Chapter 8&9 Flashcards
An organism’s ___ transforms matter and energy to perform work
metabolism
the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
metabolism
A ___ ___ begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
metabolic pathway
consume energy to build larger molecules from simpler ones
anabolic pathways
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
i.e chemical energy
potential energy
Energy of the universe is constant, it can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
first law of thermodynamics
____ ____ release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
catabolic pathways
energy associated with motion
i.e. heat (thermal energy)
kinetic energy
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
the energy available to do work within something (such as a chemical)
free energy
chemical energy (potential energy) stored in the ___ ___
chemical bonds
∆G
delta G meaning change and G is variable representing free energy
reaction in metabolism that releases energy
exergonic reaction
-catabolic process-
reaction in metabolism that absorbs energy
endergonic reaction
-anabolic process-
-∆G means it’s an ____ reaction
exergonic
*also if the products have less energy than the reactants because energy was released
+∆G means it’s an ____ reaction
endergonic *reactants have less energy than the products
A cell does 3 main kinds of work
- chemical (chemical reactions)
- transport (moving materials around)
- mechanical
(locomotion)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of ___,___, and ___ _____ ____
a ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups
a catalytic protein
enzyme
Anything that ends in -ase is a … (i.e. sucrase)
enzyme
Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the ___- _____
EA (activation energy) barrier
chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
catalyst
Enzymes do not affect ……. instead, they speed up reactions that could occur eventually
the change in free energy (∆G)
the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the ___ ___ of ___, or ____ _____ (Ea)
free energy of activation, or activation energy
