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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 20: Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Pipes or tubes that carry blood.

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2
Q

How many types of blood vessels are there?

A

5

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3
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels?

A

o Arteries
o Arterioles
o Capillaries
o Venules
o Veins

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4
Q

Arteries becomes smaller arteries called ____.

A

Arterioles

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5
Q

Arterioles lead on to ____.

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

Capillaries lead on to smaller and medium sized veins called ____.

A

Venules

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7
Q

Venules lead on to ____.

A

Veins

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8
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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9
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

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10
Q

What do capillaries connect?

A

The smallest arteries to the smallest veins.

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11
Q

Most arteries carry ____.

A

Oxygenated blood

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12
Q

There is 1 artery that does not carry oxygenated blood. What is it called?

A

Pulmonary artery

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13
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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14
Q

Most veins carry ____.

A

Deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

There is 1 vein that does not carry deoxygenated blood. What is it called?

A

Pulmonary veins

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16
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

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17
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smaller arteries

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18
Q

What are arterioles typically called? Why?

A

Resistance vessels, because they are the ones that are restricting the flow of blood to the capillaries.

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19
Q

What does it mean that it is a closed circulatory system?

A

A pipe/tube will start at one place and come back again to the same place.

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20
Q

What are capillaries also called?

A

Exchange vessels

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21
Q

Why are capillaries called exchange vessels?

A

Because oxygen and nutrients are exchanged from the capillaries to the cells. Waste products and carbon dioxide are taken from the cells back into the capillaries.

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22
Q

What are the thinnest, smallest, and microscopic blood vessels?

A

Capillaries

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23
Q

What 3 layers make up the blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica interna, Tunica media, and tunica externa.

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24
Q

What is the innermost layer of the blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica interna

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25
Q

What is the middle layer of the blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica media

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26
Q

What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica externa

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27
Q

What is lumen of a blood vessel?

A

The central space through which blood flows.

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28
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel wall is closest to the blood?

A

Tunica interna

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29
Q

What type of epithelium is the tunica interna layer of a blood vessel made up of? What is it called?

A

Simple squamous epithelium. Endothelium

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30
Q

Which arteries are bigger? Elastic or muscular?

A

Elastic

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31
Q

What are the main elastic/conducting arteries?

A

Aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, and common iliac arteries.

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32
Q

What are the main muscular arteries?

A

Brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries.

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33
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls the ____ muscle, _____ muscle, and the ____.

A

Smooth, cardiac, glands

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34
Q

Which autonomic NS controls smooth muscle?

A

Sympathetic NS

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35
Q

Blood flows to serve ____.

A

Tissue needs

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36
Q

What 3 factors help in circulation (flow of blood)?

A

Blood flow, blood pressure, and total peripheral resistance.

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37
Q

Blood flow = ____.

A

Cardiac output

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38
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The volume of blood flowing through the entire body in a given period of time.

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39
Q

What is blood flow measured in?

A

mL/min or L/min

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40
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by the blood on its vessel wall.

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41
Q

What artery is used to measure blood pressure? What tool is used?

A

Brachial artery, sphygmomanometer.

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42
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Peak arterial blood pressure taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole).

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43
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Minimum arterial blood pressure taken during ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats.

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44
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

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45
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

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46
Q

Does the heart spend more time in diastole or systole?

A

Diastole

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47
Q

Exchanges between the blood and surrounding tissues are made only through ____.

A

Capillary walls

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48
Q

What is venous return?

A

The flow of blood back to the heart.

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49
Q

When does blood flow?

A

Only when there is a pressure gradient.

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50
Q

F = ____.

A

Blood flow

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51
Q

F can also be equal to ____.

A

Cardiac output

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52
Q

Formula: BP =

A

(Triangle)Pr

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53
Q

(Triangle) =

A

Gradient

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54
Q

Pr =

A

Blood pressure

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55
Q

Greater the pressure, greater the ____.

A

Blood flow

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56
Q

What is total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

A

The combined obstruction of all arterioles of the body.

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57
Q

In total peripheral resistance (TPR), peripheral refers to ____?

A

The arterioles.

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58
Q

Peripheral means ____.

A

On the outskirt.

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59
Q

In total peripheral resistance (TPR), resistance refers to ____?

A

Obstruction or constriction.

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60
Q

Greater the obstruction, less the ____.

A

Blood flow.

61
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

(Triangle)PR divided by TPR.

62
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

MABP divided by TPR.

63
Q

What does MABP stand for?

A

Mean arterial blood pressure.

64
Q

What is the formula for MABP?

A

CO x TRP

65
Q

The body maintains homeostasis by ____ and ____.

A

CO and TPR.

66
Q

How do you calculate MABP?

A

o Measure systolic BP and diastolic BP
o Calculate pulse pressure (PP) = Systolic BP – Diastolic BP
o MABP = (Pulse Pressure divided by 3) + Diastolic BP

67
Q

What is the range of MABP?

A

90-110 mm of Hg

68
Q

What nervous system has control over all the blood vessels?

A

The sympathetic nervous system.

69
Q

What nervous system has no effect over the blood vessels?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system.

70
Q

What nervous system is activated when the MABP falls below 90 mm of HG?

A

The sympathetic nervous system.

71
Q

What happens when the MABP falls below 90 mm of HG?

A

o The sympathetic nervous system is activated.
o It keeps the blood vessels slightly contracted all the time.
o It stimulates the kidneys to release renin.

72
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

The degree to which blood vessels contract or relax.

73
Q

What blood vessels are affected when the MABP falls below 90 mm of Hg?

A

Blood vessels of the skin, digestive tract, and urinary system.

74
Q

What happens to the skin, digestive tract, and urinary system when the MABP falls below 90 mm of Hg?

A

o The skin is cold and clammy.
o No digestion.
o Decrease in urine output.

75
Q

Why does MABP fall below 90 mm of Hg?

A

Because a loss of blood.

76
Q

What happens to the kidneys when the MABP falls below 90 mm of Hg?

A

The kidneys are stimulated to release renin into the blood vessels.

77
Q

What is renin?

A

An enzyme.

78
Q

What happens when the kidneys are stimulated to release renin?

A

o The liver makes a plasma protein called angiotensinogen (inactive plasma protein).
o Renin acts on Angiotensinogen and converts it into Angiotensin1 (active).
o Angiotensin1 is converted in the lungs to angiotensin2 by an enzyme called angiotensin converting enzyme.

79
Q

What 5 important factors does Angiotensin2 have?

A

o It is a potent vasoconstrictor.
o Stimulates thirst center.
o Directly stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water.
o Stimulates the adrenal gland (located on top of the kidneys) to release a hormone called aldoesterone.
o Stimulates the posterior pituitary to release Antidiuretics hormone to retain water.

80
Q

What do the 5 factors of angiotensin2 help with?

A

They help with homeostasis.

81
Q

What does the hormone aldosterone do?

A

It indirectly stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water.

82
Q

What does it mean that angiotensin2 is a potent vasoconstrictor?

A

It causes intense vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the skin, digestive tract, and urinary system.

83
Q

How does angiotensin2 being a potent vasoconstrictor help in homeostasis?

A

It increases the TPR. When there is an increase in TPR, the MABP goes up.

84
Q

What happens when angiotensin2 stimulates the thirst center?

A

It increases the blood volume, which then increases the cardiac output.

85
Q

How does angiotensin2 stimulating the thirst center help in homeostasis?

A

It increases the cardiac output, which increases the MABP.

86
Q

How does angiotensin2 directly stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water help in homeostasis?

A

Reabsorption increases the blood volume, which increases cardiac output, and the MABP goes up.

87
Q

How does angiotensin2 stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldoesterone help in homeostasis?

A

Mineralocorticoid increases the blood volume, which increases the cardiac output, and the MABP goes up.

88
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is also called ____?

A

Vasopressin

89
Q

How does angiotensin2 simulating the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone help in homeostasis?

A

Retaining water increases the blood volume, which increases the cardiac output, and the MABP goes up.

90
Q

What type of feedback is the process the body goes through after the MABP falls below 90 mm of Hg?

A

Negative feedback

91
Q

What part of your brainstem receives signals from sensory neurons when there are changes in blood pressure, carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen?

A

The medulla oblongata.

92
Q

What sensory neurons respond to changes in blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

93
Q

What sensory neurons respond to changes in carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen?

A

Chemoreceptors

94
Q

What autonomic nervous system does the medulla oblongata influence?

A

The medulla oblongata influences whichever autonomic nervous system that needs to react based on the signals it receives.

95
Q

Long term control of the MABP is by ____.

A

The kidneys

96
Q

Short term control of the MABP is by ____.

A

TPR

97
Q

What 3 factors is TPR influenced by?

A

Blood viscosity, the length of the blood vessels, and has an inverse relation (indirectly related) to fourth power of radius of blood vessels.

98
Q

In terms of TPR: greater the viscosity, ____.

A

Greater the TPR.

99
Q

In terms of TPR: greater the length of the blood vessels, ____.

A

Greater the TPR.

100
Q

In terms of TPR: greater the radius, ____.

A

Greater the TPR.

101
Q

Which of the 3 factors that influence TPR, has the greatest influence?

A

The radius

102
Q

What autonomic nervous system controls the radius of the blood vessels?

A

The sympathetic NS.

103
Q

Is TPR directly or indirectly related to blood viscosity?

A

Directly

104
Q

Is TPR directly or indirectly related to blood vessel length?

A

Directly

105
Q

Is TPR directly or indirectly related to the fourth power of the radius of blood vessels?

A

Indirectly

106
Q

What is the ratio of TPR to blood viscosity?

A

1:1

107
Q

What is the ratio of TPR to blood vessel length.

A

1:1

108
Q

What is the ratio of TPR to the fourth power of the radius of blood vessels?

A

1:4

109
Q

What is velocity?

A

Speed

110
Q

The velocity of blood flow is inversely related to what?

A

The cross-sectional area of the blood vessel

111
Q

What is the measurement of the cross-sectional area of the aorta?

A

2.5cm2

112
Q

What is the velocity of blood flow in the aorta?

A

40-50 cm/sec

113
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of the capillary?

A

4500cm2

114
Q

What is the velocity of blood flow in a capillary?

A

0.03 cm/sec

115
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of a vein?

A

8cm2

116
Q

What is the velocity of blood flow in a vein?

A

10cm/sec

117
Q

Does blood flow the fastest in the aorta, a capillary or a vein?

A

The aorta

118
Q

Why does blood flow the fastest in the aorta?

A

Blood flows with gravity which is why it is the fastest.

119
Q

Does blood flow the slowest in the aorta, a capillary or a vein?

A

A capillary

120
Q

Why does blood flow the slowest in a capillary?

A

To not damage the capillary. They have thin walls.

121
Q

Why does blood flow slower in the veins than the aorta?

A

Blood in the veins flows against gravity while blood in the aorta flows with gravity.

122
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow.

123
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of solutes from the capillaries to the cells.

124
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

A vesicle-mediated transport.

125
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

The movement of massive amounts of fluid and solutes from the capillaries to interstitial fluid to the cells, and vice versa.

126
Q

What is bulk flow needed for?

A

To maintain the volume and composition of interstitial fluid.

127
Q

Bulk flow includes what 2 functions?

A

Filtration and reabsorption

128
Q

Where does the filtration function of bulk flow happen?

A

It happens at the arterial end of the capillary.

129
Q

Why does the filtration function of bulk flow happen at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

Because of blood (hydrostatic) pressure. Blood (hydrostatic) pressure pushes out.

130
Q

Where does the reabsorption function of bulk flow happen?

A

It happens at the venular end of the capillary.

131
Q

Why does the reabsorption function of bulk flow happen at the venular end of the capillary?

A

Because of osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure pulls in.

132
Q

What is the BP of the capillary arterial end?

A

35 mm of Hg

133
Q

What is the BP of the capillary venular end?

A

25 mm of Hg

134
Q

What is the osmotic pressure of blood?

A

15 mm of Hg

135
Q

Is angiotensinogen an active or inactive plasma protein?

A

Inactive plasma protein

136
Q

Is angiotensin1 active or inactive?

A

Active

137
Q

Where are chemoreceptors contained?

A

The carotid body and and aortic bodies

138
Q

Where are baroreceptors contained?

A

In the carotid sinus

139
Q

Elastic arteries are also called _____. Why?

A

Pressure reservoirs because they are able to withstand that much of a pressure gradient from the left ventricle when it contracts and relaxes.

140
Q

Elastic arteries become smaller and become ____ arteries.

A

Muscular

141
Q

Muscular arteries are also called _____ arteries. Why?

A

Distributing because they distribute blood to specific organs.

142
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of a blood vessel.

143
Q

How does vasodilation happen?

A

It occurs from relaxation of the smooth muscle, allowing blood pressure to expand the vessel.

144
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of a blood vessel.

145
Q

How does vasoconstriction happen?

A

It occurs when the smooth muscle of the tunica media contracts.

146
Q

Why do arteries have so much more elastic than veins do?

A

Veins are subjected to less pressure than arteries so they have less need for elasticity.

147
Q

Which arteries are bigger? Elastic or muscular arteries?

A

Elastic

148
Q

Describe the role of arterioles in regulation of blood flow from the arteries into
the capillaries

A

The smooth muscle lining of arterioles allows them to actively change their diameter, either constricting to reduce blood flow or dilating to increase flow.

149
Q

Describe the difference between filtration and reabsorption in a capillary.

A

Filtration is the movement of blood from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. Reabsorption is the movement of fluid from the tissues back into the blood vessel.

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (7 decks)

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