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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Lab Practical #1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical #1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are blood types determined?

A

Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of your RBCs. Whether you have a negative or positive blood type is determined based on if you have anti D antigens or not.

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2
Q

What are the different blood types?

A

A, B, AB, and O.

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3
Q

What is your blood type if you have the presence of D antigen in your blood?

A

Positive

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4
Q

What is your blood type if you don’t have the presence of D antigen in your blood?

A

Negative

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5
Q

What is the role of surface antigens on RBCs in determining blood type?

A

Whichever antigen/s you have on the surface of your RBCs is the blood type that you have.

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6
Q

What are blood types based on?

A

Blood types are based on the interactions between antigens and antibodies.

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7
Q

A person with blood type A has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?

A

Antigen A

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8
Q

A person with blood type B has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?

A

Antigen B

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9
Q

A person with blood type AB has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?

A

Both antigen A and B

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10
Q

A person with blood type O has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?

A

Neither A nor B

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11
Q

Anti-A antibodies bind to which antigen?

A

Antigen A

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12
Q

Anti-B binds to which antigen?

A

Antigen B

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13
Q

How does the presence or absence of Rh antigen on RBCs determine whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative?

A

A person who is Rh positive won’t make anti-Rh antibodies. A person who is Rh negative will make anti-Rh antibodies.

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14
Q

Blood type A can donate to which blood types?

A

A or AB

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15
Q

Blood type B can donate to which blood types?

A

B or AB

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16
Q

Blood type AB can donate to which blood types?

A

AB

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17
Q

Blood type O can donate to which blood types?

A

O, A, B, or AB

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18
Q

Blood type A can receive blood from which blood types?

A

O or A

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19
Q

Blood type B can receive blood from which blood types?

A

O or B

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20
Q

Blood type AB can receive blood from which blood types?

A

O, A, B, or AB

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21
Q

Blood type O can receive blood from which blood types?

A

O

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22
Q

What blood type is called the universal donor?

A

Type O

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23
Q

What blood type is called the universal recipient?

A

Type AB

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24
Q

What happens when an incorrect ABO or Rh blood type is transfused?

A

The recipient’s immune system attacks the donor cells. Agglutination/blood clotting occurs.

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25
Q

How does the blood typing procedure work?

A

o A few drops of blood are placed in each well.
o Then a few drops of anti-serum are placed in each correct well. Anti-A in well labeled A, Anti-B in well labeled B, and Anti-Rh in well labeled Rh.
o Mix each well with a separate toothpick.
o Look for a cloudy, crystalline, or clumpy appearance for a positive reaction.

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26
Q

How is blood typing determined with the blood typing procedure?

A

If any of the wells of blood mixed with anti-serum get a cloudy, crystalline, or clumpy appearance then there is a positive reaction. Agglutination occurs and determines what blood type the person has based on which wells coagulate.

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27
Q

What 3 types of WBC’s are classified as granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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28
Q

What 2 types of WBC’s are classified as agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

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29
Q

What does a hemoglobinometer measure? What is the unit of measure?

A

It measures the amount of hemoglobin in a blood sample. Grams per deciliter (g/dL).

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30
Q

How is a hemoglobinometer used?

A

o Turn on and wait for “test card” symbol to appear.
o Insert the black test card in the hemoglobinometer. The arrow on test card needs to be facing up.
o Wait until “blood drop” symbol appears. Add a small drop of blood in the center of test card.
o Read and record the value.
o Remove and discard the test card.

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31
Q

What is the normal range of hemoglobin in males?

A

13 to 18 g/dL

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32
Q

What is the normal range of hemoglobin in females?

A

11.5 – 16 g/dL

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33
Q

How is a hematocrit measurement done using a ruler?

A

o Gently invert the bottle to mix the simulated blood.
o Remove the rubber stopper.
o Place the capillary tube inside the blood in the bottle.
o Tilt the bottle and the tube until you see blood climbing up the tube.
o Fill the tube 2/3 full.
o Put your finger over the clean end of tube to prevent blood from leaking out. Place the critoseal (clay plug) to block the end for centrifuging.
o Measure the length of the packed RBCs from the end to the buffy coat in millimeters (mm).
o Measure the total length of the blood column in millimeters (mm).
o Calculate the percentage of hematocrit using the formula.

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34
Q

What is the formula for hematocrit (with ruler)? What is the unit of measure?

A

Length of RBCs (packed blood cells) in tube (mm) divided by the total length of blood column in tube (mm). Then multiply by 100. The unit of measure is millimeters.

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35
Q

What is the hematocrit normal range value for males?

A

39% - 54%

36
Q

What is the hematocrit normal range value for females?

A

35% - 48%

37
Q

What is the purpose for doing a differential white blood cell count?

A

It is used to diagnose infections.

38
Q

If neutrophils counts are high, you should suspect ____.

A

Bacterial infection

39
Q

If lymphocytes counts are high, you should suspect ____.

A

Virus

40
Q

If eosinophils counts are high, you should suspect ____. What else could it be?

A

Parasitic worms. Allergy

41
Q

If lymphocytes counts are low, you should suspect ____.

A

AIDS (HIV infection)

42
Q

If band neutrophil counts are high, you should expect ____.

A

Acute bacterial infection

43
Q

If there are atypical lymphocytes present, you should expect _____.

A

Infectious mononucleosis

44
Q

What is the tricuspid?

A

The right atrioventricular valve.

45
Q

What is the bicuspid?

A

The left atrioventricular valve.

46
Q

What are the 3 principal deflections above and below the baseline in an ECG?

A

P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.

47
Q

What cardiac event generates the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization.

48
Q

What cardiac event generates the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization.

49
Q

What cardiac event generates the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization.

50
Q

How do you measure the T2-T1 duration on the iWorx ECG screen?

A

o Click analysis
o Click add function, general, and then T2-T1.
o Position one red cursor at the peak of the R wave. Position the other red cursor at the peak of the next R wave.
o Record the T2-T1 value given at the top.

51
Q

What is T2-T1? What is the unit of measure?

A

The duration between ECG events. Unit of measure is milliseconds

52
Q

How do you calculate BMP if given the R-R (T2-T1) duration?

A

Divide the R-R duration by 60.

53
Q

What is an arrythmia?

A

An irregular heartbeat. The heart beats too slowly, too quickly, or with an irregular rhythm.

54
Q

What is an atrial flutter?

A

A type of abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when the chambers beat faster than normal and not always in coordination.

55
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

The ventricles quiver instead of contracting normally. This prohibits the heart from pumping blood causing collapse and cardiac arrest.

56
Q

What is long QT syndrome (LQTS)?

A

A heart rhythm disorder that causes a prolonged QT interval on an EKG.

57
Q

What is the most serious abnormal heart rhythm?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

58
Q

What is the difference between LQTS and a normal sinus rhythm?

A

Normally, the time between the Q wave and T wave is about a third of each heartbeat cycle. However, in people who have LQTS, the QT interval lasts longer than normal.

59
Q

Where is the location of the radial artery pulse point?

A

It’s located on the wrist, on the thumb side, just below the base of the thumb, in the groove between the wrist bone and the tendon on the thumb side.

60
Q

Where is the location of the carotid artery pulse point?

A

It’s located on either side of the front of the neck, just below the angle of the jaw, in the soft hollow area next to the windpipe.

61
Q

What are the 2 measurements taken using a pulse oximeter?

A

Pulse rate and SpO2

62
Q

What is the pulse rate?

A

A measurement of how many times your heart beats per minute.

63
Q

What is the SpO2 values?

A

Blood oxygen saturation.

64
Q

At what values does a SpO2 reading indicate inadequate oxygen levels in blood?

A

Below 92%

65
Q

What are the 4 major parts of a sphygmomanometer?

A

o Cuff
o Dial
o Metal dial
o Rubber squeeze bulb

66
Q

How do you properly use a sphygmomanometer?

A

o Place the cuff around upper arm.
o Squeeze the bulb to inflate the pressure high enough to completely block blood flow through the brachial artery.
o Place the stethoscope over your brachial artery, which is the bend of your elbow.
o Slowly release the air from the cuff while listening to the sounds of blood pumping through your artery.

67
Q

How many Korotkoff sounds are there?

A

5

68
Q

What do the Korotkoff sounds indicate?

A

A different phase of blood pressure.

69
Q

What are the 5 Korotkoff sounds?

A

o Phase 1: a sharp tapping sound that indicates the systolic blood pressure.
o Phase 2: a swishing sound that indicates blood flow.
o Phase 3: a softer thumping sound.
o Phase 4: a muffled thumping sound.
o Phase 5: silence, which indicates the diastolic blood pressure.

70
Q

Systolic blood pressure is indicated by what Korotkoff sound?

A

A sharp tapping sound.

71
Q

Diastolic blood pressure is indicated by what Korotkoff sound?

A

Silence

72
Q

What creates the sharp tapping sound known as systolic blood pressure?

A

The sudden rush of blood through the partially compressed artery under the blood pressure cuff.

73
Q

What creates the silence known as diastolic blood pressure?

A

The point where the artery is no longer being compressed enough to create turbulent blood flow, allowing for smooth blood flow and silence.

74
Q

What artery is used for blood pressure measurements?

A

The brachial artery in the arm.

75
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure – diastolic pressure = pulse pressure

76
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

Pulse pressure x 1.7 = stroke volume

77
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

o Stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output
o Then you have to convert the answer to Liters by dividing answer by 1000.

78
Q

Differentiate a vein from an artery.

A

A vein carries blood towards the heart, while an artery carries blood away from the heart.

79
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima.

80
Q

What is the percentage of segmented neutrophils in a differential WBC count?

A

50% to 65%

81
Q

What is the percentage of eosinophils in a differential WBC count?

A

0% to 5%

82
Q

What is the percentage of basophils in a differential WBC count?

A

0% to 2%

83
Q

What is the percentage of normal lymphocytes in a differential WBC count?

A

15% to 40%

84
Q

What is the percentage of monocytes in a differential WBC count?

A

0% to 10%

85
Q

What is the percentage of band neutrophils in a differential WBC count?

A

0% to 5%

86
Q

What is the percentage of atypical lymphocytes in a differential WBC count?

A

0% to 1%

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (7 decks)

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