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Biology 101 > Chapter 8&9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8&9 Flashcards

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1
Q

An organism’s ___ transforms matter and energy to perform work

A

metabolism

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2
Q

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

A

metabolism

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3
Q

A ___ ___ begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

A

metabolic pathway

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4
Q

consume energy to build larger molecules from simpler ones

A

anabolic pathways

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5
Q

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
i.e chemical energy

A

potential energy

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6
Q

Energy of the universe is constant, it can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

A

first law of thermodynamics

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7
Q

____ ____ release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

A

catabolic pathways

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8
Q

energy associated with motion

i.e. heat (thermal energy)

A

kinetic energy

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9
Q

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

A

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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10
Q

the energy available to do work within something (such as a chemical)

A

free energy

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11
Q

chemical energy (potential energy) stored in the ___ ___

A

chemical bonds

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12
Q

∆G

A

delta G meaning change and G is variable representing free energy

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13
Q

reaction in metabolism that releases energy

A

exergonic reaction

-catabolic process-

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14
Q

reaction in metabolism that absorbs energy

A

endergonic reaction

-anabolic process-

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15
Q

-∆G means it’s an ____ reaction

A

exergonic

*also if the products have less energy than the reactants because energy was released

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16
Q

+∆G means it’s an ____ reaction

A

endergonic *reactants have less energy than the products

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17
Q

A cell does 3 main kinds of work

A
  1. chemical (chemical reactions)
  2. transport (moving materials around)
  3. mechanical
    (locomotion)
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18
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of ___,___, and ___ _____ ____

A

a ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups

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19
Q

a catalytic protein

A

enzyme

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20
Q

Anything that ends in -ase is a … (i.e. sucrase)

A

enzyme

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21
Q

Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the ___- _____

A

EA (activation energy) barrier

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22
Q

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

A

catalyst

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23
Q

Enzymes do not affect ……. instead, they speed up reactions that could occur eventually

A

the change in free energy (∆G)

24
Q

the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the ___ ___ of ___, or ____ _____ (Ea)

A

free energy of activation, or activation energy

25
Q

The active site can lower an EA barrier by…

A

orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing a favorable microenvironment

26
Q

nonprotein enzyme helpers, organic cofactor including vitamins

A

cofactors

27
Q

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

A

noncompetitive inhibitors

28
Q

An enzyme’s activity can be affected by…

A

general environment factors, such as temperature and pH

chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme

29
Q

Shape of Enzymes

A

active site (pocket shape) that can fit a substrate (puzzle piece concept)

30
Q

bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

A

competitive inhibitors

31
Q

prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed

A

feedback inhibition

32
Q

eat other living things to aquire energy-containing molecules

A

heterotrophs

33
Q

capture energy from light to generate energy-containing molecules by photosynthesis

A

autotrophs

34
Q

_______ generates O(2) and carbohydrates

A

photosynthesis

35
Q

O(2) and carbohydrates are used in ____ ____

A

cellular respiration

36
Q

process of releasing chemical energy from glucose to make ATP which fuels cellular reactions/functions -(when oxygen is present)

A

cellular respiration

37
Q

C(6)H(12)O(6) + O(2)&raquo_space;»>

A

CO(2) + H(2)O + ATP

38
Q

the reactions that can add energy to a product (by transferring an electron to it)

A

redox reactions

39
Q

atp is a molecule that is like a fully charged battery containing energy

A

redox reactoins

40
Q

the “____” molecule contains more energy that can be released to fuel chemical reactions. Called “____” because the charge is more negative (lower) -gained an electron

A

reduced

41
Q

ADP is the oxidized form (T or F)

A

True

42
Q

“ase” at the end of a word is enzyme

A

“ase” at the end of a word is enzyme

43
Q

In Eukaryotes, cellular respiration happens in/around the

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

taking glucose (C6H12O6) in the prescence of Oxygen (O2) and making ATP, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as a byproduct

A

cellular respiration

45
Q

Step 1 in cellular respiration

A

glycolysis

46
Q

Step 1 location in Eukaryote

A

cytoplasm

47
Q

Step 2 cellular respiration

A

krebs cycle

48
Q

Step 2 location in Eukaryotes

A

mitochondrial matrix

49
Q

step 3 cellular respiration

A

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

step 3 location in Eukaryotes

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

51
Q

1 glucose makes about how many ATP?

A

32!

52
Q

Where does cellular respiration happen in prokaryotes?

A

cell membrane

53
Q

glucose molecule goes in, splits in half and 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH comes out

A

step 1 glycosis cellular respiration

54
Q

2 Pyruvates go in, 2 ATP, 6NADH, 2 FADH2 come out

carrying large quantities of energy

A

step 2 krebs cycle cellular respiration

55
Q

BIG step

remaining NADH + FADH2 goes in and 28 ATP comes out

A

step 3 electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
cellular respiration

56
Q

process of H+ ions flowing through the enzyme ATP synthase

A

chemiosmosis

Biology 101 (10 decks)

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