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Biological Anthropology > Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

difference in size/shape between sexes of the same species

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2
Q

what are the exaggerated features of male primates?

A
  • larger body size
  • larger canines
  • more robust
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3
Q

high dimorphism

A

polygyny/high male-male competition for mates

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4
Q

low dimorphism

A

monogamy/low male-male competition for mates

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5
Q

shoulder morphology

A
  • apes have flexible shoulder joints for climbing through trees
  • quadrupedal monkeys have more restricted shoulder joints
  • scapula placement impacts how flexible or restricted/stable the shoulder joint is
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6
Q

what is the intermembral index?

A
  • ratio of limb proportions
    forelimb length/hindlimb length = humerus length + radius length/ femur length + tibia length x 100
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7
Q

what is an IMI above 100?

A
  • hindlimb dominated
  • leapers/bipeds
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8
Q

what is an IMI at 100?

A
  • forelimb and hindlimb equally dominant
  • quadrapeds
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9
Q

what is an IMI below 100?

A
  • forelimb dominated
  • suspensory
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10
Q

what are the four categories primates are placed into based on their diets?

A
  • folivore
  • frugivore
  • insectivore
  • gumnivore
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11
Q

folivore

A

high cusps/crests for shredding and shearing leaves

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12
Q

frugivore

A

low rounded cusps for crushing fruit pulp

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13
Q

insectivore

A

high. sharp cusps for piercing and tearing

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14
Q

gumnivore

A

robust, sometimes lengthened incisors used to chew through tree bark, short molar cusps

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15
Q

what does australopiths stand for?

A
  • australo = southern
  • pithecus = ape
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16
Q

what are the two groups the australopiths are divided into?

A
  • robost
  • gracile
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17
Q

australopithecus afarensis

A
  • 3.2 mya
  • afar region of Ethiopia
  • 40% complete with crania and post-crania
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18
Q

which came first, bipedalism or encephalization?

A
  • bipedalism
  • Lucy taught us this
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19
Q

what is the purpose of the valgus knee?

A
  • this attribute contributes to bipedalism
  • allows the foot to be placed directly below the center of gravity, providing for more efficient bipedal locomotion
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20
Q

adaptations

A
  • characteristics that allow an organism to interact with its environment in a distinctive way
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21
Q

homoplasies

A
  • traits can change rapidly
  • the environment or lifestyle might select for the same kinds of traits in different organisms
  • are not useful for reconstructing how animals are related
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22
Q

what are the common sexual dimorphic features in primates?

A
  • overall body size/mass
  • degree of robusticity
  • canine size
  • supraorbital torus (brow ridge)
  • sagittal crest
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23
Q

what is the foramen magnum?

A

the large hole at the base of the skull which the spinal cord passes, connecting to the brain

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24
Q

how old is Lucy and where was she found?

A
  • 40% of her skeleton was found in the afar region of ethipia
  • dated to 3.2 mya
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25
Q

robust v gracile australopiths

A
  • sagittal crest
  • nuchal crest
  • post-orbital constriction
  • zygomatic arch
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26
Q

between chimpanzees and humans, which one has a skull with a foramen magnum more anteriorly placed? why would the placement need to be different?

A
  • humans = more anterior
  • chimpanzees = more posterior
  • humans need to have a more forward foramen magnum in order to be bipedal
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27
Q

what group of vertebrae are curved differently in humans compared to other quadrupedal animals?

A
  • curve in the lumbar regions of humans in order to push the spine upright
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28
Q

what role does the os coxa play in the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • plays an important role in how force is transmitted from the axial skeleton to the hindlimbs
29
Q

describe the placement of the scapula in a macaque and a human

A
  • human = more dorsal
  • macaques = more lateral
30
Q

dental formula of an aye-aye

A

mandible = 1 - 0 - 0 - 3
maxilla = 1 - 0 - 1 - 3

31
Q

abducted hallux

A

the big toe is separated from the other toes

32
Q

adducted hallux

A

the big toe is in line with the other toes

33
Q

what type of hallux do humans have?

A

adducted

34
Q

Laetoli footprints

A
  • 1976 in Tanzania
  • estimated to be 3.6 mya
  • established the origin of bipedalism in hominins
35
Q

what are the two indicators of bipedal locomotion present in the Laetoli footprints?

A
  • placement of the feet in front of the other
  • nonoppossable toes (adducted hallux)
36
Q

what genus are robust australopiths placed into?

A
  • paranthropus
37
Q

biological species concept

A

a species is a group of organisms that are potentially or actually able to interbreed

38
Q

when did h. heidelbergensis first appear?

A
  • 600,000 - 400,000 kya
39
Q

when and where were neanderthals present?

A
  • 40,000 kya in europe and the middle east
  • complex stone tools and cultural behavior
40
Q

when did h. floresiensis appear?

A
  • island of flores
  • 95,000 - 17,000
  • possible descendent of h. erectus
41
Q

biological profiles

A

estimations of their age, sex, ancestry, stature, and identifying characteristics based on traits visible and/or measurable in the recovered skeletal remains

42
Q

clines

A

geographical gradients

43
Q

concordant

A

traits frequently appear together in the same individual

44
Q

during what age range do the first adult teeth erupt? which teeth are these?

A
  • about 7 years old (+/-2 years)
  • first incisors and first molars
45
Q

by what age range would all deciduous teeth be fully replaced by adult/permanent dentition? by what age are all adult teeth fully erupted?

A
  • 11 years (+/- 2 years)
  • 21 years old
46
Q

suckey-brooks method

A
  • estimate the age range of adult skeletal remains
  • combines descriptions of age-related changes in the pubic symphysis with helpful casts of known-age skeletal materials
47
Q

where are the Australopithecines and Homo habilis found?

A
  • only in africa
48
Q

where is homo erectus found?

A

all over the world

49
Q

homo erectus

A
  • sagittal keel
  • football shaped head
50
Q

homo ergaster

A
  • supraorbital torus
  • globular shaped head
51
Q

allen’s rule

A
  • body shape is more elongated in warm climates and more rounded/compact in cold climates
  • compact/round forms have smaller surface area to volume ratios
52
Q

bergman’s rule

A
  • body size is large in cold climates and small in warm climates
  • large bodies have a smaller surface area to volume ratios
53
Q

canine fossa

A
  • depression on the anterior surface of the maxilla below the infraorbital foramen and on the lateral side of the canine
  • just like the chin, a canine fossa is a characteristic of anatomically modern humans
54
Q

how do you age a child? an adult?

A
  • child = development
  • adults = patterns of degeneration
55
Q

modern human variation

A
  • nasal bridge
  • nasal aperture
  • nasal sill
56
Q

what are the two types of incisors?

A
  • shovel shaped
  • blade shaped
57
Q

asian skull characteristics

A
  • orthognathic
  • flaring/forward projecting zygomatics
  • incisor shoveling
  • nasal aperture moderate
  • interorbital breadth intermediate
  • orbits circular
  • nasal architecture tented
58
Q

european skull characteristics

A
  • pointed face
  • midfacial prognathism (zygomatics recede)
  • carabelli’s cusp
  • nasal aperture narrow
  • nasal sill present
  • interorbital breadth minimal
  • nasal architecture steepled
59
Q

african skull characteristics

A
  • alveolar prognathism
  • receding zygomatics
  • nasal spine small
  • nasal aperture wide
  • nasal architecture round
  • interorbital breadth wide
  • orbits rectangular
  • molar crenulation
60
Q

small body size - tall cusp height

A

insectivore

61
Q

small body size - short cusp height

A

gumnivore

62
Q

large body size - tall cusp height

A

folivore

63
Q

large body size - short cusp height

A

frugivore

64
Q

polygynous

A

-high sexual dimorphism
- high competition for mates

65
Q

what are the features of bipedalism?

A
  • knee: valgus angle
  • foot: robust tarsals, adducted hallux, and arch in the foot
66
Q

what is the difference between paranthropus and australopithicus?

A
  • paranthropus is robust while australopiths are gracile
67
Q

what are the differences between homo erectus and homo ergaster skulls?

A
  • homo ergaster = globular skull
  • homo erectus = football shaped skull and sagittal keel
68
Q

what are the differences between homo sapien and homo neanderthalensis skulls?

A
  • homo sapien = chin, canine fossa, tall forehead
  • homo neanderthalensis = occipital bun and retromolar gap

Biological Anthropology (7 decks)

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