A

unicellular: algae, plankton, amoeba
multicellular: kelp

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25
Q

1) Kingdom Protista is considered “polyphyletic” now – what does this mean?

A

no longer valid as a kingdom (of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon

26
Q

3) Describe the endosymbiotic theory. Then, state what are believed to have evolved first, prokaryotes, (and why)?

A

The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes
-mitochondria first than chloroplasts

27
Q

4) State two ways that protists are beneficial to our ecosystems or our bodies.

A

Wood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut of termites
In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes are the main producers

28
Q

5) State a way that protists can be harmful to an organism (provide an example).

A

an organism that lives on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism

29
Q

6) In most terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems, plants are the primary producers – meaning they perform photosynthesis to convert energy from the sun to chemical energy that can be consumed by organisms (glucose). How do terrestrial ecosystems compare to aquatic ecosystems regarding producers?

A

In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes are the main producers

30
Q

7) What would be some negative consequences to not having as many protists in aquatic biomes globally?

A 
Decreased:
Marine ecosystems
Fishery yields
The global 
carbon cycle
31
Q

Photoautotroph

A

which contain chloroplasts, and perform photosynthesis

32
Q

Heterotroph

A

which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

33
Q

Mixotroph

A

which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

34
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

35
Q

Symbiont (which are symbiotic)

A

protist symbionts benefit their hosts

36
Q

1) What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

A

Heterotrophs: Eat other living things to acquire energy-containing moleculesAutotrophs: Capture energy from light to generate energy-containing molecules by photosynthesis

37
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

38
Q

3) Is cellular respiration a catabolic or anabolic process?

A

catabolic

39
Q

4) What does it mean to say that a molecule has been “reduced”, and what is the significance of it?

A

Called “reduced” because the charge is more negative (lower)

  • gained an electron
  • higher energy (ready for work)
40
Q

Where: Cytoplasm

What goes in: C6H12O6 (Glucose)

What comes out:
2 ATP + 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH

A

Glycolysis

41
Q

Where: Inner
Mitochondrial Membrane
What goes in: Remaining
NADH +FADH2

What comes out: 28 ATP

A

Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation

42
Q

Where: Cytoplasm

What goes in: 2 Pyruvate

What comes out:
2 ATP + Biproducts

A

Fermentation

43
Q

8) What is chemiosmosis, and what is the main enzyme that makes it happen?

A

is the method which cells use to create ATP for energy.

ATP synthase

44
Q

9) What is the difference between lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation? (formulas) What organisms perform them?

A

lack of oxygen present,
byproducts of alcoholic fermentation- CO(2) + Alcohol
byproducts of lactic fermentation = lactic acid

45
Q

7) How does the location of cellular respiration differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of the cells
More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic cells where the mitochondria are the site of most of the reactions

46
Q

the chemical formula for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

47
Q

2) Most of the electricity in our area is generated by burning coal. How does this relate to photosynthesis?

A

Fossil fuels are stores of solar energy from the distant past by photosynthesis

48
Q

stacked columns of thylakoids in a sholoroplast

A

granum

49
Q

chlorophyll stores in membranes - little discs

A

thylakoids

50
Q

a dense interior fluid in chloroplasts

A

stroma

51
Q

stacked columns of thylakoids in a chloroplast

A

granum

52
Q

1st stage of photosynthesis

location: thylakoids
purpose: to make ATP and NADPH to perform the Calvin Cycle

A

Light Reactions

53
Q

purpose: to make glucose
location: stroma

A

Calvin Cycle

54
Q

5) What contains more energy, red light, or blue light, and why?

A

blue light because shorter wavelength=higher energy

55
Q

6) What is the purpose of a pigment, and what is an example of one?

A

substances that absorb visible light

chlorophyll makes leaves green because it reflects and transmits green light

56
Q

8) Is glucose the only sugar made by photosynthesis? Explain.

A

no, starch is also made in the form of excess sugar and is stored
the polymer of glucose made

57
Q

3) What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells? I

A

diploids ( 2n) : two chromosomes of each kind - somatic cells
haploid: 1 chromosome of each kind - gametes

58
Q

DNA synthesizes occurs, and DNA replication results in duplicated chromosomes

A

S

59
Q

cell growth, cell doubles its organelles, accumulates materials for DNA synthesis

A

G1

60
Q

cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division

A

G2

61
Q

the microtubule organizing center

A

centrosome

62
Q

These are the openings in the leaf for gas exchange.

A

stomata

Biology 101 (10 decks)

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