Chapter 18: Blood Flashcards
What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart and the blood vessels.
What is cardiology?
The study of the heart.
What is angiology?
The study of the blood vessels.
What kind of tissue is blood?
A specialized connective tissue.
Why is blood a connective tissue?
It is made up of cells and ECM.
What is hematology?
The study of blood.
What are the major functions of blood?
Transportation, protection, and regulation.
What is the transport function of blood?
Blood carries/transports O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells.
Oxygen is transported from the ____ to all the ____ of our body.
Lungs, cells
Organic nutrients are transported from the ____ to all the ____ for use or for storage.
Digestive tract, cells
Carbon dioxide is transported from the ____ to the ____.
Cells, lungs
Waste products are transported from the ____ to the ____ for ____.
Cells, kidneys, excretion
What are examples of the waste products transported from the cells to the kidneys?
Bilirubin, creatinine, nucleic acids, and ammonia.
Hormones are ____ produced by ____.
Chemical messengers, endocrine glands
What is the protection function of blood?
Blood protects us from inflammation, limits the spread of infection, destroys microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralizes toxins, and initiates clotting.
What blood cells protect us from infections?
White blood cells
What cell fragments brings about a mechanism called clotting?
Platelets
What is the regulation function of blood?
Blood regulates fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and controls body temperature.
Blood regulates the ____ and ____ of ECF.
Volume, composition
What maintains the pH of ECF?
The proteins in blood.
When the body is overheating, how do the blood vessels regulate body temperature?
Through vasodilation.
When the body is shivering, how do blood vessels regulate body temperature?
Through constriction.
What are the physical characteristics of blood?
Color, volume, pH, osmolarity, viscosity, and temperature.
What color is oxygenated blood? Where is it seen?
It’s bright red and is seen in the arteries.
What is blood in the arteries called?
Arterial blood
What color is deoxygenated blood? Where is it seen?
It’s dark red and is seen in the veins.
What is blood in the veins called?
Veinous blood
What is the volume of blood in an adult human?
4 to 6L of blood.
What is the range pH of blood?
7.35 to 7.45
What is the pH of arterial blood?
7.45
What is the pH of veinous blood?
7.35
Why is the pH of arterial blood higher than veinous blood?
Arterial blood has less carbon dioxide, so it has more oxygen. Veinous blood has more carbon dioxide, so it has less oxygen.
What is osmolarity?
Total concentration of solute particles.
What is the osmolarity of blood?
300 milli osm/liter
What is viscosity?
Thickness of blood
What is the temperature of blood?
Slightly warmer than body temp, 38 C or 100.4F
What is blood plasma?
Matrix of blood (ECM).
What is blood plasma made up of?
Water, plasma proteins, and whatever the blood transports.
How much of the plasma is made up of water?
92%
How much of the plasma is made up of plasma proteins?
6% to 8%
How much of the plasma is made up of whatever the blood transports?
1% to 2%
What are formed elements? How many kinds are there?
Cell and cell fragments. 7
____ and the ____ make up blood.
Plasma, 7 formed elements
What is a hematocrit test?
A blood tests that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood.
What is venipuncture?
Puncture of a vein to withdraw a blood sample.
The ratio of ____ to the ____ is called hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV).
RBCs, whole entire blood
What is the RBC count in men?
4.6 to 6.2 million/μL.
What is the RBC count in women?
4.2 to 5.4 million/μL
μL means _____
Micrometer
What is the percentage of whole blood?
100%
What is the hemoglobin concentration of whole blood in men?
13 to 18 g/dL
What is the hemoglobin concentration of whole blood in women?
12 to 16 g/dL
dL means _____
Deciliter
In a hematocrit test, what element are the heaviest and settle first?
Erythrocytes aka RBCs.
What is the percentage of RBCs in men?
42% to 52% cells
What is the percentage of RBCs in women?
37% to 48% cells.
What is the buffy coat made up of?
White blood cells and platelets.
What is the percentage of buffy coat?
Less than 1%
What is the percentage of plasma?
55%
What is O2?
Oxygen
What is CO2?
Carbon dioxide
What is HHb?
Deoxyhemoglobin
What is HbO2?
Oxyhemoglobin
What is H+?
Hydrogen
What is HCO3-?
Bicarbonate
What is Cl-?
Chloride
What is CAH?
Carbon anhydrase
What is serum?
The remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed.
Serum is identical to plasma except for what?
It doesn’t have any fibrinogen.
What is fibrinogen?
It forms the framework of a blood clot.
Serum = plasma minus the ____.
Clotting factors
What is hemopoiesis?
The production of blood.
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
In the bone marrow.
What is the technical name for RBCs?
Erythrocytes
What is erythropoiesis?
RBC production.
What is a reticulocyte?
An immature RBC.
What do RBCs look like?
Very small, flexible, biconcave discs.
What is the size of RBCs?
7.5 μm diameter and 2.0 μm thick at rim.
Do RBCs have a nucleus?
No, they are anucleate.
Besides a nucleus, what else do RBCs not have?
No cellular organelles and no mitochondria.
What is the total number of RBCs in circulation?
4.5 to 6.5 million cells per cubic millimeter of blood.
What are the functions of RBCs?
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells/tissues and pick up CO2 from the cells/tissues and brings it to the lungs.
What do RBCs have to squeeze into?
Blood vessels called capillaries.
What is the size of capillaries?
8 μm in diameter.
How long are RBCs able to live in circulation?
120 days.
Where do RBCs go at the end of their 120 days?
To the spleen, which is called the graveyard for all the old and damaged RBCs.
What is the structure of an RBC?
Hemoglobin and carbon anhydrase in the cytoplasm of RBCs, glycolipids on the outer membrane, and inner membrane surface has proteins spectrin and actin.
____ of RBC cytoplasm is filled with a protein called ____.
33%, hemoglobin (Hb)