Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Anthropology > Exam 3 COPY > Flashcards

Exam 3 COPY Flashcards

1
Q

biocultural evolution

A
  • confers the notion that biology makes culture possible
  • developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what have biocultural interactions caused in humans?

A
  • anatomical, biological, and behavioral changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

worldview

A

cultural perspective shared by the members of a society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are humans the result of?

A

the long-term interactions between biology and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are fossils?

A
  • traces or remnants of organisms found in geological beds on the earth’s surface
  • can include once-living forms as animals, plants, insects, and algae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

trace fossils

A

related to an organisms way of life, its behavior, not necessarily the remains of the animal itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

who studies fossils?

A

paleontologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

paleontology

A

the study of fossil remains, their context and their evolution
- subfield of geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

geology

A

the study of earth’s physical characteristics and their formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are fossils good for?

A

fossils tell us about otherwise unknown totally extinct species
- phylogeny
- paleoecology
- paleoenvironment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do fossils tells us when dated?

A

when dated, fossils allow us to add a time scale to a phylogenetic tree, and the evolutionary events it depicts
- phylogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

paleoecology

A

the settings in which the fossils lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

paleoenvironment

A

reconstruct the ancient events of evolution and how it occurred and what transpired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

teeth and jaws

A
  • ready made fossils
  • highly heritable (phylogenetic info)
  • sensitive to selection (functional info)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

homology

A

the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function
- similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

richard owen

A

father of homology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

analogies (homoplasy)

A
  • similarities between organisms based strictly on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent
  • convergent evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

taphonomy

A
  • bias in the fossil record is unavoidable
  • there will always be a loss of information from the present to the past
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

plesiadapiformes

A
  • stem primates who split off the tree before the last common ancestor of euprimates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

carpolestes

A
  • late paleocene and early eocene
  • distribution: north america europe, and asia
  • body size: small
  • evidence: abundant, nearly entire skeleton known
  • divergent, opposable hallux with a nail instead of a claw
  • 3.1.3.3. dental formula
  • highly aboreal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where in the fossil record is hominid fossil material poor?

A
  • late miocene (12-7 mya) in sub-saharan africa
  • but a key time period to explore divergence between humans and our closest cousins, the african apes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

molecular clocks

A
  • best when used with the fossil record
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

divergence estimates between humans and chimpanzees

A

5-6 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

divergence estimates between humans and gorillas

A

6-8 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the last common ancestor

A
  • africa
  • molecular clock dates 9-5 mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

mosaic evolution

A

the piece by piece emergence of a new form
- interested in becoming human
- the tinkering nature of the evolutionary process adds and removes and this is how modern humans emerged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

east african rift valley

A
  • geologically very young and active
  • one of three volcanos that are part of mt. kilimanjaro
  • divergent boundary of land where african plate and indian plate are moving apart due to mid-oceanic ridge in the indian ocean
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

australopiths

A
  • east africa
  • 2 genera = australopithecus and paranthropus
  • ca. 4.2 - 1 mya
  • all bipedal
  • large teeth, thick enamel, big chewing structures
  • chimp-sized brains
  • key countries: ethiopia, kenya, and tanzania
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

hadar, ethiopia

A
  • 1973 discovery
  • ca 3.4 mya
  • key features: valgus, femoral condyles modified, and patellar notch raised
  • finding of “Lucy”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lucy

A
  • 1974 discovery
  • ca. 40% complete (47/207)
  • single adult individual, about 1 m tall
  • AL 288-1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A.L.

A

afar locality and specimen number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

laetoli, tanzania

A
  • 1978 discovery of footprints
  • 3.6 mya
  • fossils similar to hadar finds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

encephalization

A
  • hominin brain enlargement beginning with H. habilis and culminating with H. heidelbergensis is the fastest percentage growth of any organ in the history of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

stone tools

A
  • stone tools confer an advantage to gaining access to difficult to get to places (bone marrow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is a nutrient rich food that is thought to have attributed to encaphilization?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Paranthropus boisei

A
  • discovery in 1959 by Mary Leakey
  • robust australopith first named zinjanthropus boisei
  • very large cheek teeth
  • small anterior dentition
  • a human cuisinart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hominini

A

taxonomic group that contains humans and closely related extinct species
- more closely related to humans than any other primate group
- everything that is descended of the unknown last common ancestor of modern humans and chimps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the two families of the superfamily hominoidea?

A

hylobatidae and hominidae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hylobatidae

A
  • lesser apes
  • gibbons
  • siamangs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

hominidae

A
  • great apes and humans
  • orangutans
  • gorillas
  • chimps
  • bonobos
  • humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

if we treat the age of the earth as 12 hours how old are primates? humans?

A
  • 10 min, 48 secs
  • 22 seconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

K-T boundary

A
  • explosive adaptive radiation of mammals after the KT boundary as they adapted to inhabit niches left unoccupied after the mass extinction
  • primate diversity as most mammalian diversity exploded here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

when did primates emerge?

A
  • eocene and paleocene
  • 56.5 * 65 mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

synapomorphies

A
  • shared, derived characters of a taxonomic unit that distinguishes members of that taxonomic unit from others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the adaptions of bipedalism?

A
  • foramen magnum position
  • pelvis shape - lumbar lordosis
  • femoral head/neck shape
  • valgus knee
  • some features in the foot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the shape of the human pelvis in comparison to chimps?

A
  • in humans the wings of the ilium extend from either side of the pelvis
  • in chimps, the tall narrow wings of the ilium extend from the back of the pelvic ring
  • humans have a short ischium, chimps have long ones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what features in the foot do humans have the chimps do not?

A
  • enlarged calcaneus
  • curved arch
  • convergent big toe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

suspensory traits

A
  • curved phalanges, funnel shaped thorax, relatively short hindlimb, cranially oriented shoulder joint, and large pisifirm
  • early hominins retain but are lost in the genus homo as the brain size increases
49
Q

hominin synapomorphies

A
  • flatter face
  • bigger brains relative to body size
  • thick enamel and large molar size
  • smaller canines
50
Q

hominin evolution

A
  • timing and geography
  • brain expansion, then bipedalism or bidepalism then brain expansion?
  • europe, asia, or africa?
51
Q

piltdown man

A
  • large brain
    -ape-like jaws and teeth
  • missing foramen magnum
  • found in europe
  • hoax exposed in 1953
52
Q

taung child

A
  • au. africanus
  • raymond dart
  • south africa
  • small brain
  • bipedal
  • 3 myo
  • ignored for many years
  • discovered bipedalism then brain expansion occurred in africa
53
Q

early miocene

A

warm and wet

54
Q

late miocene - early pliocene

A

begin to cool and dry

55
Q

early hominins

A
  • very ap-like but share synapomorphies with later hominins that are clearly part of the human lineage
56
Q

early hominin localities: sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

central africa - koro toro, chad
- 6-7 mya

57
Q

early hominin localities: east africa

A
  • Orrorin tugenensis
  • Ardipithecus kadabba
  • Ardipithecus ramidus
58
Q

what are the bipedal features in the femur of Ororrin tugenensis?

A

thick cortex on inferior part of the femoral neck
- enlarged femoral head

59
Q

robust group of austrolipithecus

A
  • 3 - 1 mya
  • P. boisei
  • P. robustus
  • P. aethiopicus
60
Q

gracile groups of austrolipithecus

A
  • 4 - 2 mya
  • A. africanus
  • A. afarensis
  • A. garhi
  • A. bahrelghazali
  • A. anamensis
61
Q

what are the two gracile genera of the australopiths?

A
  • australipithecus
  • Kenyanthropus
62
Q

what are the two robust genera of the australopiths?

A
  • paranthropus
63
Q

east african gracile australopiths

A
  • Australopithecus anamensis
  • Australopithecus afarensis
  • Kenyanthropus platyops
  • Australopithecus deyiremeda
64
Q

central african gracile australopiths

A
  • Australopithecus bahrelghazali
65
Q

southern african gracile australopiths

A
  • Australopithecus africanus
  • Australopithecus sediba
66
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A
  • 3.8-3.0 mya
  • hadar, ethipia
  • laetoli, tanzania
  • discovered in 1974
67
Q

what is the evidence of bipedalism in a. afarensis?

A
  • valgus knee and human-like pelvis
68
Q

what are the oldest tools?

A
  • 3.3 mya
  • lomekwi kenya
  • “lomekwian tools later oldowan tools associated with homo
69
Q

Australopithecus africanus

A
  • 3.0 - 2.0 mya
  • many sites in south africa
  • taung child
  • small brain
  • bipedal
  • first authralopith described
70
Q

east african robust australopiths

A
  • Paranthropus aethiopicus
  • Paranthropus boisei
71
Q

southern african robust australopith

A

Paranthropus robustus

72
Q

Paranthropus boisei features related to heavy chewing

A
  • massive molars with hyper-thick enamel
  • huge, thick mandible
73
Q

What did Paranthropus eat?

A
  • hard foods - seeds and nuts
  • tough foods - grasses and sedges
74
Q

striations

A
  • tough foods
  • grasses and sedges
75
Q

pits

A
  • hard foods
  • seeds and nuts
76
Q

enamel chipping

A
  • high bite forces associated with large enamel chips in living primates species
  • many australopiths show high frequency of chips
77
Q

when were the australopiths named and by who?

A
  • 1920s
  • by Raymond Dart
78
Q

what traits separate homo and the australopiths?

A
  • tool use - precision grip
  • dental and facial reduction
  • larger brains - encephalization
  • connected by the expensive tissue hypothesis
79
Q

cerebral rubicon

A

a treshhold established by Sir Arthur Keith at 750cc designating the species which could be placed into the genus homo
- although was a major supporter of piltdown man

80
Q

piltdown man

A
  • england in 1912
  • encephalization vs. bipedalism
  • uncovered as a hoax officially in 1953
81
Q

Johnny’s child

A
  • olduvai gorge and turkana basin, tanzania by the Leakeys in 1960s
  • 1.75 mya (2-1.4 mya)
  • highly fragmentary - partial madnible, parietal bones, and pieces of the hand
  • designated homo habilis as the handy man
  • associated with stone tools, reduced facial anatomy, and slightly larger brains
82
Q

did homo habilis use tools?

A
  • stone tools were found in the area, and were consistent with the daring
  • the bones of the hand suggested that they had the ability for a precision grip (seen as necessary for tool use)
83
Q

did homo habilis have dental and facial reduction?

A
  • the jaw suggested reduced prognathism and the molars and premolars were reduced as compared to p. boisei because that was the only species in the area
84
Q

did homo habilis have larger brains?

A
  • because the skull is not complete and because it is a juvenile (likely in the 12-13 range) cranial capacity estimates range from 590-710 cc
85
Q

what are the three kinds of oldowan tools?

A
  • hammer stones
  • stone cores
  • stone flakes
86
Q

hammer stones

A
  • these show signs of percussion damage and were likely used to smash into other rocks
87
Q

stone cores

A
  • these are stones with flake scares around them forming a sharp edge on one side
88
Q

stone flakes

A
  • these are sharp flakes off of stone cores for fine cutting
89
Q

did oldowan tools appear prior to the first known homo habilis?

A
  • yes
  • 2.6 mya in east africa
  • 2 mya in south africa
  • 1.8 mya in east asia and middle east
  • .8 mya in europe
90
Q

what are the cranio-dental differences from the australopiths to homo

A
  • similar incisors and canines but reduced molars and premolars
  • M3 smaller than M2
  • no sagittal crests
  • slight post-orbital constriction
91
Q

when did the modern shape to the dental arcade first appear?

A

homo habilis

92
Q

what do postcranial remains of homo habilis show?

A
  • hand bones are robust, but also with fine grip capabilities
  • stout, adducted big toe
  • hand and forelimbs indicate some climbing was still available
93
Q

what is the re-definition of the genus homo according to Leakey that disrupts the cerebral rubicon?

A
  • pelvic and hind-limb indicative of obligate bipedality
  • upper limb shorter than lower limb
  • grasping thumb with precision grip abilities
  • cranial capacity ranging from 600-1,600 cc
  • overlaps with the australopiths**
94
Q

KNM ER 1813

A
  • found on koobi fora, kenya in 1973
  • dated 1.9 mya
  • adult, all teeth erupted, but very small at 510 cc
95
Q

OH24 - twiggy

A
  • found in olduvai gorge in 1968
  • originally crushed flat so there was significant distortion even after reconstruction
  • dated 1.8 mya
  • young adult based on lack of wear in M3
  • 590-600 cc
96
Q

what disrupted the idea that homo habilis washe clear link between early hominins and later homo?

A
  • KNM-ER 1470
  • dated to 1.9-1.8 MYA
97
Q

what are the features of KNM-ER 1470?

A
  • larger flatter face
  • larger brain at 775 cc
  • larger molars and premolars
  • other than the teeth, this is clearly trending towards modern humans**
98
Q

single species hypothesis

A
  • proposed by C. loring brace and milford wolpoff
  • humans and our close ancestors (everything in the genus homo) occupy such a comprehensive niche that only one species can exist at a time
  • therefore all variation seen in fossil taxa from the same time period must be intraspecific variation
99
Q

lumpers

A
  • fewer species
  • intraspecific
100
Q

splitters

A
  • more species
  • interspecific
101
Q

is H. rudolfensis a male H. habilis?

A
  • lumper v splitter debate
  • under the single species hypothesis some argued this
  • more than 100 cc in brain size differences between the sexes?
  • H. rudolfensis has more gracile facial features (other than teeth)
102
Q

H. rudolfensis v H. habilis

A
  • the fossils exist, suggesting two morphologies
  • dating shows that KNM-ER 1470 was alive at the same time as H. habilis
  • fossil KNM-ER is homo rudolfensis and a separate species
  • homo habilis is the ancestor of modern humans
103
Q

so who made stone tools in east africa?

A
  • stone tools are present in east afica by 2.6 mya
  • at least one hominin with a slightly larger brain and reduced dentition and face is present in east africa (along with other australopiths) by 2.0 mya
  • this hominin(s?) may or may not be the maker of the tools and may or may not be the ancestor of later homo erectus
104
Q

why focus on the three traits, specifically why the face and tooth size?

A
  • because big teeth suggest a tough diet and as teeth get smaller, so does the jaw and therefore the face
  • brains become larger through human lineage
  • proportion of body mass dedicated to digestive function is reduced in humans
  • possible because tool use allows higher-quality diet
  • proportion of body mass dedicated to digestive function in humans appears unreduced in australopiths
105
Q

expensive tissue hypothesis

A
  • redefined by leslie aiello and peter wheeler as an attempt to explain the co-occurrence of larger brains and tools in a bio-cultural evolutionary context
  • brains are metabolically expensive
106
Q

how much basil metabolic rate and glucose does the human brain use?

A
  • only 2% of your body mass but use 16% of your resting BMR and 30% o your glucose
107
Q

what significant changes occurred in early homo lineage after 2 mya?

A
  • anatomical changes
  • geographical distribution
  • evidence of culture
  • multiple fossils known, for which taxonomic classification is debated**
108
Q

what is the geographic distribution of homo erectus?

A
  • homo erectus and contemporaries are found all over the old world, including:
  • africa
  • georgia
  • asia
  • western europe
109
Q

ER 3733

A
  • found at east lake turkana (east africa)
  • dated to 1.7 mya
  • 848 cm3 cranial capacity
  • no longer the “oldest” h. erectus speci,em found, but the oldest from africa
110
Q

WT 15000

A
  • from nariokotome kenya (east africa)
  • dated to 1.6 mya
  • nariokotome boy
  • juvenile
  • the most complete h. erectus specimen yet found
111
Q

what major sites are homo erectus found in and what are they characterized by?

A
  • china
  • zhoukoudian
  • indonesia
  • sangiran
  • characterized by thick skull and pronounced brow ridges
112
Q

zhoukoudian

A
  • cave site in china
  • .7 - .04 mya (recent)
  • lots of material recovered
  • remains of more than 40 adults and children
  • large browridge,sagittal keel, nuchal torus
  • thick skull bones
  • protruding face, broad near bottom
  • site was occupied for 250k years
113
Q

java sites

A
  • includes type specimen of homo erectus
  • dubois worked 1980-1900
  • sites: trinil (solo river)
  • brain case, mandible, limb bones
  • .9 mya
114
Q

modjokerto and sangiran

A
  • java sites
  • von koenigswald worked 1936-1941
  • several “new” species all now h. erectis
  • 1.7-1.0 mya
115
Q

what sites are homo erectus found in western europe?

A
  • atapuerca (sima del elefante and gran dolina)
  • ceprano
116
Q

ceprano

A
  • western europe
  • .9 - .8 mya
  • this one may be h. heidelbergensis
117
Q

what is the assumption of the anatomic changes of homo erectus?

A
  • associated with behaviors related to emigration from africa and appearance at all these sites
118
Q

what is the evidence of culture in homo erectus?

A
  • tool use - transition from olduwan to achulean
  • hunting debate exists
  • controlled fire debate exists
  • clothing debate exists
  • social structure with groups assumed and sexual dimorphism

Biological Anthropology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions