Ch 22,23,24

Question 1

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

1) Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution.
2) Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.
3) Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits.
4) Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation.

Answer 1

2 Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

Question 2

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? 
         Heritability        
         Evolution        
         Adaptation        
         Fitness

Answer 2

Adaptation

Question 3

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?      
         Adaptation        
         Evolution        
         Heritability        
         Fitness

Answer 3

Heritability

Question 4

Identify the four postulates of natural selection.

1) All individuals in a population have equal reproductive success.
2) Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess.
3) Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population.
4) individuals in a population all possess the same traits.
5) Some trait differences are heritable.
6) Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Answer 4

2) Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess.
5) Some trait differences are heritable.
3) Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population.
6) Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 5

change in gene frequencies within a population (gene pool) and between populations over time

Answer 5

microevolution

Question 6

creating of new species over time

Answer 6

macroevolution

Question 7

mechanisms of microevolution

Answer 7

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

Question 8

mutation and sexual reproduction produce that makes evolution possible

Answer 8

genetic variation

Question 9

2 types of genetic variations

Answer 9

mutations and sexual reproduction

Question 10

2 types of mutations

Answer 10

chromosome mutations and gene mutations

Question 11

explain chromosome mutations

Answer 11

deletions, duplication, rearrangements. possible new genes with new functions

Question 12

3 different types of gene mutations

Answer 12

substitutions, insertions, deletions

Question 13

addition of 1 or more base pairs into gene

Answer 13

insertion mutation

Question 14

changes in one base pair of a gene

Answer 14

substitution mutation

Question 15

removal of 1 or more base pairs from gene

Answer 15

deletion mutation

Question 16

shuffles existing alleles into new combinations

Answer 16

sexual reproduction

Question 17

3 types of natural selection that exist in nature

Answer 17

stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection

Question 18

stabilizing selection:

Answer 18

intermediate phenotype favored

Question 19

directional selection:

Answer 19

extreme phenotype favored

Question 20

disruptive selection:

Answer 20

two or more phenotypes favored

Question 21

change in frequency of alleles due to change; more likely to happen in a small population; due to random chance

Answer 21

genetic drift

Question 22

movement of alleles between populations, ie. migrating populations, plants

Answer 22

gene flow

Question 23

way to measure microevolution

Answer 23

hardy-weinberg principle

Question 24

in hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Answer 24

no evolution occuring

Question 25

group of interbreeding subpopulations that share a common pool; way to define a species

Answer 25

Biological Species

Question 26

To be the same species, by the Biological Species Concept, what must two organisms be able to do?

Answer 26

two organisms must be able to mate and have fertile offspring

Question 27

one species gives rise to two species that can no longer reproduce; act of becoming a new species

Answer 27

speciation

Question 28

formation of new species dependent on

Answer 28

reproductive isolation

Question 29

reproductive isolation is caused by …. and ….

Answer 29

prezygotic barriers and prostzygotic barriers

Question 30

postzygotic barriers:

Answer 30

prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

Question 31

prezygotic barriers:

Answer 31

block fertilization from occurs

Question 32

• habitat isolation
• temporal (time) isolation
• behavioral isolation
• mechanical isolation
• gametic isolation

Answer 32

prezygotic barriers

Question 33

• reduced hybrid viability (ability to survive)
• reduced hybrid fertility
• hybrid breakdown

Answer 33

postzygotic barriers

Question 34

process of speciation

Answer 34

occurs with and without geographic separation

a. allopatric speciation
b. sympatric speciation

Question 35

allopatric speciation:

Answer 35

populations separated geographically

Question 36

sympatric speciation

Answer 36

populations not separated geographically

Question 37

type of sympatric speciation

Answer 37

a) polyploidy: autopolyploid and allopolyploid
b) habitat differentiation
c) sexual selection

Question 38

autopolyploid:

Answer 38

cell division error- doubles chromosomes

Question 39

allopolyploid:

Answer 39

fertile hybrids- new species

Question 40

punctuated equiliberum

Answer 40

quick change then sabilizes

Question 41

gradual equilibrium

Answer 41

gradual change over time

Question 42

Polyploidy:

Answer 42

is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division; more common in plants than in animals

Question 43

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

There is heritable variation among individuals.

Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited.

Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Only a fraction of an individual’s offspring may survive.

Answer 43

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

Question 44

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?

Earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions.

Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents.

Species diversity declines farther from the equator.

Birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds’ maximum nonstop flight distance.

South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.

Answer 44

South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.

Question 45

Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained?

Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

The drug caused the S. aureus DNA to change.

In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug-resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug.

A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community.

S. aureus can resist vaccines.

Answer 45

Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.