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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 22: Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?

A

For air to come in and go out.

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2
Q

What are the 4 steps of respiratory physiology?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. Exchanges of respiratory gases
  3. Transport of respiratory gases (both oxygen and carbon dioxide) by the blood.
  4. Exchange of oxygen from oxygenated blood to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to deoxygenated blood.
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3
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing

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4
Q

What 2 exchanges of respiratory gases occurs?

A
  1. Oxygen from the lungs to deoxygenated blood.
  2. Carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
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5
Q

The process of the exchanging of respiratory gases is also called ____.

A

External respiration

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6
Q

What part of the blood transports the respiratory gases?

A

RBCs, specifically hemoglobin transports these gases.

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7
Q

The exchange of oxygen from oxygenated blood to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to deoxygenated blood is also called ____ or ____.

A

Internal/cellular respiration or the Krebs’ cycle.

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8
Q

What system performs steps 1 and 2 of respiratory physiology?

A

The respiratory system

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9
Q

What system performs steps 3 and 4 of respiratory physiology?

A

The circulatory system

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10
Q

What are the 13 structures of the respiratory system in order?

A

o (1) Nose
o (2) Nasal cavity
o (3) Pharynx (throat)
o (4) Larynx
o (5) Trachea
o (6) Right and left main/primary bronchi
o (7) Secondary bronchi
o (8) Tertiary bronchi
o (9) Bronchioles
o (10) Terminal bronchioles
o (11) Respiratory bronchioles
o (12) Alveolar ducts
o (13) Alveolus

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11
Q

What 2 tracts is the pharynx common to?

A

Both the respiratory tract and digestive tract.

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12
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the right side and how many are on the left side?

A

3 secondary bronchi on the right side and 2 on the left side.

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13
Q

What is from the nose to the terminal bronchioles called?

A

The conducting zone/region of the respiratory tract.

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14
Q

Why is nose to the terminal bronchioles called the conducting zone/region of the respiratory tract?

A

Because air passes through.

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15
Q

What is the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolus called?

A

The respiratory zone.

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16
Q

Why is the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolus called the respiratory zone?

A

Because the exchange of respiratory gases are taking place.

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17
Q

Clinically, the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx are the ____.

A

Upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

Clinically, from the larynx to the lungs is the ____.

A

Lower respiratory system.

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19
Q

What is the only external visible part of the respiratory system?

A

The nose

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20
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nose?

A

 Air is filtered, warmed and humidified.
 It acts as a resonating chamber for speech.
 It houses the olfactory epithelium – sense of smell.

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21
Q

What is the structural framework of the nose?

A

Bones and cartilage

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22
Q

What are the 6 external structures of the nose?

A
  • Root
  • Bridge
  • Dorsum nasi
  • Apex
  • External nares
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23
Q

What is the root of the nose made up of?

A

Frontal bone

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24
Q

What is the bridge of the nose?

A

The nasal bone

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25
Q

What is the dorm ansi of the nose?

A

The sharp anterior border of the nose.

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26
Q

What is the apex of the nose?

A

The pointed tip of the nose.

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27
Q

What is the apex flared by? What direction is it flared?

A

Cartilages, laterally.

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28
Q

What are the external nares?

A

Nostrils which are the openings on the outside.

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29
Q

What is the philtrum?

A

An area inferior to the nose.

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30
Q

What are the 5 internal structures of the nose?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Midline nasal septum
  • Nasal vestibule
  • Roof of nasal cavity
  • Floor of nasal cavity
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31
Q

Where is the nasal cavity located?

A

Posterior to the external nares.

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32
Q

What is the midline nasal septum made up of anteriorly?

A

Nasal cartilage.

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33
Q

What is the midline nasal septum made up of posteriorly?

A

Vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.

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34
Q

Where is the nasal vestibule located?

A

Within the nasal cavity, posterior to the external nares.

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35
Q

What does the nasal vestibule have?

A

Course guard hairs called vibrissae.

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36
Q

What is the function of vibrissae ?

A

They block small insect and debris from entering the nose.

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37
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity made up of?

A

Sphenoid and ethmoid bone.

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38
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?

A

Hard palate

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39
Q

What part of the nasal cavity is lined by olfactory epithelium?

A

The roof of the nasal cavity.

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40
Q

What type of epithelium is olfactory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated (non-motile) columnar epithelium.

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41
Q

What sense is olfactory epithelium?

A

Sense of smell.

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42
Q

What is the rest of the nasal cavity lined by?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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43
Q

What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

A

Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated (ciliated meaning motile, it moves) columnar epithelium with giblet cells (secretes mucus).

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44
Q

What is the chamber behind the nasal vestibule made up of?

A

3 folds of tissue

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45
Q

What are the 3 folds of tissue that make up the chamber behind the nasal vestibule?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae.

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46
Q

What is meatus?

A

The narrow air passage beneath each concha

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47
Q

What is the anatomical location of the pharynx?

A

It extends from the base of the skull to C4.

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48
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A fibromuscular tube.

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49
Q

What is the pharynx commonly called?

A

The throat

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50
Q

The pharynx continues does the ____.

A

Esophagus

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51
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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52
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity

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53
Q

What is the nasopharynx lined with? Why?

A

It is lined with respiratory epithelium because air passes through it.

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54
Q

High up on the nasopharynx wall, posteriorly is a collection of ____ called ____ or ____.

A

Lymphoid tissue, pharyngeal tonsil, adenoids.

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55
Q

What opens up into the nasopharynx?

A

A Eustachian tube/auditory tube/pharyngotympanic tube.

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56
Q

Surrounding the eustachian tube/auditory tube/pharyngotympanic tube, there is a collection of ____ called ____.

A

Lymphoid tissue, tubal tonsils.

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57
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Posterior to the oval cavity

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58
Q

What is the oropharynx lined with? Why?

A

It is lined with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium because air and food passes through it.

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59
Q

What is at the base of the tongue?

A

The lingual tonsil

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60
Q

What is on the lateral walls of the oropharynx?

A

The palatine tonsil. ** This is the tonsil you typically think of.

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61
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

Posterior to the larynx.

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62
Q

What is the laryngopharynx lined with? Why?

A

It is lined with a stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium because air and water pass through it.

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63
Q

The larynxgopharynx continues down (into) the ____.

A

Esophagus

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64
Q

The larynx is also called the ____.

A

Voice box

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65
Q

What is the larynx?

A

It’s a cartilaginous tube.

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66
Q

Anatomically, where is the larynx located?

A

It extends from C4-C6.

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67
Q

The larynx continues down the ____.

A

Trachea

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68
Q

The larynx is made up of how many cartilages?

A

9

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69
Q

How many paired and unpaired cartilages is the larynx made up of?

A

3 pairs cartilages and 3 unpaired cartilages.

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70
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages that make up the larynx?

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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71
Q

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages that make up the larynx?

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

72
Q

Except for the epiglottis, all of the laryngeal cartilages are made up of ____.

A

Hyaline cartilage

73
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made up of?

A

Elastic cartilage

74
Q

Out of the 8 hyaline cartilages of the larynx, which is the largest?

A

The thyroid

75
Q

What is the shape of the thyroid?

A

Has a shield shape.

76
Q

Where does the thyroid fuse and what does it form?

A

It fuses in the midline and forms the “laryngeal prominence” or Adam’s apple.

77
Q

Why is the Adam’s apple more prominent in males?

A

Because of a hormone.

78
Q

At the ____ border of the thyroid cartilage, the ____ divides into the ____ and ____.

A

Superior, common carotid, external, internal carotid artery.

79
Q

From the thyroid to the ____ cartilages, seen of the posterior view, a pair of ____ are attached, and they are called ____.

A

Arytenoid, ligaments, vocal cords/vocal ligaments/true vocal cords.

80
Q

The medial pair of ligaments, also called the vocal cords/vocal ligaments/true vocal cords, function in what?

A

They function in the production of speech.

81
Q

What is the space between the true vocal cords called?

A

The glottis

82
Q

There is a lateral pair of ligaments on the interior wall of the larynx that are called ____.

A

Vestibular folds/ligaments or false vocal cords.

83
Q

What is the function of the false vocal cords.

A

They aid in swallowing.

84
Q

What is the trachea also called?

A

The windpipe

85
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A rough walled artery (air holder).

86
Q

The trachea is anterior to the ____.

A

Esophagus.

87
Q

Anatomically, where is the trachea located?

A

It extends from C6-T5.

88
Q

What is the length and diameter of the trachea?

A

It is 12 cm long and 2 cm in diameter.

89
Q

How many layers is the tracheal wall made up of?

A

3

90
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tracheal wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa layer
Adventitia

91
Q

What type of epithelium and connective tissue is the mucosa of the tracheal wall?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and loose connective tissue (areolar tissue).

92
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the tracheal wall?

A

It is mucus secreting glands.

93
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the tracheal wall supported by?

A

16-20 “C” shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, incomplete posteriorly.

94
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the tracheal wall covered by?

A

Smooth muscle called trachealis.

95
Q

What is the outermost layer of the tracheal wall?

A

The adventitia.

96
Q

What is the adventitia layer of the tracheal wall made up of?

A

Collagen fibers

97
Q

The trachea ends by dividing into what? Where does it divide at?

A

The right and left main/primary bronchi at T5

98
Q

What is the last piece of the tracheal cartilage called before it divides into the left and right main bronchi?

A

Carina

99
Q

What is carina?

A

A sensitive mucosa.

100
Q

The right main bronchi is ____, ____, and ____ with the ____>

A

Shorter, wider, vertical, trachea.

101
Q

The epithelium of the bronchial tree ____.

A

Change

102
Q

What are the epithelium changes of the bronchial tree?

A

The epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to simple columnar to simple cuboidal and then simple squamous.

103
Q

The cartilages of the bronchial tree _____.

A

Change

104
Q

What are the cartilage changes of the bronchial tree?

A

The cartilages changes from hyaline cartilage plates to irregular plates and no cartilage at the level of the bronchioles.

105
Q

As the amount of cartilage ____, smooth muscle in the bronchioles ____, and this is under the control of which autonomic nervous system? The broncho ____.

A

Decreases, increases, sympathetic NS. Dilates

106
Q

What is the first step in respiratory physiology?

A

Pulmonary ventilation/breathing.

107
Q

What 2 actions are involved in pulmonary ventilation/breathing?

A

Inhale and exhale.

108
Q

What type of process is inhalation?

A

An active process.

109
Q

How long does inhalation last for?

A

2 seconds

110
Q

What type of process is exhalation?

A

A passive process.

111
Q

How long does exhalation last for?

A

3 seconds

112
Q

How long is 1 respiratory rate/breath?

A

5 seconds

113
Q

How many breaths are there in a min?

A

12-14 breaths/min.

114
Q

What is quiet respiration?

A

Breathing while at rest; effortless and automatic.

115
Q

What is forced respiration?

A

Deep or rapid breathing, such as during exercise or playing an instrument.

116
Q

What are the 3 factors in pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Skeletal muscles of respiration
  • Pressures
  • Gas laws
117
Q

What are the 2 skeletal muscles of respiration?

A

The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.

118
Q

How much of the respiration work does the diaphragm do?

A

2/3 or 75%

119
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve.

120
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm?

A

Dome shaped

121
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

It flattens down, which increases the superior inferior diameter of the thoracic cavity.

122
Q

How much of the respiration work do the intercostal muscles do?

A

1/3 or 25%

123
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles located?

A

Between the ribs

124
Q

What happens when the intercostal muscles contract?

A

They increase the interior posterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, which increases the thoracic cavity volume.

125
Q

What is atmospheric pressure (Patm)?

A

The pressure exerted by all the gases of the atmosphere.

126
Q

What is alveolar/pulmonary pressure (Palv)?

A

The pressure exerted by gases in the alveolus (pressure in the lungs).

127
Q

Alveolar/pulmonary pressure can be ____, ____, or ____ atmospheric pressure.

A

Equal to, lesser than, greater than.

128
Q

What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)?

A

The pressure exerted by gases in the pleural cavity (pressure outside of the lungs, but in the pleural cavity).

129
Q

Is intrapleural pressure always negative or positive?

A

Negative

130
Q

What is the range of intrapleural pressure (Pip)?

A

-4 to -6 mm of Hg

131
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

The pressure exerted by gases inversely related to the volume of the container. P = 1/volume.

132
Q

What is the relationship between volume and pressure in regards to gas laws?

A

As the volume increases, the pressure decreases. When the volume decreases, the pressure increases.

133
Q

At the beginning of respiration, Palv ____ Patm.

A

Equals

134
Q

What is a spirometry?

A

It measures the amount of air in the respiratory tract.

135
Q

What 4 volumes are measured using a spirometry?

A
  • Tidal volume (TV)
  • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
    *Residual volume (RV)
136
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air passing in and out of the respiratory tract (500mL).

137
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The max amount of air inhaled.

138
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The max amount of air exhaled.

139
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air always in the lungs.

140
Q

What 4 capacities can be calculated with a spirometry?

A
  • Vital capacity (VC)
  • Total lung capacity (TLC)
  • Function residual capacity (FRC)
  • Inspiratory capacity (IC)
141
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The total amount of exchangeable air.

142
Q

What is the formula for vital capacity?

A

TV + IRV + ERV = VC

143
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain.

144
Q

What is the formula for total lung capacity?

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TLC

145
Q

What is function residual capacity?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amount that can never be voluntary exhaled.

146
Q

What is the formula for function residual capacity?

A

ERV + RV = FRC

147
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration.

148
Q

What is the formula for inspiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV = IC

149
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

150
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilatory volume (MVV)?

A

Respiratory rate x tidal volume

151
Q

What is dead air space?

A

The amount of air in the conducting zone of the respiratory tract.

152
Q

____ lb of body weight = ____ ml of dead air space

A

1, 1

153
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?

A

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) = respiratory rate x (TV – dead space air)

154
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure?

A

The total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases.

155
Q

What is the formula for Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure?

A

Patm = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH20 + P noble gases
(760 mm of Hg = 500 + 160 + 0.3)

156
Q

What is Henry’s Law of solubility?

A

At air water interface, the amount of gas that diffuses depends on the partial pressure and its solubility.

157
Q

Oxygen is transported from the ____ to all the ____ of our body.

A

Lungs, cells

158
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported from the ____ to the ____.

A

Cells, lungs

159
Q

What color is oxygenated blood? Where is it seen?

A

It’s bright red and is seen in the arteries.

160
Q

What is blood in the arteries called?

A

Arterial blood

161
Q

What color is deoxygenated blood? Where is it seen?

A

It’s dark red and is seen in the veins.

162
Q

What is blood in the veins called?

A

Veinous blood.

163
Q

What is the volume of blood in an adult human?

A

4 to 6L of blood.

164
Q

What are the functions of RBCs?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells/tissues and pick up CO2 from the cells/tissues and brings it to the lungs.

165
Q

____ of RBC cytoplasm is filled with a protein called ____.

A

33%, hemoglobin (Hb)

166
Q

How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin carry?

A

4 oxygen molecules

167
Q

Hemoglobin simultaneously carries ____ and ____.

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

168
Q

What is the structure of a hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin is made up of heme and globin. Heme is made up of iron (Fe) placed within a ringlike structure. Globin is the protein, made up of alpha and beta chains.

169
Q

Each Hb molecule consists of how many protein chains? What are they called?

A

4, globins

170
Q

How many alpha chains and beta chains does an adult Hb have?

A

2 alpha chains (alpha 1, alpha 2) and 2 beta chains (beta 1, beta 2).

171
Q

What are the oxygen molecules attached to on a hemoglobin?

A

Attached to the iron molecule.

172
Q

What is the carbon dioxide attached to on a hemoglobin? What is this called?

A

Attached to the globin chains. This is called carbamino hemoglobin.

173
Q

The bond between hemoglobin and oxygen is ____ and ____.

A

Loose, reversible

174
Q

Barometric pressure = ____.

A

Atmospheric pressure

175
Q

What is systemic gas exchange?

A

The unloading of oxygen and loading of carbon dioxide at the systemic capillaries.

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (7 decks)

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