Chapter 8&9 Flashcards
An organism’s ___ transforms matter and energy to perform work
metabolism
the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
metabolism
A ___ ___ begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
metabolic pathway
consume energy to build larger molecules from simpler ones
anabolic pathways
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
i.e chemical energy
potential energy
Energy of the universe is constant, it can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
first law of thermodynamics
____ ____ release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
catabolic pathways
energy associated with motion
i.e. heat (thermal energy)
kinetic energy
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
the energy available to do work within something (such as a chemical)
free energy
chemical energy (potential energy) stored in the ___ ___
chemical bonds
∆G
delta G meaning change and G is variable representing free energy
reaction in metabolism that releases energy
exergonic reaction
-catabolic process-
reaction in metabolism that absorbs energy
endergonic reaction
-anabolic process-
-∆G means it’s an ____ reaction
exergonic
*also if the products have less energy than the reactants because energy was released
+∆G means it’s an ____ reaction
endergonic *reactants have less energy than the products
A cell does 3 main kinds of work
- chemical (chemical reactions)
- transport (moving materials around)
- mechanical
(locomotion)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of ___,___, and ___ _____ ____
a ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups
a catalytic protein
enzyme
Anything that ends in -ase is a … (i.e. sucrase)
enzyme
Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the ___- _____
EA (activation energy) barrier
chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
catalyst
Enzymes do not affect ……. instead, they speed up reactions that could occur eventually
the change in free energy (∆G)
the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the ___ ___ of ___, or ____ _____ (Ea)
free energy of activation, or activation energy
The active site can lower an EA barrier by…
orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing a favorable microenvironment
nonprotein enzyme helpers, organic cofactor including vitamins
cofactors
bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective
noncompetitive inhibitors
An enzyme’s activity can be affected by…
general environment factors, such as temperature and pH
chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme
Shape of Enzymes
active site (pocket shape) that can fit a substrate (puzzle piece concept)
bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate
competitive inhibitors
prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than is needed
feedback inhibition
eat other living things to aquire energy-containing molecules
heterotrophs
capture energy from light to generate energy-containing molecules by photosynthesis
autotrophs
_______ generates O(2) and carbohydrates
photosynthesis
O(2) and carbohydrates are used in ____ ____
cellular respiration
process of releasing chemical energy from glucose to make ATP which fuels cellular reactions/functions -(when oxygen is present)
cellular respiration
C(6)H(12)O(6) + O(2)»_space;»>
CO(2) + H(2)O + ATP
the reactions that can add energy to a product (by transferring an electron to it)
redox reactions
atp is a molecule that is like a fully charged battery containing energy
redox reactoins
the “____” molecule contains more energy that can be released to fuel chemical reactions. Called “____” because the charge is more negative (lower) -gained an electron
reduced
ADP is the oxidized form (T or F)
True
“ase” at the end of a word is enzyme
“ase” at the end of a word is enzyme
In Eukaryotes, cellular respiration happens in/around the
Mitochondria
taking glucose (C6H12O6) in the prescence of Oxygen (O2) and making ATP, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as a byproduct
cellular respiration
Step 1 in cellular respiration
glycolysis
Step 1 location in Eukaryote
cytoplasm
Step 2 cellular respiration
krebs cycle
Step 2 location in Eukaryotes
mitochondrial matrix
step 3 cellular respiration
electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
step 3 location in Eukaryotes
inner mitochondrial membrane
1 glucose makes about how many ATP?
32!
Where does cellular respiration happen in prokaryotes?
cell membrane
glucose molecule goes in, splits in half and 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH comes out
step 1 glycosis cellular respiration
2 Pyruvates go in, 2 ATP, 6NADH, 2 FADH2 come out
carrying large quantities of energy
step 2 krebs cycle cellular respiration
BIG step
remaining NADH + FADH2 goes in and 28 ATP comes out
step 3 electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
cellular respiration
process of H+ ions flowing through the enzyme ATP synthase
chemiosmosis
