Exam 3 COPY COPY Flashcards
what is the difference between oldowan and archeulian
- oludwan is chopper
- archuelian is biface/handaxe
archeulian technology
- archeulian technology developed 1.4 mya
- characterized by the handaze or biface
- raw materials were transported long distances
- butchering meat is evident (but does not necessarily mean hunting)
- a sizeable portion of the diet was still from plant materials
behavior at zhoukoudian cave site
- homo erectus bones indicates habitation
- high density of animal bones indicates diet
- ash layer indicated controlled fire and cooking
- may have been a hyena den
- homo erectus bones indicates hyena prey
- high density of animal bones indicates other prey, including the hyena living there
- ash later indicates natural organic deposits
african v asian homo erectus
- african erectus are too big for h. habilis, too derived for h. rudolfensis and too generalized for h. erectus
- many african homo erectus have thinner skull bones attributed to a new species called homo ergaster
what is h. erectus associated with in the lumper v splitter debate in this class?
old world
evolution of h. erectus
- some time after 2 mya, h. erectus likely evolved in africa from an earlier form of homo - possibly from h. rudolfensis or h. habilis
several things are clear: - they are larger in body size
- larger brains
- reduced molar size
- inherited oldowan tool technology
- first hominin to leave africa - georgia in 1.8 mya and java in 1.6 mya
what is archaic homo?
- archaic humans
- blanket term referring to a mixed group of fossils more derived than homo erectus, but less derived than anatomically modern humans
- example: neaderthals
- used to be called archaic homo sapiens
when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - homo erectus
1.6 mya - 120,000 ya
when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - archaic homo
640,000 - 120,000
when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - AMH
200,000 ya
what is the issue in calling archaic homo “archaic homo sapiens?”
likely represent multiple lineages, some lead to AMH but some lead to other species such as neanderthals
what are some of the possible species of archaic homo?
- h. neanderthalensis
- denisovans
- h. rhodesiensis
- h. naledi
- h. antecessor
- h. bodoensis
- h. heidelbergensis
homo heidelbergensis
- defined by otto schoetensack in 1908 based on the mauer jaw
- smaller molars (derived)
- dated to 500 kya
- for limpers, many archaic homo specimens are grouped here
homo neanderthalensis
- lived throughout europe and the middle east
- existed between 200-10kya
- feldhofer grotto, neander valley, germany
- 1856
shanidar 1
- long, flat low braincase
- occipital bun
- low, receding forehead
- strong bowridge
- rather large, wide nose
la ferrassie 1
- projecting midface
- little or no chin
qafzeh 9
- rather short, round, high braincase
- rounded occipital
- high forehead
- smaller nose
predmost 3
- flatter midface
- chin
who is marcellin boule?
- called out neanderthals as a dead-end lineage
- inaccurate reconstructions of neanderthals
what are some indications neanderthals were cold adapted?
- the combination of features in the face (large nose), body shape (stout body shape) has lead some researchers to believe that they were cold adapted
- humans living in colder environments tend to show taller, longer noses, and have shorter squatter stature
what is the bahavior of neanderthals?
- known to intentionally bury dead with grave goods
- care for elderly/vulnerable
- cannibalism?
- violence?
la chapelle-aux-saints
- old, osteoarthritic neanderthal from correze, france
- excavated 1908-1911
- 50 kya
- old man
trauma among neadnerthals
- the neaderthals have particularly high rates of trauma on their bones
what neanderthal skeletons have significant trauma to their bones before death
- la chapelle-aux-saints
- la frarraissie
- la quina 5
- sala
- krapina 3
- all of the shanidar material
- saccopastore 1
- kebara 2
mousterian tools
- slight imporvement on the levallois technique, enabling longer straighter cutting edges
- not solely a neanderthal tool trandition - some modern humans showed these tools
neanderthal technology
- Neanderthals were also capable of manufacturing birch tar or pitch
- this is a primitive adhesive, useful in constructing tools, shelters, or other elements
- manufacturing the pitch requires substantial planning, understanding of chemical processes, as well as carefully controlled fire
did neanderthals wear clothing?
- it would have been hard to survive in the neanderthal world without clothing
- does this wear on the teeth indicate a special form of hide preparation?
neandethal burials
- shanidar 4 was found in a flexed position and covered in flower pollen
- is this a burial - some have argued yes, other have said the pollen could have been placed there by rodents
neanderthal art
- painted and drilled shells found in spain are associated with neanderthal remains, indicate the use of jewelry and perhaps greater forms of art
what happened to neandethals?
- eventually the distinctive characteristics of the neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record and modern populations
- some researchers believe the neanderthal lacked some cognitive ability or some cultural trait, which put them at a disadvantage over modern humans - but their brains were larger??
- some think neanderthals were too slow to reproduce and thus humans out-reproduced them, therefore humans outcompeted them for available resources/niche space in europe and middle east
what happened as humans moved into the middle east and europe?
- neanderthals started to disappear
what percentage of the genome is attributed to neaderthals in modern humans? a modern humasn 40,000 years ago?
- 1-4% of non-african modern humans
- 6-9% of a modern human who lived about 40,000 years ago
what is the dating of homo floresiensis?
100,000 - 60,000 ya
where is homo floresiensis found?
- found on the island of flores in 2004
- if they are new hominins and the dating is correct, they appear to have rafted to flores from mainland asia via wallace’s line
- may have followed island rule
what is the island rule?
- on islands, mammals tend to get smallers
- small animals tend to get bigger
what were the stone tools of h. floresiensis?
- over 80,000 stone tools and stone working wase bits
- tools date as old as 800,000 years ago to only 10,000 years, yet the stone tool technology was consistent throughout the assemblage
- tools resemble oldwan tools not later modern human tools
what is an anatomicaly modern homo sapien?
- post-cranially AMHs are generally taller and more gracile than H. neanderthalensis and H. heidelbergensis
what is the oldest fossil evidence of AMHs from?
- oldest material is from ethiopia followed by the middle east and south africa
- these fossils all show the trademarks of human cranial features such as chins, large brains, and reduced brow ridges
- but some appear more robust than others
Qafzeh, Israel
- 110,000 ya
- homo sapiens
- large sample of 20 individuals, modern but some individuals fairly robust, early date
Skhul, Israel
- 115,000 ya
- h. sapiens
- minimum of 10 individuals, modern morphology, slightly earlier date (earliest modern humans know outside of africa)
Herto, Ethiopia
- 160,000 - 154,000 ya
- h. sapiens
- very well preserved cranium dates more than 150kya, the best preserved modern human found anywhere
Omo, Ethiopia
- 195,000 ya
- h. sapiens
- dated almost 200kya and the oldest modern human found anywhere, two crania found, one more modern looking than the other
Omo 1
- Omo Kibish, Ethiopia
- 195kya
- chin
- some of the other individuals from this site don’t look as modern
BOU-VP-16/1
- herto Ethiopia
- 160-154 kya
- other than slightly large supraorbital torus and occipital protuberance, highly modern
Skhul 5
- Skhul Cave
- 130-100 kya
Qafzeh 6
- Qafseh cave
- 120-92kya
Zhoukoudian, china
27 kya
Tianyuan, China
40kya
Niah Cave, Borneo
45-40kya
where are modern humans in Australia?
- Lake Mungo - 40kya
- Kow Swamp - 14-9kya
Mladec, Czech Republic
31 kya
- central europe fossil evidence
Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic
26 kya
- central europe fossil evidence
Cro-Magnon
- western europe
- 28kya
contemporary hominin - homo neanderthalensis
- contemporaneous with modern humans in middle east and europe
contemporary hominin - homo erectus
- contemporaneous with modern humans in southeast asia
what species did modern humans overlap with?
- it seems likely that modern humans overlapped in space and time with h. heidelbergensis
- homo floresiensis - while unlikely to be out close relative (assumming they are a distinct species) humans certainly overlapped with them
African replacement
modern human origin hypothesis
- prior hominins occupied europe and asia
- humans arose in africa in a highly localized event
- humans left africa and replaced older hominin forms without interbreeding
- non-african older hominins did not contribute to modern gene pool
multiregionalism
modern human origin hypothesis
- prior homins occupied europe and asia
- humans arose from all these continents simultaneously
- high rates of gene flow kept local populations united into one global human population
- non-african hominins contributed significantly to modern human gene pool
ancient DNA
- moleculat anthropologists (and other molecular biologists) are able to extract DNA from anything that still has tissue
- ancient DNA (aDNA) preservation is highly variable based on time and taphonomy
what preserves ancient DNA better?
- one must have organic remains
- colder climates are often better = many aDNA genomes come from siberia
when is there divergence between human-neanderthal mtDNA?
- clear separation of modern human and neanderthal mtDNA
- modern human-neanderthal mtDNA divergence 350-700kya
what makes homo sapiens and homo neanderthalensis separate and sister species?
- the mtDNA
- the timing of the earliest african AMH
what percentage of all non-sub-saharan africans have neanderthal DNA?
- 1-6%
- segments of the human nuclear genome show that modern populations of humans are unequally related to neanderthals
what does the unequal populations of modern humans with neanderthal DNA mean?
- much more interbreeding in some regions than others (southern europe)
- neanderthal alleles confer some kind of selective advantage in certain environments (introgression)
cultural innovations in the paleolithic
- symbolic art found in southern africa dated to moddle stone age (80,000 - 77,000 YBP)
- more refined tool technology
- bone/antler/stone
- more varied toolkit with fish hooks, needles, spear/arrows, etc.
what are some other innovations in the paleolithic?
- medicine
- surgical amputation of limb - lower left limb surgically removed in childhood w/ the individual living to be 20 y/o
cultural innovations in the neolithic
- agricultural revolution
- climate stabilizes during holocene (12,000 YBP - present)
agricultural revolution in the neolithic period
- domestication of plants and animals - selective breeding
- urbanization and the division of labor
- centralized administration/authority
- manipulation of environment w/ clearing of forest for farming and cold weather clothing for higher latitudes
- written language
which time period was characterized by variable climates?
- pleistocene
- 2.6 - 11,600 ya
what allowed migration into Siberia from east/central asia?
- glacial recession
- 43,000 - 36,000 ybp
when was beringia colonized?
35,000 ybp
when was the opening of the canadian glacier?
- 16,000 ybp
- two posited routes with genetic and archaeological evidence
homo sapiens and race
- homo sapiens is a polytypic species
- homo sapiens is genetically homogeneous
what were the proposed “types” of homo sapiens based on race by carolus linnaeus?
- homo europaeus
- homo afer
- homo asiaticus
- homo americanus
who proposed that there were 5 races? what were these races?
- Johann Blumenbach
- ethiopian, caucasoid, mongoloid, american, and malay
biological determinism
the idea that most human characteristics, physical and mental, are determined at conception by hereditary factors passed from parent to offspring
what is the connection between biological determinism and genes?
- genes explain our traits like skin color, skull shape, height, weight etc.
- genes also determine intelligence, personality, and behavior
- there is a link between our physical traits and our behavioral traits
eugenics
- a movement originating with the work of francis galton in the late 19th century
- promoted the concept of more suitable races with planned breeding, artificial selection, elimination of undesirables, and forced sterilization
is eugenics still prominent today?
- yes
- between 2006 - 2010 148 female prisoners in just two prisons were sterilized without consent
- pregnancy termination after genetic testing
- gene alteration
- war
genetic space
- lengths of the branches indicate genetic distance
- humans as compared to other great apes occupy very little genetic space
- this means that among humans there is very little genetic diversity compared to our closest relatives
what happens to genetic diveristy as groups move further from east africa?
- genetic diversity decreases
is race cultural or biological?
- cultural but conceptualized biologically
- blood and race are symbolically intertwined
what is race constructed from?
- arbitrary physical characteristics like skin color, hair color, height, etc
- different classification schemes for different purposes but suspiciously all close to sociolinguistic qualities
what features vary within humans which reflect adaptations/acclimations to certain habitats/environments?
- skin pigmentation
- body shape/size
- hair form/pigmentation
- skin and fat
- physiology
- skeletal variation
what are the human origins?
- origins in africa over 200,000 kya
- evolved in a tropical climate
- certain populations improved ability to withstand cold due to physical and cultural adaptation or acclimation
clinal effect
latitude correlates with darkness of skin
what is latitude correlated with?
- the sun, required for vitamin D
where is UV radiation higher?
UV radiation is higher in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere at similar latitude
in males, what does skin reflectance increase for every 10 degrees of latitude in the north? in the suth?
- 8.2% for every 10 degrees of lat north
- 3.3% for every 10 degrees lat in the south
lighter skin
- higher vitamin D absorption (prevents rickets)
- higher skin cancer rates and folate depletion
darker skin
- lower vitamin D absorption (prevents hypervitaminosos D but risk of rickets at high latitudes)
- lower rates of sunburn, skin cancer, and folate depletion
why are arctic people darker than predicted?
- recent arrives at 10kya
- marine diet high in vitamin D
are we still evolving?
- cultural adaptation creates novel environments
- environment and culture impact biology and evolution
bioarchaeology
- analysis of human skeletal remains
- techniques include both anthropological and archaeological methods
what is the purpose of bioarchaeology?
- reconstructing behavior and health in past populations
who are the subjects in bioarchaeology?
- subjects are usually human remains from within the last 10,000 years
what is the focus of bioarchaeology in the early 20th century? the late 20th century?
- early 20th century focused on classification
- late 20th century shift to health and behavior
- population and/or individual subjects
what are the goals of bioarchaeology?
- activity levels
- diet and health
- biological profiles
how is activity levels reflected in skeletal remains?
- osteoarthritis
- bone geometry
how can diet and health be reflected in skeletal remains?
- stable isotope analysis of diet
- skeletal indicators of stress
what is the goal of biological profiles in bioarchaeology?
- estimating population demographics
forensic anthropology
- analysis of human skeletal remains
- techniques include both anthropological and archaeological methods
what is the purpose of forensic anthropology?
medicolegal relevance - either criminal or civil
who are the subjects in forensic anthropology?
- cases are current and recent, within the last 50 years
what are the goals in forensic anthropology?
- help in establishing time since death and in interpreting trauma
- assist with recovery of remains
- establish a biological profile
what are the activities of forensic anthropology?
- medicolegal cases
- human rights cases
- mass disaster relief and identification
what does the biological profile consist of?
- sex
- age at death
- stature
- ancestry
- trauma and pathology
what are the skeletal indicators of sex?
- pelvis (most accurate)
- cranium
- long bones (least accurate)
why is determining sex only reliable for adults?
the pelvis, cranium, and long bones represent secondary sex characters and become apparent after puberty
what is the difference between a male and female pelvis?
- female pelvis is wider
- male pelvis is narrower
what is the difference between a male and female cranium?
- female skull is more gracile
- male skull is more robust
what skeletal features can be informative about age?
- teeth
- epiphyses
- cranial sutures
- degeneration of joints
epiphyses
growth plates in long bones
what are the differences between determining age in juveniles versus adults?
- juveniles: based on development
- adults: based on degeneration
how is age determined in juveniles?
- body size
- tooth development
- ossification and epiphyses
- all aspects of development are under genetic control - very reliable and accurate
what is one of the most accurate methods of aging in juveniles?
tooth development and eruption
what are bone epiphyses made of?
- spongy bones, covered by a thin layer of compact bone
- epiphyses are connected to bones by epiphyseal cartilage (growth plates), which is eventually replaced by bone
epiphysis
growth center at the ends of bone shafts
- different epiphyses fuse at different ages
- most useful for the first 25 years
how is age determined in adults?
- dental wear
- cranial suture fusion
- osteoarthritis
- joint degeneration
- most degenerative processes are driven primarily by environment and behavior, so highly variable - unlike in juveniles where it is controlled primarily by genetics
what is and is not accurate for adults and juveniles in a biological profile?
- for adults, sex is accurate, age is not
- for juveniles, age is accurate, sex is not
what is stature?
- estimated from lengths of long bones using regression models
- models are specific to sex and ancestry
what are the three categories forensic anthropology in the US categorizes ancestry?
- black
- white
- asian
what is evidence of trauma and pathology in bones?
- broken bones (bony scar or callus)
- congenital anomaly
- diseases that affect bones
how is trauma and disease analyzed in bones?
- trauma analysis
- pathological analysis
- ancient DNA
porotic hyperostosis
porosities in the cranial vault
cribra orbitalia
porosities in the orbital root
what can result from anemia, stress, or malnutrition?
- porotic hyperostosis
- cribra orbitalia
what indicates malnutrition and illnesses during childhood?
- linear enamel hypoplasia
- failure for enamel to develop normally during development
Harris lines
- growth arrest lines
- lines of increased bone density
- form on long bones due to growth arrest, often result of juvenile malnutrition, disease, or trauma
fluctuating asymmetry
- non-directional variation between left and right sides of a bilateral trait
- may arise as the result of development under environmental stress
what activity patterns can be determined in forensic anthropology?
- functional morphology
- biomechanical analyses
