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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 25: Digestive system > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

1) The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.

A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen
B) in the pons and medulla
C) in the walls of the tract organs
D) in the oral cavity

A

In the walls of the tract organs

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2
Q

2) The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract
B) distribute hormones throughout the body
C) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

A

Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

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3
Q

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.

A) ingestion B) digestion C) absorption D) secretion

A

Digestion

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4
Q

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby
enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

A) absorption
B) secretion
C) mechanical digestion
D) chemical digestion

A

Chemical digestion

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5
Q

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.

A) lamina propria
B) mesenteries
C) serosal lining
D) mucosal lining

A

Mesenteries

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6
Q

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic
layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

A) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa
B) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
C) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
D) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

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7
Q

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

A) production of intrinsic factor
B) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
D) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells

A

Production of intrinsic factor

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8
Q

What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?

A) pulp
B) enamel
C) cementum
D) crown

A

Enamel

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9
Q

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.

A) submucosa
B) lamina propria
C) adventitia
D) serosa

A

Lamina propria

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10
Q

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to
release bile?

A) cholecystokinin
B) gastric inhibitor peptide
C) gastrin
D) secretin

A

Cholecystokinin

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11
Q

Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.

A) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs.
B) Bile functions to emulsify fats.
C) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.

A

Bile contains enzymes for digestion.

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12
Q

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which
of the following accomplish this task?

A) the rugae and haustra
B) the vast array of digestive enzymes
C) Brunner’s glands and Peyer Patches
D) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli

A

Plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli

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13
Q

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.

A) There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most children have all 32.
B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months.
C) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.
D) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.

A

There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.

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14
Q

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

A) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
B) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
C) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.
D) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth.

A

There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.

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15
Q

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

A) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
B) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus
C) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
D) cleanses the mouth

A

Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

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16
Q

The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?

A) serous cells and mucous cells
B) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells
C) parietal cells and glial cells
D) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells

A

Serous cells and mucous cells

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17
Q

The solutes contained in saliva include ________.

A) only proteases and amylase
B) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
C) only salts and minerals
D) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals

A

Electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA.

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18
Q

In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________.

A) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
B) is the only place where fats are completely digested
C) is the first site where absorption takes place
D) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins

A

Initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins

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19
Q

Chyme is created in the ________.

A) esophagus
B) small intestine
C) mouth
D) stomach

A

Stomach

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20
Q

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?

A) parietal cells
B) serous cells
C) mucous neck cells D) chief cells

A

Parietal cells

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21
Q

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released
directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?

A) mucous neck cells B) parietal cells
C) zymogenic cells
D) enteroendocrine cells

A

Enteroendocrine cells

22
Q

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________.

A) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time
B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients
C) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required
D) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought

A

Before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought.

23
Q

Peristaltic waves are ________.

A) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract
B) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract
C) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
D) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another.

24
Q

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions
are stimulated by the presence of ________.

A) starches and complex carbohydrates
B) protein and peptide fragments
C) fatty acids
D) simple carbohydrates and alcohols

A

Protein and peptide fragments.

25
Q

Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.

A) chief cells of the stomach
B) Brunner’s glands
C) parietal cells of the duodenum
D) goblet cells of the small intestine

A

Chief cells of the stomach.

26
Q

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

A) cholecystokinin
B) amylase
C) gastrin
D) trypsin

A

Amylase

27
Q

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.

A) hepatopancreatic ampulla
B) portal vein
C) bile canaliculus
D) pancreatic acini

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla.

28
Q

The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________.

A) diffusion
B) active transport
C) denatured
D) hydrolysis

A

Hydrolysis

29
Q

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation
for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

A) cholecystokinin
B) lipase
C) pepsin
D) rennin

A

Lipase

30
Q

Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.

A) hydrochloric acid
B) mucin
C) pepsinogen
D) rennin

A

Hydrochloric acid

31
Q

Hepatocytes do not ________.

A) produce digestive enzymes
B) process nutrients
C) detoxify toxic chemicals
D) store fat-soluble vitamins

A

Produce digestive enzymes.

32
Q

Which of the following is
not a phase of gastric secretion?

A) intestinal
B) cephalic
C) gastric
D) enterogastric

A

Enterogastric

33
Q

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

A) A
B) B12
C) K
D) C

A

B12

34
Q

Chief cells ________.

A) produce gastrin
B) produce mucin
C) produce pepsinogen
D) produce HC

A

Produce pepsinogen

35
Q

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.

A) catabolism
B) mastication
C) fermentation
D) anabolism

A

Catabolism

36
Q

The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.

A) liver
B) pancreas
C) spleen
D) stomach

A

Liver

37
Q

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.

A) submucosa
B) muscularis externa C) serosa
D) mucosa

A

Serosa

38
Q

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

A) proteins
B) lipids
C) starches
D) carbohydrates

A

Lipids

39
Q

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?

A) canine tooth
B) premolar tooth
C) incisor tooth
D) molar tooth

A

Canine tooth

40
Q

The lamina propria is composed of ________.

A) loose connective tissue
B) reticular connective tissue
C) dense regular connective tissue
D) dense irregular connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

41
Q

Which of the following is (are)
not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A) distention
B) peptides
C) low acidity
D) carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates

42
Q

he function of goblet cells is to ________.

A) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
B) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral
D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food

A

Produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion.

43
Q

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

A) absorb bilirubin
B) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
C) synthesize vitamins C and D D) produce gas

A

Synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins.

44
Q

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.

A) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
B) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
C) the rubrospinal tracts
D) somatic neurons in the spinal cord

A

The vagus nerve and enteric plexus.

45
Q

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?

A) fungiform and circumvallate
B) circumvallate and filiform
C) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
D) palatine and circumvallate

A

Fungiform and circumvallate.

46
Q

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

A) enteroendocrine cells
B) parietal cells
C) mucous neck cells D) zymogenic cells

A

Parietal cells

47
Q

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?

A) trypsin
B) lipase
C) amylase
D) dextrinase

A

Trypsin

48
Q

Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?

A) esophagus
B) oral cavity
C) nasal cavity
D) salivary glands

A

Oral cavity

49
Q

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and
phospholipids is ________.

A) pancreatic juice
B) intestinal juice
C) gastric juice
D) bile

A

Bile

50
Q

The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the
________.

A) serosa
B) submucosa
C) muscularis externa D) mucosa

A

Submucosa

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (10 decks)

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