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Biological Anthropology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what do humans categorize?

A
  • colors
  • the vast diversity of life
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2
Q

taxonomy

A
  • devoted classification of organisms
    dear king phillip came over for good soup
    domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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3
Q

evolution

A
  • similarities are due to common ancestry, but there are always exceptions to this
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4
Q

carolus linnaeus

A
  • biologists use a taxonomic system that was devised by Linnaeus
  • a hierarchal system group organisms into more inclusive categories from species up to kingdom
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5
Q

fixity of species

A

the belief that the earth and all the organisms on it had been created suddenly in their present form

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6
Q

common ancestor

A
  • individuals have inherited traits from the same ancestor
  • the greater the resemblance between two species, the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor
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7
Q

what were Mendel’s key findings?

A

traits are passed down in discrete units called genes, rather than via blending inheritance

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8
Q

genotype

A

alleles that an organism has at a gene locus

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9
Q

phenotype

A

observable trait that is determined by the genotype

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10
Q

autosomal dominant

A

traits where only one copy of the allele is needed for the trait to be displated

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11
Q

autosomal recessive

A

traits where both copies of the allele must be the same for the trait to be displayed

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12
Q

sex-linked trait

A

traits whose genes are located on the sex chromosome, usually the X
- hemophilia (recessive), no alleles on Y,

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13
Q

what are two principles of inheritance?

A

principle of segregation and principle of independent assortment

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14
Q

principle of segregation

A

pairs of alleles in a gene separate during the production of sex cells (meiosis), such that each gamete (egg or sperm) has just one allele (haploid)

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15
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

genes that code for different traits sort out independently of each other during gamete formation

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16
Q

what is evolution?

A

the change in allele frequency in a population over time

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17
Q

allele frequency

A

the fraction of individuals in a population who have a certain allele

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18
Q

microevolution

A

guided by variation within a population

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19
Q

what causes evolution?

A
  • mutation
  • selection
  • gene flow
  • genetic drift
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20
Q

genetic drift

A

random change results in a change in allele frequency in a population
- types: genetic bottleneck and founder’s effect

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21
Q

mutation

A

the spontaneous change in one allele into another

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22
Q

gene flow

A

migration, the influx/outflow from/to other populations

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23
Q

selection

A

natural selection proposed by Darwin. conditions of the environment cause nonrandom elimination of some individuals’ alleles in the next generation, either because they were unable to successfully reproduce or had no offspring that were able to successfully reproduce

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24
Q

what are the planes of the body?

A

sagittal plane, coronal plane, and transverse

25
Q

human dentition

A

each quadrant has 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars
- total of 32 teeth

26
Q

osteology

A

study of bones and teeth

27
Q

skeleton roles

A

the support system for the rest of the body—making
movement possible, and protecting vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain—a new understanding is emerging of bones as an important, dynamic organ of the body.

28
Q

above

A

superior

29
Q

toward the head

A

cranial

30
Q

towards the belly

A

ventral

31
Q

towards the front

A

anterior

32
Q

towards the midline

A

medial

33
Q

region of limb closer to trunk

A

proximal

34
Q

below

A

inferior

35
Q

towards the tail

A

caudal

36
Q

towards the back

A

dorsal

37
Q

towards the back

A

posterior

38
Q

away from the midline

A

lateral

39
Q

region of limb away from trunk

A

distal

40
Q

strepsirrhines

A

lemurs and lorises

41
Q

haplorhines

A

monkeys and apes

42
Q

platyrrhines

A

new world monkeys

43
Q

catarrhines

A

old world monkeys and apes

44
Q

cercopithecoids

A

old world monkeys

45
Q

hominoids

A

apes (including humans)

46
Q

primate classification

A
47
Q

what are the general primate traits?

A
  • majority have a dental formula of 2.1.3.3. or 2.1.2.3
  • more orthognathic
  • flat nails rather than claw on the big toe
  • postorbital bar
  • opposable thumb
  • forward facing (convergent) orbits
48
Q

what are the characteristics of the strepsirrhines?

A
  • long snout
  • unfused mandibular symphysis
  • unfused frontal bone
  • postorbital bar but no postorbital plate
  • grooming claw on second digit of foot
  • tooth comb
49
Q

what are the characteristics of the haplorrhines?

A
  • short snout
  • fused mandibular symphysis
  • fused frontal bone
  • postorbital plate
  • no grooming claws
  • no tooth comb
50
Q

what are the exceptions the group tarsiers of the haplorrhines have?

A
  • no fused mandibular symphysis
  • 2 grooming claws
51
Q

what are the characteristics of catarrhines?

A
  • old world monkeys and apes
  • no prehensile tails
  • dentition of 2.1.2.3
  • downward-facing nose
52
Q

what are the characteristics of platyrrhines

A
  • new world monkeys
  • some have prehensile tails
  • 2.1.3.3
  • flat nose
53
Q

what are the characteristics of cercopithecoids?

A
  • narrow nose
  • narrow palate
  • tail
  • smaller brains
  • bilophondont molars
54
Q

what are the characteristics of hominoids?

A
  • broad nose
  • broad palate
  • no tail
  • larger brains
  • Y-5 molars
55
Q

prosimians

A

lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

56
Q

anthropoids

A

monkeys, apes, and humans

57
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral traits

58
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derived traits

Biological Anthropology (7 decks)

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