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Biological Anthropology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

biocultural evolution

A
  • confers the notion that biology makes culture possible
  • developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution
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2
Q

what have biocultural interactions caused in humans?

A
  • anatomical, biological, and behavioral changes
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3
Q

worldview

A

cultural perspective shared by the members of a society

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4
Q

what are humans the result of?

A

the long-term interactions between biology and culture

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5
Q

what are fossils?

A
  • traces or remnants of organisms found in geological beds on the earth’s surface
  • can include once-living forms as animals, plants, insects, and algae
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6
Q

trace fossils

A

related to an organisms way of life, its behavior, not necessarily the remains of the animal itself

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7
Q

who studies fossils?

A

paleontologists

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8
Q

paleontology

A

the study of fossil remains, their context and their evolution
- subfield of geology

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9
Q

geology

A

the study of earth’s physical characteristics and their formation

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10
Q

what are fossils good for?

A

fossils tell us about otherwise unknown totally extinct species
- phylogeny
- paleoecology
- paleoenvironment

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11
Q

what do fossils tells us when dated?

A

when dated, fossils allow us to add a time scale to a phylogenetic tree, and the evolutionary events it depicts
- phylogeny

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12
Q

paleoecology

A

the settings in which the fossils lived

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13
Q

paleoenvironment

A

reconstruct the ancient events of evolution and how it occurred and what transpired

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14
Q

teeth and jaws

A
  • ready made fossils
  • highly heritable (phylogenetic info)
  • sensitive to selection (functional info)
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15
Q

homology

A

the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function
- similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

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16
Q

richard owen

A

father of homology

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17
Q

analogies (homoplasy)

A
  • similarities between organisms based strictly on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent
  • convergent evolution
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18
Q

taphonomy

A
  • bias in the fossil record is unavoidable
  • there will always be a loss of information from the present to the past
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19
Q

plesiadapiformes

A
  • stem primates who split off the tree before the last common ancestor of euprimates
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20
Q

carpolestes

A
  • late paleocene and early eocene
  • distribution: north america europe, and asia
  • body size: small
  • evidence: abundant, nearly entire skeleton known
  • divergent, opposable hallux with a nail instead of a claw
  • 3.1.3.3. dental formula
  • highly aboreal
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21
Q

where in the fossil record is hominid fossil material poor?

A
  • late miocene (12-7 mya) in sub-saharan africa
  • but a key time period to explore divergence between humans and our closest cousins, the african apes
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22
Q

molecular clocks

A
  • best when used with the fossil record
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23
Q

divergence estimates between humans and chimpanzees

A

5-6 mya

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24
Q

divergence estimates between humans and gorillas

A

6-8 mya

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25
Q

the last common ancestor

A
  • africa
  • molecular clock dates 9-5 mya
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26
Q

mosaic evolution

A

the piece by piece emergence of a new form
- interested in becoming human
- the tinkering nature of the evolutionary process adds and removes and this is how modern humans emerged

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27
Q

east african rift valley

A
  • geologically very young and active
  • one of three volcanos that are part of mt. kilimanjaro
  • divergent boundary of land where african plate and indian plate are moving apart due to mid-oceanic ridge in the indian ocean
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28
Q

australopiths

A
  • east africa
  • 2 genera = australopithecus and paranthropus
  • ca. 4.2 - 1 mya
  • all bipedal
  • large teeth, thick enamel, big chewing structures
  • chimp-sized brains
  • key countries: ethiopia, kenya, and tanzania
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29
Q

hadar, ethiopia

A
  • 1973 discovery
  • ca 3.4 mya
  • key features: valgus, femoral condyles modified, and patellar notch raised
  • finding of “Lucy”
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30
Q

Lucy

A
  • 1974 discovery
  • ca. 40% complete (47/207)
  • single adult individual, about 1 m tall
  • AL 288-1
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31
Q

A.L.

A

afar locality and specimen number

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32
Q

Au. afarensis

A
  • pelvis oriented differently, more splayed and horizontal
  • conical rib cage (inverted funnel-shape)
  • long arms, relatively short legs
  • tall canine and diastema
  • cheek teeth like a. africanus
  • thick enamel
  • tooth row shape unlike apes
  • primitive skull and dentition
  • bipedal
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33
Q

laetoli, tanzania

A
  • 1978 discovery of footprints
  • 3.6 mya
  • fossils similar to hadar finds
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34
Q

encephalization

A
  • hominin brain enlargement beginning with H. habilis and culminating with H. heidelbergensis is the fastest percentage growth of any organ in the history of life
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35
Q

stone tools

A
  • stone tools confer an advantage to gaining access to difficult to get to places (bone marrow)
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36
Q

what is a nutrient rich food that is thought to have attributed to encaphilization?

A

bone marrow

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37
Q

Paranthropus boisei

A
  • discovery in 1959 by Mary Leakey
  • robust australopith first named zinjanthropus boisei
  • very large cheek teeth
  • small anterior dentition
  • a human cuisinart
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38
Q

hominini

A

taxonomic group that contains humans and closely related extinct species
- more closely related to humans than any other primate group
- everything that is descended of the unknown last common ancestor of modern humans and chimps

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39
Q

what are the two families of the superfamily hominoidea?

A

hylobatidae and hominidae

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40
Q

hylobatidae

A
  • lesser apes
  • gibbons
  • siamangs
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41
Q

hominidae

A
  • great apes and humans
  • orangutans
  • gorillas
  • chimps
  • bonobos
  • humans
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42
Q

if we treat the age of the earth as 12 hours how old are primates? humans?

A
  • 10 min, 48 secs
  • 22 seconds
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43
Q

K-T boundary

A
  • explosive adaptive radiation of mammals after the KT boundary as they adapted to inhabit niches left unoccupied after the mass extinction
  • primate diversity as most mammalian diversity exploded here
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44
Q

when did primates emerge?

A
  • eocene and paleocene
  • 56.5 * 65 mya
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45
Q

synapomorphies

A
  • shared, derived characters of a taxonomic unit that distinguishes members of that taxonomic unit from others
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46
Q

what are the adaptions of bipedalism?

A
  • foramen magnum position
  • pelvis shape - lumbar lordosis
  • femoral head/neck shape
  • valgus knee
  • some features in the foot
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47
Q

what is the shape of the human pelvis in comparison to chimps?

A
  • in humans the wings of the ilium extend from either side of the pelvis
  • in chimps, the tall narrow wings of the ilium extend from the back of the pelvic ring
  • humans have a short ischium, chimps have long ones
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48
Q

what features in the foot do humans have the chimps do not?

A
  • enlarged calcaneus
  • curved arch
  • convergent big toe
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49
Q

suspensory traits

A
  • curved phalanges, funnel shaped thorax, relatively short hindlimb, cranially oriented shoulder joint, and large pisifirm
  • early hominins retain but are lost in the genus homo as the brain size increases
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50
Q

hominin synapomorphies

A
  • flatter face
  • bigger brains relative to body size
  • thick enamel and large molar size
  • smaller canines
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51
Q

hominin evolution

A
  • timing and geography
  • brain expansion, then bipedalism or bidepalism then brain expansion?
  • europe, asia, or africa?
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52
Q

piltdown man

A
  • large brain
    -ape-like jaws and teeth
  • missing foramen magnum
  • found in europe
  • hoax exposed in 1953
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53
Q

taung child

A
  • au. africanus
  • raymond dart
  • south africa
  • small brain
  • bipedal
  • 3 myo
  • ignored for many years
  • discovered bipedalism then brain expansion occurred in africa
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54
Q

early miocene

A

warm and wet

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55
Q

late miocene - early pliocene

A

begin to cool and dry

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56
Q

early hominins

A
  • very ap-like but share synapomorphies with later hominins that are clearly part of the human lineage
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57
Q

early hominin localities: sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

central africa - koro toro, chad
- 6-7 mya

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58
Q

early hominin localities: east africa

A
  • Orrorin tugenensis
  • Ardipithecus kadabba
  • Ardipithecus ramidus
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59
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A
  • fossil: 1 skull, some teeth
  • flat face
  • anterior foramen magnum
  • canine smaller than ape
  • thickened enamel
  • small brain (370 cc)
  • very thick browridge
  • small molars and premolars
  • forest/mosaic habitat
  • probably not an ancestor of later hominins
  • bipedalism
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60
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

A
  • 6 mya
  • tugen hills, kenya
  • fossils: arm and leg bones, some fingers and teeth
  • bipedal features
  • thickened enamel
  • ape-like enamel
  • curbed fingers like ape
  • climbing features in arm
  • small molars
  • forest/mosaic habitat
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61
Q

what are the bipedal features in the femur of Ororrin tugenensis?

A

thick cortex on inferior part of the femoral neck
- enlarged femoral head

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62
Q

Ardipithecus kadabba

A
  • 5.5 mya
  • middle awash, ethipia
  • fossils: toe bones, some teeth, a few other fragmentary bones
  • smaller canine than ape
  • bipedal looking prox. big toe
  • thickened enamel
  • curved fingers and toes
  • small molars and premolars
  • forest habitat
  • ancestral to A. ramidus
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63
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus

A
  • 4.5 mya
  • middle awash, ethipia
  • fossils: nearly complete skeleton
  • small canine
  • thickened enamel
  • flattened face
  • anterior foramen magnum
  • curved iliac blades of pelvis
  • various other bipedal features
  • abducted hallux
  • no suspensory features
  • small brain - 325 cc
  • smal molars
  • forest habitat
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64
Q

robust group of austrolipithecus

A
  • 3 - 1 mya
  • P. boisei
  • P. robustus
  • P. aethiopicus
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65
Q

gracile groups of austrolipithecus

A
  • 4 - 2 mya
  • A. africanus
  • A. afarensis
  • A. garhi
  • A. bahrelghazali
  • A. anamensis
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66
Q

features of the australopiths

A
  • 4.1 - 2 mya
  • mostly eastern and southern africa and some in central
  • even smaller canines than early hominins
  • solid evidence for bipedalism
  • still have small brain
  • mechanically challenging diet
  • first tool users?
  • evidence for body size dimorphism, but not canine dimorphism
  • gave rise to genus homo
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67
Q

what are the two gracile genera of the australopiths?

A
  • australipithecus
  • Kenyanthropus
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68
Q

what are the two robust genera of the australopiths?

A
  • paranthropus
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69
Q

east african gracile australopiths

A
  • Australopithecus anamensis
  • Australopithecus afarensis
  • Kenyanthropus platyops
  • Australopithecus deyiremeda
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70
Q

central african gracile australopiths

A
  • Australopithecus bahrelghazali
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71
Q

southern african gracile australopiths

A
  • Australopithecus africanus
  • Australopithecus sediba
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72
Q

Australopithecus anamensis

A
  • 4 mya
  • kanapoi, allia bay, Kenya
  • fossils: jaw, tibia, fingers, arm bones
  • canines eve smaller than earlier hominins, no honing complex
  • bipedal features in leg
  • large molars, thick enamel
  • suspesory features in arm
  • long, curved fingers
  • ape-like mandible
  • descendent of ardipithecus??
  • probably direct ancestor of a. afarensis
  • dry woodland/ patchy forest habitat
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73
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A
  • 3.8-3.0 mya
  • hadar, ethipia
  • laetoli, tanzania
  • discovered in 1974
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74
Q

key facts of Lucy - A. afarensis

A
  • fossils: very large collection including near full skeletons
  • bipedal features: valgus knee, human-like pelvis, adducted hallux
  • large canines, no honing
  • large molars/pre-molars with thick enamel
  • flattened face
  • brain slightly larger than apes - 550 cc
  • still semi-suspesory: long/curved finger and toes, long arms, short legs, climbing features in shoulder
  • probably descendent of a. anamensis
  • probanly ancestor of later hominin species
  • habitat varies by site and age
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75
Q

what is the evidence of bipedalism in a. afarensis?

A
  • valgus knee and human-like pelvis
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76
Q

Kenyanthropus platyops

A
  • 3.5 mya
  • Lomekwi, Kenya
  • fossils: 1 very fragmented skull, some teeth
  • flat face, similar to homo rudolfensis
  • small molars and premolars
  • small brain - 400 cc
  • relationships unclear - ancestor of homo? another australopithecus? variation of afarensis?
  • mosaic habitat
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77
Q

what are the oldest tools?

A
  • 3.3 mya
  • lomekwi kenya
  • “lomekwian tools later oldowan tools associated with homo
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78
Q

Australopithecus africanus

A
  • 3.0 - 2.0 mya
  • many sites in south africa
  • taung child
  • small brain
  • bipedal
  • first authralopith described
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79
Q

what are the key facts of Australopithecus africanus?

A
  • fossils: many bones from many individuals
  • bipedal like afarensis but shorter legs
  • smaller canine
  • large molars/premolars, thick enamel
  • flattened face in some
  • brain slightly larger than apes - 500 cc
  • features related to heavy climbing
  • first australopithecine species named
  • found in cave sites/sinkhole sites
  • phylogenetic relationships unclear
  • forest habitat
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80
Q

Australopithecus sediba

A
  • 2 mya
  • malapa, south africa
  • fossils: several complete skeletons
  • mix of homo and africanus features
  • brain shape similar to humans but still small at 450 cc
  • more modern pelvis than africanus
  • slender mandible and smaller teeth copared to africanus
  • found in cave sites/sinkholes
  • ancestral to homo?
  • mosaic habitat
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81
Q

Australopithecus sediba skeletal features

A
  • lumbar lordosis
  • long arms
  • pelvis similar to h. erectus
  • too using hand
  • longer legs and valgus knee
  • climbing features in wrist
  • small postcanine teeth
  • small chewing muscles
  • small facial skeleton
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82
Q

east african robust australopiths

A
  • Paranthropus aethiopicus
  • Paranthropus boisei
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83
Q

southern african robust australopith

A

Paranthropus robustus

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84
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus

A
  • 2.7 - 2.3 mya
  • west turkana, kenya
  • omo, ethipia
  • fossils: 1 skull, many teeth and other bones
  • huge sagital crest and forwaard shifted zygomatic bone
  • thick mandible
  • massive molars and premolars
  • hyper thick enamel
  • small brain - 410 cc
  • very progathic and dished face
  • shared common ancestor with a. afarensis
  • probably the ancestor p. boisei
  • wooded savannah (dry), near river
  • huge chewing muscles
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85
Q

Paranthropus boisei

A
  • 2.3 - 1.4 mya
  • all over east africa
  • fossils: many skulls and teeth, some other bones
  • sagittal crest, forward zygomatics
  • flatter face, dished
  • small brain - 500 cc
  • huge and thick mandible
  • massive molar and premolars
  • hyper-thick enamel
  • very small canines and inscisors
  • greater reliance on hard foods
  • probably descendent of p. aethiopicus
  • open and dry savannah
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86
Q

Paranthropus boisei features related to heavy chewing

A
  • massive molars with hyper-thick enamel
  • huge, thick mandible
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87
Q

Paranthropus robustus

A
  • 2-1 mya
  • many sites in south africa
  • like a southern version of p. boisei
  • sagittal crest, forward zygomatcs
  • flat and dished face
  • large molars/premolars, thick enamel
  • huge and thick mandible
  • found in cabe sites/sinkholes
  • small brain - 500 cc
  • postcrania like earlier australopiths
  • found near stone tools
  • open grassland/brushland
  • fossils: many skulls, some limb bones
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88
Q

What did Paranthropus eat?

A
  • hard foods - seeds and nuts
  • tough foods - grasses and sedges
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89
Q

striations

A
  • tough foods
  • grasses and sedges
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90
Q

pits

A
  • hard foods
  • seeds and nuts
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91
Q

enamel chipping

A
  • high bite forces associated with large enamel chips in living primates species
  • many australopiths show high frequency of chips
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92
Q

when were the australopiths named and by who?

A
  • 1920s
  • by Raymond Dart
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93
Q

what traits separate homo and the australopiths?

A
  • tool use - precision grip
  • dental and facial reduction
  • larger brains - encephalization
  • connected by the expensive tissue hypothesis
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94
Q

cerebral rubicon

A

a treshhold established by Sir Arthur Keith at 750cc designating the species which could be placed into the genus homo
- although was a major supporter of piltdown man

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95
Q

piltdown man

A
  • england in 1912
  • encephalization vs. bipedalism
  • uncovered as a hoax officially in 1953
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96
Q

Johnny’s child

A
  • olduvai gorge and turkana basin, tanzania by the Leakeys in 1960s
  • 1.75 mya (2-1.4 mya)
  • highly fragmentary - partial madnible, parietal bones, and pieces of the hand
  • designated homo habilis as the handy man
  • associated with stone tools, reduced facial anatomy, and slightly larger brains
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97
Q

did homo habilis use tools?

A
  • stone tools were found in the area, and were consistent with the daring
  • the bones of the hand suggested that they had the ability for a precision grip (seen as necessary for tool use)
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98
Q

did homo habilis have dental and facial reduction?

A
  • the jaw suggested reduced prognathism and the molars and premolars were reduced as compared to p. boisei because that was the only species in the area
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99
Q

did homo habilis have larger brains?

A
  • because the skull is not complete and because it is a juvenile (likely in the 12-13 range) cranial capacity estimates range from 590-710 cc
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100
Q

what are the three kinds of oldowan tools?

A
  • hammer stones
  • stone cores
  • stone flakes
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101
Q

hammer stones

A
  • these show signs of percussion damage and were likely used to smash into other rocks
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102
Q

stone cores

A
  • these are stones with flake scares around them forming a sharp edge on one side
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103
Q

stone flakes

A
  • these are sharp flakes off of stone cores for fine cutting
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104
Q

did oldowan tools appear prior to the first known homo habilis?

A
  • yes
  • 2.6 mya in east africa
  • 2 mya in south africa
  • 1.8 mya in east asia and middle east
  • .8 mya in europe
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105
Q

what are the cranio-dental differences from the australopiths to homo

A
  • similar incisors and canines but reduced molars and premolars
  • M3 smaller than M2
  • no sagittal crests
  • slight post-orbital constriction
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106
Q

when did the modern shape to the dental arcade first appear?

A

homo habilis

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107
Q

what do postcranial remains of homo habilis show?

A
  • hand bones are robust, but also with fine grip capabilities
  • stout, adducted big toe
  • hand and forelimbs indicate some climbing was still available
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108
Q

what is the re-definition of the genus homo according to Leakey that disrupts the cerebral rubicon?

A
  • pelvic and hind-limb indicative of obligate bipedality
  • upper limb shorter than lower limb
  • grasping thumb with precision grip abilities
  • cranial capacity ranging from 600-1,600 cc
  • overlaps with the australopiths**
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109
Q

KNM ER 1813

A
  • found on koobi fora, kenya in 1973
  • dated 1.9 mya
  • adult, all teeth erupted, but very small at 510 cc
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110
Q

OH24 - twiggy

A
  • found in olduvai gorge in 1968
  • originally crushed flat so there was significant distortion even after reconstruction
  • dated 1.8 mya
  • young adult based on lack of wear in M3
  • 590-600 cc
111
Q

what disrupted the idea that homo habilis washe clear link between early hominins and later homo?

A
  • KNM-ER 1470
  • dated to 1.9-1.8 MYA
112
Q

what are the features of KNM-ER 1470?

A
  • larger flatter face
  • larger brain at 775 cc
  • larger molars and premolars
  • other than the teeth, this is clearly trending towards modern humans**
113
Q

single species hypothesis

A
  • proposed by C. loring brace and milford wolpoff
  • humans and our close ancestors (everything in the genus homo) occupy such a comprehensive niche that only one species can exist at a time
  • therefore all variation seen in fossil taxa from the same time period must be intraspecific variation
114
Q

lumpers

A
  • fewer species
  • intraspecific
115
Q

splitters

A
  • more species
  • interspecific
116
Q

is H. rudolfensis a male H. habilis?

A
  • lumper v splitter debate
  • under the single species hypothesis some argued this
  • more than 100 cc in brain size differences between the sexes?
  • H. rudolfensis has more gracile facial features (other than teeth)
117
Q

H. rudolfensis v H. habilis

A
  • the fossils exist, suggesting two morphologies
  • dating shows that KNM-ER 1470 was alive at the same time as H. habilis
  • fossil KNM-ER is homo rudolfensis and a separate species
  • homo habilis is the ancestor of modern humans
118
Q

so who made stone tools in east africa?

A
  • stone tools are present in east afica by 2.6 mya
  • at least one hominin with a slightly larger brain and reduced dentition and face is present in east africa (along with other australopiths) by 2.0 mya
  • this hominin(s?) may or may not be the maker of the tools and may or may not be the ancestor of later homo erectus
119
Q

why focus on the three traits, specifically why the face and tooth size?

A
  • because big teeth suggest a tough diet and as teeth get smaller, so does the jaw and therefore the face
  • brains become larger through human lineage
  • proportion of body mass dedicated to digestive function is reduced in humans
  • possible because tool use allows higher-quality diet
  • proportion of body mass dedicated to digestive function in humans appears unreduced in australopiths
120
Q

expensive tissue hypothesis

A
  • redefined by leslie aiello and peter wheeler as an attempt to explain the co-occurrence of larger brains and tools in a bio-cultural evolutionary context
  • brains are metabolically expensive
121
Q

how much basil metabolic rate and glucose does the human brain use?

A
  • only 2% of your body mass but use 16% of your resting BMR and 30% o your glucose
122
Q

what significant changes occurred in early homo lineage after 2 mya?

A
  • anatomical changes
  • geographical distribution
  • evidence of culture
  • multiple fossils known, for which taxonomic classification is debated**
123
Q

what are the traits of homo erectus?

A
  • thick cranial bones
  • large brow-ridges
  • long low skull (minimal forehead)
  • cranium wider at based
  • sagittal keel
  • 700-1250 cc brain
  • taller than early homo
  • height within modern uman range
  • more than 100 lbs in weight
  • sexually dimorphic
  • robust heavily built frame
  • modern limb proportions
124
Q

what is the geographic distribution of homo erectus?

A
  • homo erectus and contemporaries are found all over the old world, including:
  • africa
  • georgia
  • asia
  • western europe
125
Q

ER 3733

A
  • found at east lake turkana (east africa)
  • dated to 1.7 mya
  • 848 cm3 cranial capacity
  • no longer the “oldest” h. erectus speci,em found, but the oldest from africa
126
Q

WT 15000

A
  • from nariokotome kenya (east africa)
  • dated to 1.6 mya
  • nariokotome boy
  • juvenile
  • the most complete h. erectus specimen yet found
127
Q

Dmanisi

A
  • earliest known homo (or any hominin) outside africa - found in Georgia
  • 1.8-1.7 mya
  • similarities to homo erectus: low braincase, wide base, sagittal keeling
  • differences from homo erectus: 600-780 cc cranial capacity (relatively small), less robust and thinner browridge, projecting lower face and relatively large canine
128
Q

characteristics of Dmanisi

A
  • body proportions similar to h. erectus and h. sapiens
  • not tall, 4 feet 9 inches to 5 feet inches, but within range of modern humans
  • associated with olduwan stone tools
  • one cranium from dmanisi almost totally lacks teeth - indicates living several years without efficiently chewing food
129
Q

what major sites are homo erectus found in and what are they characterized by?

A
  • china
  • zhoukoudian
  • indonesia
  • sangiran
  • characterized by thick skull and pronounced brow ridges
130
Q

zhoukoudian

A
  • cave site in china
  • .7 - .04 mya (recent)
  • lots of material recovered
  • remains of more than 40 adults and children
  • large browridge,sagittal keel, nuchal torus
  • thick skull bones
  • protruding face, broad near bottom
  • site was occupied for 250k years
131
Q

java sites

A
  • includes type specimen of homo erectus
  • dubois worked 1980-1900
  • sites: trinil (solo river)
  • brain case, mandible, limb bones
  • .9 mya
132
Q

modjokerto and sangiran

A
  • java sites
  • von koenigswald worked 1936-1941
  • several “new” species all now h. erectis
  • 1.7-1.0 mya
133
Q

what sites are homo erectus found in western europe?

A
  • atapuerca (sima del elefante and gran dolina)
  • ceprano
134
Q

atapuerca

A
  • western europe
  • sima del elefante
  • gran dolina
  • 1.2 - 1.7 mya
  • earliest material resembles dmanisi material
  • later material likely h. heidelbergensis
  • large amount of material
  • sophisticated stone tools
  • cut marks on animal bones
  • long occupation of site
  • but many people think the later individuals are h. heidelbergensis
135
Q

ceprano

A
  • western europe
  • .9 - .8 mya
  • this one may be h. heidelbergensis
136
Q

what is the assumption of the anatomic changes of homo erectus?

A
  • associated with behaviors related to emigration from africa and appearance at all these sites
137
Q

what is the evidence of culture in homo erectus?

A
  • tool use - transition from olduwan to achulean
  • hunting debate exists
  • controlled fire debate exists
  • clothing debate exists
  • social structure with groups assumed and sexual dimorphism
138
Q

what is the difference between oldowan and archeulian

A
  • oludwan is chopper
  • archuelian is biface/handaxe
139
Q

archeulian technology

A
  • archeulian technology developed 1.4 mya
  • characterized by the handaze or biface
  • raw materials were transported long distances
  • butchering meat is evident (but does not necessarily mean hunting)
  • a sizeable portion of the diet was still from plant materials
140
Q

behavior at zhoukoudian cave site

A
  • homo erectus bones indicates habitation
  • high density of animal bones indicates diet
  • ash layer indicated controlled fire and cooking
  • may have been a hyena den
  • homo erectus bones indicates hyena prey
  • high density of animal bones indicates other prey, including the hyena living there
  • ash later indicates natural organic deposits
141
Q

african v asian homo erectus

A
  • african erectus are too big for h. habilis, too derived for h. rudolfensis and too generalized for h. erectus
  • many african homo erectus have thinner skull bones attributed to a new species called homo ergaster
142
Q

what is h. erectus associated with in the lumper v splitter debate in this class?

A

old world

143
Q

evolution of h. erectus

A
  • some time after 2 mya, h. erectus likely evolved in africa from an earlier form of homo - possibly from h. rudolfensis or h. habilis
    several things are clear:
  • they are larger in body size
  • larger brains
  • reduced molar size
  • inherited oldowan tool technology
  • first hominin to leave africa - georgia in 1.8 mya and java in 1.6 mya
144
Q

what is archaic homo?

A
  • archaic humans
  • blanket term referring to a mixed group of fossils more derived than homo erectus, but less derived than anatomically modern humans
  • example: neaderthals
  • used to be called archaic homo sapiens
145
Q

when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - homo erectus

A

1.6 mya - 120,000 ya

146
Q

when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - archaic homo

A

640,000 - 120,000

147
Q

when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - AMH

A

200,000 ya

148
Q

what is the issue in calling archaic homo “archaic homo sapiens?”

A

likely represent multiple lineages, some lead to AMH but some lead to other species such as neanderthals

149
Q

what are some of the possible species of archaic homo?

A
  • h. neanderthalensis
  • denisovans
  • h. rhodesiensis
  • h. naledi
  • h. antecessor
  • h. bodoensis
  • h. heidelbergensis
150
Q

homo heidelbergensis

A
  • defined by otto schoetensack in 1908 based on the mauer jaw
  • smaller molars (derived)
  • dated to 500 kya
  • for limpers, many archaic homo specimens are grouped here
151
Q

archaic homo v homo erectus

A
  • more globular braincase (1000-100 cm3)
  • steeper forehead and rounded back of skull
  • skull broadest higher up
  • thinner bones, less muscles
  • smaller faces, mandibles, and molars
  • culturally more derived than homo erectus
  • middle paleolithic stone tools (mousterian, including the levallois technology - stone making)
  • thought to have hunted larger game
  • possibly mortuary practices or cannibalism known from bodo, ethipia (600 kya)
152
Q

bodo cranium

A
  • archaic homo
  • 600,000 ya
  • ethipia
  • named homo bodoensis
  • cut marks on cranium resemble damage caused by stone tools on fresh bone
  • evidence of intentional defleshing, mortuary practice? cannibalism?
153
Q

homo neanderthalensis

A
  • lived throughout europe and the middle east
  • existed between 200-10kya
  • feldhofer grotto, neander valley, germany
  • 1856
154
Q

neanderthal anatomy

A
  • large brow ridges
  • big noses
  • puffymidface
  • retromolar gap
  • lack of a chin
  • wider clavicle
  • wider rib cage
  • joint articulation
  • shorter legs
  • **short and very robust compared to AMH
155
Q

shanidar 1

A
  • long, flat low braincase
  • occipital bun
  • low, receding forehead
  • strong bowridge
  • rather large, wide nose
156
Q

la ferrassie 1

A
  • projecting midface
  • little or no chin
157
Q

qafzeh 9

A
  • rather short, round, high braincase
  • rounded occipital
  • high forehead
  • smaller nose
158
Q

predmost 3

A
  • flatter midface
  • chin
159
Q

who is marcellin boule?

A
  • called out neanderthals as a dead-end lineage
  • inaccurate reconstructions of neanderthals
160
Q

what are some indications neanderthals were cold adapted?

A
  • the combination of features in the face (large nose), body shape (stout body shape) has lead some researchers to believe that they were cold adapted
  • humans living in colder environments tend to show taller, longer noses, and have shorter squatter stature
161
Q

what is the bahavior of neanderthals?

A
  • known to intentionally bury dead with grave goods
  • care for elderly/vulnerable
  • cannibalism?
  • violence?
162
Q

la chapelle-aux-saints

A
  • old, osteoarthritic neanderthal from correze, france
  • excavated 1908-1911
  • 50 kya
  • old man
163
Q

trauma among neadnerthals

A
  • the neaderthals have particularly high rates of trauma on their bones
164
Q

what neanderthal skeletons have significant trauma to their bones before death

A
  • la chapelle-aux-saints
  • la frarraissie
  • la quina 5
  • sala
  • krapina 3
  • all of the shanidar material
  • saccopastore 1
  • kebara 2
165
Q

mousterian tools

A
  • slight imporvement on the levallois technique, enabling longer straighter cutting edges
  • not solely a neanderthal tool trandition - some modern humans showed these tools
166
Q

neanderthal technology

A
  • Neanderthals were also capable of manufacturing birch tar or pitch
  • this is a primitive adhesive, useful in constructing tools, shelters, or other elements
  • manufacturing the pitch requires substantial planning, understanding of chemical processes, as well as carefully controlled fire
167
Q

did neanderthals wear clothing?

A
  • it would have been hard to survive in the neanderthal world without clothing
  • does this wear on the teeth indicate a special form of hide preparation?
168
Q

neandethal burials

A
  • shanidar 4 was found in a flexed position and covered in flower pollen
  • is this a burial - some have argued yes, other have said the pollen could have been placed there by rodents
169
Q

neanderthal art

A
  • painted and drilled shells found in spain are associated with neanderthal remains, indicate the use of jewelry and perhaps greater forms of art
170
Q

what happened to neandethals?

A
  • eventually the distinctive characteristics of the neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record and modern populations
  • some researchers believe the neanderthal lacked some cognitive ability or some cultural trait, which put them at a disadvantage over modern humans - but their brains were larger??
  • some think neanderthals were too slow to reproduce and thus humans out-reproduced them, therefore humans outcompeted them for available resources/niche space in europe and middle east
171
Q

what happened as humans moved into the middle east and europe?

A
  • neanderthals started to disappear
172
Q

what percentage of the genome is attributed to neaderthals in modern humans? a modern humasn 40,000 years ago?

A
  • 1-4% of non-african modern humans
  • 6-9% of a modern human who lived about 40,000 years ago
173
Q

what is the dating of homo floresiensis?

A

100,000 - 60,000 ya

174
Q

where is homo floresiensis found?

A
  • found on the island of flores in 2004
  • if they are new hominins and the dating is correct, they appear to have rafted to flores from mainland asia via wallace’s line
  • may have followed island rule
175
Q

what is the island rule?

A
  • on islands, mammals tend to get smallers
  • small animals tend to get bigger
176
Q

what are the characteristics of h. floresiensis?

A
  • fossils: LB1 and 13 others
  • small body of 3 ft
  • small brain of 415 cc
  • hand and foot similar to h. erectus (dmanisi)
  • stone tools assocated and dating to 1 mya
  • may be derived from early migration of homo is se asia
  • new species of island dwarf hominins or some kind of possibly pathological modern human
177
Q

what were the stone tools of h. floresiensis?

A
  • over 80,000 stone tools and stone working wase bits
  • tools date as old as 800,000 years ago to only 10,000 years, yet the stone tool technology was consistent throughout the assemblage
  • tools resemble oldwan tools not later modern human tools
178
Q

what did LB1 look like?

A
  • anatomically scaled down early homo cranial shape
  • globally recognized brain w/ only 400 cc size (chimp and australopith size)
  • very short stature at 3’6” - full foot shorter than modern pygmy humans
  • australopith like premolars and relatively large teeth
  • australopith-like and early homo-like internal mandibular symphysis (no chin)
  • australopith-like and early homo-like shoulder with an upward orientation
  • australopith-like and ape-like wrist
  • australopith like flaring ilia (pelvis) and proximal femur shape
  • lucy like humerofemoral index (87%) - short legs
  • relatively long feet, long metatarsals but short big toe
  • robust long bones/modest muscle markings, normal cortical thickness but strong
179
Q

cranial features of anatomically modern homo sapiens

A
  • high forehead
  • smaller nose
  • flatter face
  • rounded cranial vault
  • large mastoid process
  • reduced brow ridge
  • chin
  • larger brains (1400 cc)
  • canine fossa
180
Q

what is an anatomicaly modern homo sapien?

A
  • post-cranially AMHs are generally taller and more gracile than H. neanderthalensis and H. heidelbergensis
181
Q

what is the oldest fossil evidence of AMHs from?

A
  • oldest material is from ethiopia followed by the middle east and south africa
  • these fossils all show the trademarks of human cranial features such as chins, large brains, and reduced brow ridges
  • but some appear more robust than others
182
Q

Qafzeh, Israel

A
  • 110,000 ya
  • homo sapiens
  • large sample of 20 individuals, modern but some individuals fairly robust, early date
183
Q

Skhul, Israel

A
  • 115,000 ya
  • h. sapiens
  • minimum of 10 individuals, modern morphology, slightly earlier date (earliest modern humans know outside of africa)
184
Q

Herto, Ethiopia

A
  • 160,000 - 154,000 ya
  • h. sapiens
  • very well preserved cranium dates more than 150kya, the best preserved modern human found anywhere
185
Q

Omo, Ethiopia

A
  • 195,000 ya
  • h. sapiens
  • dated almost 200kya and the oldest modern human found anywhere, two crania found, one more modern looking than the other
186
Q

Omo 1

A
  • Omo Kibish, Ethiopia
  • 195kya
  • chin
  • some of the other individuals from this site don’t look as modern
187
Q

BOU-VP-16/1

A
  • herto Ethiopia
  • 160-154 kya
  • other than slightly large supraorbital torus and occipital protuberance, highly modern
188
Q

Skhul 5

A
  • Skhul Cave
  • 130-100 kya
189
Q

Qafzeh 6

A
  • Qafseh cave
  • 120-92kya
190
Q

Zhoukoudian, china

A

27 kya

191
Q

Tianyuan, China

A

40kya

192
Q

Niah Cave, Borneo

A

45-40kya

193
Q

where are modern humans in Australia?

A
  • Lake Mungo - 40kya
  • Kow Swamp - 14-9kya
194
Q

Mladec, Czech Republic

A

31 kya
- central europe fossil evidence

195
Q

Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic

A

26 kya
- central europe fossil evidence

196
Q

Cro-Magnon

A
  • western europe
  • 28kya
197
Q

contemporary hominin - homo neanderthalensis

A
  • contemporaneous with modern humans in middle east and europe
198
Q

contemporary hominin - homo erectus

A
  • contemporaneous with modern humans in southeast asia
199
Q

what species did modern humans overlap with?

A
  • it seems likely that modern humans overlapped in space and time with h. heidelbergensis
  • homo floresiensis - while unlikely to be out close relative (assumming they are a distinct species) humans certainly overlapped with them
200
Q

African replacement

A

modern human origin hypothesis
- prior hominins occupied europe and asia
- humans arose in africa in a highly localized event
- humans left africa and replaced older hominin forms without interbreeding
- non-african older hominins did not contribute to modern gene pool

201
Q

multiregionalism

A

modern human origin hypothesis
- prior homins occupied europe and asia
- humans arose from all these continents simultaneously
- high rates of gene flow kept local populations united into one global human population
- non-african hominins contributed significantly to modern human gene pool

202
Q

ancient DNA

A
  • moleculat anthropologists (and other molecular biologists) are able to extract DNA from anything that still has tissue
  • ancient DNA (aDNA) preservation is highly variable based on time and taphonomy
203
Q

what preserves ancient DNA better?

A
  • one must have organic remains
  • colder climates are often better = many aDNA genomes come from siberia
204
Q

when is there divergence between human-neanderthal mtDNA?

A
  • clear separation of modern human and neanderthal mtDNA
  • modern human-neanderthal mtDNA divergence 350-700kya
205
Q

what makes homo sapiens and homo neanderthalensis separate and sister species?

A
  • the mtDNA
  • the timing of the earliest african AMH
206
Q

what percentage of all non-sub-saharan africans have neanderthal DNA?

A
  • 1-6%
  • segments of the human nuclear genome show that modern populations of humans are unequally related to neanderthals
207
Q

what does the unequal populations of modern humans with neanderthal DNA mean?

A
  1. much more interbreeding in some regions than others (southern europe)
  2. neanderthal alleles confer some kind of selective advantage in certain environments (introgression)
208
Q

cultural innovations in the paleolithic

A
  • symbolic art found in southern africa dated to moddle stone age (80,000 - 77,000 YBP)
  • more refined tool technology
  • bone/antler/stone
  • more varied toolkit with fish hooks, needles, spear/arrows, etc.
209
Q

what are some other innovations in the paleolithic?

A
  • medicine
  • surgical amputation of limb - lower left limb surgically removed in childhood w/ the individual living to be 20 y/o
210
Q

cultural innovations in the neolithic

A
  • agricultural revolution
  • climate stabilizes during holocene (12,000 YBP - present)
211
Q

agricultural revolution in the neolithic period

A
  • domestication of plants and animals - selective breeding
  • urbanization and the division of labor
  • centralized administration/authority
  • manipulation of environment w/ clearing of forest for farming and cold weather clothing for higher latitudes
  • written language
212
Q

which time period was characterized by variable climates?

A
  • pleistocene
  • 2.6 - 11,600 ya
213
Q

what allowed migration into Siberia from east/central asia?

A
  • glacial recession
  • 43,000 - 36,000 ybp
214
Q

when was beringia colonized?

A

35,000 ybp

215
Q

when was the opening of the canadian glacier?

A
  • 16,000 ybp
  • two posited routes with genetic and archaeological evidence
216
Q

homo sapiens and race

A
  • homo sapiens is a polytypic species
  • homo sapiens is genetically homogeneous
217
Q

what were the proposed “types” of homo sapiens based on race by carolus linnaeus?

A
  • homo europaeus
  • homo afer
  • homo asiaticus
  • homo americanus
218
Q

who proposed that there were 5 races? what were these races?

A
  • Johann Blumenbach
  • ethiopian, caucasoid, mongoloid, american, and malay
219
Q

biological determinism

A

the idea that most human characteristics, physical and mental, are determined at conception by hereditary factors passed from parent to offspring

220
Q

what is the connection between biological determinism and genes?

A
  • genes explain our traits like skin color, skull shape, height, weight etc.
  • genes also determine intelligence, personality, and behavior
  • there is a link between our physical traits and our behavioral traits
221
Q

eugenics

A
  • a movement originating with the work of francis galton in the late 19th century
  • promoted the concept of more suitable races with planned breeding, artificial selection, elimination of undesirables, and forced sterilization
222
Q

is eugenics still prominent today?

A
  • yes
  • between 2006 - 2010 148 female prisoners in just two prisons were sterilized without consent
  • pregnancy termination after genetic testing
  • gene alteration
  • war
223
Q

genetic space

A
  • lengths of the branches indicate genetic distance
  • humans as compared to other great apes occupy very little genetic space
  • this means that among humans there is very little genetic diversity compared to our closest relatives
224
Q

what happens to genetic diveristy as groups move further from east africa?

A
  • genetic diversity decreases
225
Q

is race cultural or biological?

A
  • cultural but conceptualized biologically
  • blood and race are symbolically intertwined
226
Q

what is race constructed from?

A
  • arbitrary physical characteristics like skin color, hair color, height, etc
  • different classification schemes for different purposes but suspiciously all close to sociolinguistic qualities
227
Q

what features vary within humans which reflect adaptations/acclimations to certain habitats/environments?

A
  • skin pigmentation
  • body shape/size
  • hair form/pigmentation
  • skin and fat
  • physiology
  • skeletal variation
228
Q

what are the human origins?

A
  • origins in africa over 200,000 kya
  • evolved in a tropical climate
  • certain populations improved ability to withstand cold due to physical and cultural adaptation or acclimation
229
Q

clinal effect

A

latitude correlates with darkness of skin

230
Q

what is latitude correlated with?

A
  • the sun, required for vitamin D
231
Q

where is UV radiation higher?

A

UV radiation is higher in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere at similar latitude

232
Q

in males, what does skin reflectance increase for every 10 degrees of latitude in the north? in the suth?

A
  • 8.2% for every 10 degrees of lat north
  • 3.3% for every 10 degrees lat in the south
233
Q

lighter skin

A
  • higher vitamin D absorption (prevents rickets)
  • higher skin cancer rates and folate depletion
234
Q

darker skin

A
  • lower vitamin D absorption (prevents hypervitaminosos D but risk of rickets at high latitudes)
  • lower rates of sunburn, skin cancer, and folate depletion
235
Q

why are arctic people darker than predicted?

A
  • recent arrives at 10kya
  • marine diet high in vitamin D
236
Q

are we still evolving?

A
  • cultural adaptation creates novel environments
  • environment and culture impact biology and evolution
237
Q

bioarchaeology

A
  • analysis of human skeletal remains
  • techniques include both anthropological and archaeological methods
238
Q

what is the purpose of bioarchaeology?

A
  • reconstructing behavior and health in past populations
239
Q

who are the subjects in bioarchaeology?

A
  • subjects are usually human remains from within the last 10,000 years
240
Q

what is the focus of bioarchaeology in the early 20th century? the late 20th century?

A
  • early 20th century focused on classification
  • late 20th century shift to health and behavior
  • population and/or individual subjects
241
Q

what are the goals of bioarchaeology?

A
  • activity levels
  • diet and health
  • biological profiles
242
Q

how is activity levels reflected in skeletal remains?

A
  • osteoarthritis
  • bone geometry
243
Q

how can diet and health be reflected in skeletal remains?

A
  • stable isotope analysis of diet
  • skeletal indicators of stress
244
Q

what is the goal of biological profiles in bioarchaeology?

A
  • estimating population demographics
245
Q

forensic anthropology

A
  • analysis of human skeletal remains
  • techniques include both anthropological and archaeological methods
246
Q

what is the purpose of forensic anthropology?

A

medicolegal relevance - either criminal or civil

247
Q

who are the subjects in forensic anthropology?

A
  • cases are current and recent, within the last 50 years
248
Q

what are the goals in forensic anthropology?

A
  • help in establishing time since death and in interpreting trauma
  • assist with recovery of remains
  • establish a biological profile
249
Q

what are the activities of forensic anthropology?

A
  • medicolegal cases
  • human rights cases
  • mass disaster relief and identification
250
Q

what does the biological profile consist of?

A
  • sex
  • age at death
  • stature
  • ancestry
  • trauma and pathology
251
Q

what are the skeletal indicators of sex?

A
  • pelvis (most accurate)
  • cranium
  • long bones (least accurate)
252
Q

why is determining sex only reliable for adults?

A

the pelvis, cranium, and long bones represent secondary sex characters and become apparent after puberty

253
Q

what is the difference between a male and female pelvis?

A
  • female pelvis is wider
  • male pelvis is narrower
254
Q

what is the difference between a male and female cranium?

A
  • female skull is more gracile
  • male skull is more robust
255
Q

what skeletal features can be informative about age?

A
  • teeth
  • epiphyses
  • cranial sutures
  • degeneration of joints
256
Q

epiphyses

A

growth plates in long bones

257
Q

what are the differences between determining age in juveniles versus adults?

A
  • juveniles: based on development
  • adults: based on degeneration
258
Q

how is age determined in juveniles?

A
  • body size
  • tooth development
  • ossification and epiphyses
  • all aspects of development are under genetic control - very reliable and accurate
259
Q

what is one of the most accurate methods of aging in juveniles?

A

tooth development and eruption

260
Q

what are bone epiphyses made of?

A
  • spongy bones, covered by a thin layer of compact bone
  • epiphyses are connected to bones by epiphyseal cartilage (growth plates), which is eventually replaced by bone
261
Q

epiphysis

A

growth center at the ends of bone shafts
- different epiphyses fuse at different ages
- most useful for the first 25 years

262
Q

how is age determined in adults?

A
  • dental wear
  • cranial suture fusion
  • osteoarthritis
  • joint degeneration
  • most degenerative processes are driven primarily by environment and behavior, so highly variable - unlike in juveniles where it is controlled primarily by genetics
263
Q

what is and is not accurate for adults and juveniles in a biological profile?

A
  • for adults, sex is accurate, age is not
  • for juveniles, age is accurate, sex is not
264
Q

what is stature?

A
  • estimated from lengths of long bones using regression models
  • models are specific to sex and ancestry
265
Q

what are the three categories forensic anthropology in the US categorizes ancestry?

A
  • black
  • white
  • asian
266
Q

what is evidence of trauma and pathology in bones?

A
  • broken bones (bony scar or callus)
  • congenital anomaly
  • diseases that affect bones
267
Q

how is trauma and disease analyzed in bones?

A
  • trauma analysis
  • pathological analysis
  • ancient DNA
268
Q

porotic hyperostosis

A

porosities in the cranial vault

269
Q

cribra orbitalia

A

porosities in the orbital root

270
Q

what can result from anemia, stress, or malnutrition?

A
  • porotic hyperostosis
  • cribra orbitalia
271
Q

what indicates malnutrition and illnesses during childhood?

A
  • linear enamel hypoplasia
  • failure for enamel to develop normally during development
272
Q

Harris lines

A
  • growth arrest lines
  • lines of increased bone density
  • form on long bones due to growth arrest, often result of juvenile malnutrition, disease, or trauma
273
Q

fluctuating asymmetry

A
  • non-directional variation between left and right sides of a bilateral trait
  • may arise as the result of development under environmental stress
274
Q

what activity patterns can be determined in forensic anthropology?

A
  • functional morphology
  • biomechanical analyses

Biological Anthropology (7 decks)

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