Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Lab Practical #2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

The amount of air passing in and out of the respiratory tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

The max amount of air inhaled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

The max amount of air exhaled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air always in the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

The total amount of exchangeable air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

The max amount of air the lungs can contain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is function residual capacity (FRC)?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

Max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Volume = ____

A

Measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Capacity = ____

A

Calculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the value of FVC represent?

A

The total amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximum inhalation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the value of forced expiratory volume at 1 section (FEV1) represent?

A

How much of the FVC can be expelled in the first second.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the normal ratio value of FEV1/FVC?

A

Greater than 75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What value should the FVC be to be considered normal?

A

Greater than 80% of the predicted value.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is emulsification?

A

It is a digestive process in which large lipid droplets are broken down into several small lipid droplets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

A substance (like bile) which breaks down large lipid droplets into small lipid droplets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How was the emulsification experiment set up?

A

o Tube 1 was filled with water and oil.
o Tube 2 was filled with water, oil and bile salt solution.
o Close both tubes and shake for 30 seconds.
o Observe tubes directly after shaking for which tube had the larger lipid droplets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Did emulsification occur in tube 1 or tube 2 of the emulsification experiment?

A

Tube 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the purpose of the bile salt solution is the emulsification experiment?

A

The bile salt solution was the emulsifier used to break down the lipid droplets into smaller lipid droplets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is the result of the emulsification experiment related to the role of bile in lipid digestion in the GI tract?

A

Bile in your body breaks down lipids into smaller pieces to increase the surface area of the fat, making it easier for digestion. In the experiment, the bile salt solution broke down the lipid (oil) to aid in digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To take ingested foods and break them down physically and chemically into small enough particles so that nutrients can be absorbed into the blood or lymphatic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The physical breakdown of lipids by bile salts is called ____.

A

Mechanical digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chemical digestive reactions must have a ____ and an ____ as ____.

A

Substrate, enzyme, reactants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a substrate in a chemical digestive reaction?

A

It’s a substance that the enzyme is acting on (it undergoes a chemical change).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the enzyme in a chemical digestive reaction?

A

The enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst to break down large food molecules into smaller, absorbable components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are reagents?

A

Chemical indicators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a negative control?

A

An experimental set up where nothing is expected to happen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

For an enzymatic reaction, a negative control would not include the ____, ____, or ____.

A

Substrate, enzyme, both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is a control group important in an experiment?

A

It validates when a reaction does occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pH > 7 means it is ____.

A

Basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pH < 7 means it is ____.

A

Acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What were the reactants in the lipid digestion experiment?

A

Heavy cream, bile, water, and lipase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How was the lipid digestion experiment set up?

A

o Label the tubes A through C.
o Add heavy cream and water to tube A.
o Add heavy cream, bile, and water to tube B.
o Add heavy cream, bile, and lipase to tube C.
o Close all tube caps tightly and shake for 30 seconds.
o Record the initial color of all tubes.
o Place tubes in tube floater and then into water bath for 30 min.
o Take tubes out of water bath, observe final color, and record info.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What was the substrate in the lipid digestion experiment?

A

Heavy cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What was the enzyme in the lipid digestion experiment?

A

Lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What was the pH indicator in the lipid digestion experiment?

A

Bromothymol blue

37
Q

What color does bromothymol blue turn in an acidic environment?

A

Yellow

38
Q

What color does bromothymol blue turn in a basic environment?

A

Blue

39
Q

What tube(s) were the negative controls in the lipid digestion experiment?

A

Tube A

40
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, the solution’s color becoming yellow indicates the pH is ____ and ____ digestion occurred.

A

Acidic, more

41
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, what were the products?

A

Fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides.

42
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, what were the reactants?

A

Heavy cream, bile, water, and lipase.

43
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, heavy whipping cream was used because it contained ____.

A

Fat

44
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added to normalize the ____.

A

pH

45
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, bile salt was added to act as an ____.

A

Emulsifier

46
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, lipase was added to act as an ____.

A

Enzyme

47
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, which tube had the most lipid digestion? How did you know?

A

Tube C because it had lipase in it. Lipase breaks down lipids for digestion.

48
Q

In the lipid digestion experiment, what was the reason for the change of pH at the end?

A

As fats are broken apart, fatty acid chains are released which lowers the pH.

49
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, pepsin is a digestive ____.

A

Enzyme

50
Q

In what type of environment is pepsin activity the greatest?

A

An acidic environment.

51
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, what were the products?

A

The short chain peptides.

52
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, what was the substrate?

A

Albumin

53
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, what was the reagent?

A

Biuret

54
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, what were the reactants?

A

Albumin, pepsin, hydrochloric acid, and water.

55
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, what tube was the negative control? Why?

A

Tube A because it had no protein.

56
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, hydrochloric acid is used to ____.

A

Modify the pH

57
Q

In the protein digestion experiment, why was hydrochloric acid included in the digestion of proteins with pepsin?

A

It creates the acidic environment necessary for pepsin to function.

58
Q

Biuret reagent will indicate levels of partially digested peptides. Pale blue indicates ____.

A

Negative for protein.

59
Q

Biuret reagent will indicate levels of partially digested peptides. Purple indicates ____.

A

Positive for protein.

60
Q

Biuret reagent will indicate levels of partially digested peptides. Light pink/lavender indicates ____.

A

Shorter peptides present.

61
Q

In the protein experiment, what tube had protein digestion? Why?

A

Tube C because it was the only tube that contained pepsin. And pepsin breaks down proteins.

62
Q

In the protein experiment, what tube had no digestion? How did you know?

A

Tube A because the color was pale blue, which means no proteins present.

63
Q

In the starch digestion, what tube was the negative control?

A

Tube A

64
Q

In the starch digestion, which tube had the most digestion complete? Why??

A

Tube F because this solution had the longest time to digest. The longer it sits, the more the starch breaks down.

65
Q

In the starch digestion, which tube has the least digestion? Why?

A

Tube A because it was the negative control. It had no starch.

66
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what was the substrate?

A

Starch

67
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what was the enzyme?

A

Amylase

68
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what was the reagent?

A

Lugol’s solution

69
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what were the reactants?

A

Starch, water, and amylase.

70
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what were the products?

A

The simple sugars (disaccharides and monosaccharides).

71
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what does the Lugol’s solution do?

A

It detects the change in starch level over time/it detects the presence of starches.

72
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what does it mean when the Lugol’s solution is pale yellow?

A

There is no starch present.

73
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what does it mean when the Lugol’s solution is dark purple/black?

A

There is starch present.

74
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, what color is Lugol’s solution when there is less starch present?

A

Lighter purple

75
Q

How was the starch digestion experiment set up?

A

o Label tubes A through F.
o Shake the reactants before pipetting.
o Add the solutions to the tubes in order.
o Add just water to tube A.
o Add water and starch to tube B.
o Shake tubes A and B for 30 seconds.
o Add 3 drops of Lugol’s solution to tubes A and B, close tightly and invert to mix, and record the initial color after mixing.
o Add starch and amylase to tubes C through F.
o Perform the Lugol’s test on 1 tube every 10 minutes.
o Add 3 drops of Lugol’s solution to tubes c through F.
o Close the tubes tightly, invert to mix, and record the initial color after mixing.

76
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, why was amylase used?

A

Because it’s an enzyme that specifically breaks down starch into smaller molecules.

77
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, why was starch used?

A

It’s used as a substrate to visually observe the breakdown process by an enzyme.

78
Q

In the starch digestion experiment, why was Lugol’s solution used?

A

Lugol’s solution detects the presence or absence of starch.

79
Q

What is turbidity?

A

The cloudiness of a liquid.

80
Q

What does a cloudy (turbid) appearance indicate in urine?

A

It indicates abnormal urine contents (such as proteins, salts, cells and cellular contents).

81
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

Density of a fluid as compared to distilled water.

82
Q

Specific gravity can be used as an indicator for ____ of the fluid.

A

Osmolarity

83
Q

Does specific gravity have a unit (like cm/kg/lb. etc.) associated with it? Why or why not?

A

No because it is a comparative number.

84
Q

What are urine sediments?

A

Microscopic solids that collect at the bottom of a centrifuged urine sample; includes normal and abnormal urine components.

85
Q

How is the urine hydrometer used to measure specific gravity?

A

It floats in a urine sample. The level at which it floats on the graduated scale indicates the urine’s density compared to water.

86
Q

What is the range of normal specific gravity values?

A

1.010 – 1.025

87
Q

How do you use the urispec strips for determining urinalysis results?

A

o Place urine sample into a test tube.
o Completely immerse the urispec strip in the urine for approx. 1 second.
o Remove the strip and draw it across the top of the test tube to remove excess urine.
o Place strip on a paper towel. Hold strip in horizontal position to prevent mixing of chemicals.
o After 30 seconds, compare the test strip with the color scale on the urispec bottle.

88
Q

What product facilitates emulsification??

A

Bile salts

89
Q

What does emulsification do??

A

It increases the surface area for digestive enzymes.

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions