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Biology 101 > Chapter 19&27&28 > Flashcards

Chapter 19&27&28 Flashcards

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1
Q

non-living infectious particles that can reproduce

A

viruses

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2
Q

needing to use the inside of a host cell to reproduce- can replicate only within a host cell

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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3
Q

only infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

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4
Q

a virus consists of a ___ surrounded by a ____

A

nucleic acid, protein coat

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5
Q

protein shell, wraps around the DNA or RNA

A

capsid

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6
Q

viruses can only infect ___ cells from specific species

A

specific

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7
Q

slow-acting, non-living, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals

A

prions

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8
Q

propagate by converting normal proteins into the altered prion version

A

prions

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9
Q

Bacteria and Archaea belong to this group

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Prokaryotes are ____, meaning they are everywhere

A

Ubiquitous

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11
Q

difficult to study because they love extreme environments (extremophiles)

A

archaea

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12
Q

Archaea are different from bacteria because of these 3 things

A

membrane structure, metabolic, and transcription/translation related genes

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13
Q

Most prokaryotic cells are about ___- ___x smaller than eukaryotic cells

A

10-100x

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14
Q

Earth’s first organisms were likely this

A

prokaryotes

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15
Q

The three most common shapes of prokaryotes are…

A

cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), and spirals

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16
Q

DNA shaped as a ring (prokaryote)

A

circular chromosome

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17
Q

structure for a cell

A

cell wall *some of these structures are present in all bacteria, others depend on the type

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18
Q

used to exchange DNA between bacterial cells

A

sex pilus

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19
Q

movement

A

flagella

20
Q

make proteins

A

ribosomes * some o these structures are present in all bacteria, others depend on the type

21
Q

thick protective layer outside of some bacteria

A

capsule

22
Q

hairs that help attach bacteria to surfaces

A

fimbriae

23
Q

The 2 types of cell wall in a bacterial structure

A

gram positive and gram negative

24
Q

has a cell wall structure that has one membrane, and thick layer peptido-glycan layer
purple color

A

gram positive

25
Q

two membrane with a skinny layer of peptido-glycan layer with an outer membrane
pink color

A

gram negative

26
Q

in a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit ___, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

A

taxis

27
Q

the movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus

A

chemotaxis

28
Q

The prokaryotic genome has less ____ than the eukaryotic genome

A

DNA

29
Q

smaller rings of DNA

A

plasmids

30
Q

most of the genome consists of a circular _____

A

chromosome

31
Q

asexual reproduction. Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by ___ ___ and can divide every 1-3 hours

A

binary fission

32
Q

cells essentially identical to the parent

A

daughter cells

33
Q

longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA usually on plasmids

A

sex pili

34
Q

carry genes for antibiotic resistance

A

R plasmids

35
Q

prokaryotes are the principal agents in ____, the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

A

bioremediation

36
Q

informal name of the group mostly unicellular eukaryotes

A

protist

37
Q

protists constitute a ____ group, and are closely related to plants, fungi, and some animals. Protista is no longer valid as a kingdom

A

polyphyletic group

38
Q

Protists are eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

39
Q

Most eukaryotes are ___-celled organisms

A

single

40
Q

Almost all protists are multicellular or single cellular?

A

single cellular

41
Q

type of protist that contains chloroplasts, and performs photosynthesis

A

photoautotrophs

42
Q

type of protist that absorbs organic molecules or ingests larger food particles

A

heterotrophs

43
Q

type of protist that combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

A

mixotrophs

44
Q

the process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cell, which becomes incorporated with the host cell and eventually becomes an organelle

A

endosymbiosis

45
Q

protist ____ benefit their hosts, involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

A

symbiont

46
Q

____ protist will live within another organisms and harm it in some way to their own benefit

A

parasitic

Biology 101 (10 decks)

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