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Biological Anthropology > Exam 3 COPY COPY > Flashcards

Exam 3 COPY COPY Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between oldowan and archeulian

A
  • oludwan is chopper
  • archuelian is biface/handaxe
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2
Q

archeulian technology

A
  • archeulian technology developed 1.4 mya
  • characterized by the handaze or biface
  • raw materials were transported long distances
  • butchering meat is evident (but does not necessarily mean hunting)
  • a sizeable portion of the diet was still from plant materials
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3
Q

behavior at zhoukoudian cave site

A
  • homo erectus bones indicates habitation
  • high density of animal bones indicates diet
  • ash layer indicated controlled fire and cooking
  • may have been a hyena den
  • homo erectus bones indicates hyena prey
  • high density of animal bones indicates other prey, including the hyena living there
  • ash later indicates natural organic deposits
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4
Q

african v asian homo erectus

A
  • african erectus are too big for h. habilis, too derived for h. rudolfensis and too generalized for h. erectus
  • many african homo erectus have thinner skull bones attributed to a new species called homo ergaster
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5
Q

what is h. erectus associated with in the lumper v splitter debate in this class?

A

old world

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6
Q

evolution of h. erectus

A
  • some time after 2 mya, h. erectus likely evolved in africa from an earlier form of homo - possibly from h. rudolfensis or h. habilis
    several things are clear:
  • they are larger in body size
  • larger brains
  • reduced molar size
  • inherited oldowan tool technology
  • first hominin to leave africa - georgia in 1.8 mya and java in 1.6 mya
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7
Q

what is archaic homo?

A
  • archaic humans
  • blanket term referring to a mixed group of fossils more derived than homo erectus, but less derived than anatomically modern humans
  • example: neaderthals
  • used to be called archaic homo sapiens
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8
Q

when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - homo erectus

A

1.6 mya - 120,000 ya

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9
Q

when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - archaic homo

A

640,000 - 120,000

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10
Q

when are archaic homo present in the fossil record? - AMH

A

200,000 ya

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11
Q

what is the issue in calling archaic homo “archaic homo sapiens?”

A

likely represent multiple lineages, some lead to AMH but some lead to other species such as neanderthals

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12
Q

what are some of the possible species of archaic homo?

A
  • h. neanderthalensis
  • denisovans
  • h. rhodesiensis
  • h. naledi
  • h. antecessor
  • h. bodoensis
  • h. heidelbergensis
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13
Q

homo heidelbergensis

A
  • defined by otto schoetensack in 1908 based on the mauer jaw
  • smaller molars (derived)
  • dated to 500 kya
  • for limpers, many archaic homo specimens are grouped here
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14
Q

homo neanderthalensis

A
  • lived throughout europe and the middle east
  • existed between 200-10kya
  • feldhofer grotto, neander valley, germany
  • 1856
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15
Q

shanidar 1

A
  • long, flat low braincase
  • occipital bun
  • low, receding forehead
  • strong bowridge
  • rather large, wide nose
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16
Q

la ferrassie 1

A
  • projecting midface
  • little or no chin
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17
Q

qafzeh 9

A
  • rather short, round, high braincase
  • rounded occipital
  • high forehead
  • smaller nose
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18
Q

predmost 3

A
  • flatter midface
  • chin
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19
Q

who is marcellin boule?

A
  • called out neanderthals as a dead-end lineage
  • inaccurate reconstructions of neanderthals
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20
Q

what are some indications neanderthals were cold adapted?

A
  • the combination of features in the face (large nose), body shape (stout body shape) has lead some researchers to believe that they were cold adapted
  • humans living in colder environments tend to show taller, longer noses, and have shorter squatter stature
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21
Q

what is the bahavior of neanderthals?

A
  • known to intentionally bury dead with grave goods
  • care for elderly/vulnerable
  • cannibalism?
  • violence?
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22
Q

la chapelle-aux-saints

A
  • old, osteoarthritic neanderthal from correze, france
  • excavated 1908-1911
  • 50 kya
  • old man
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23
Q

trauma among neadnerthals

A
  • the neaderthals have particularly high rates of trauma on their bones
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24
Q

what neanderthal skeletons have significant trauma to their bones before death

A
  • la chapelle-aux-saints
  • la frarraissie
  • la quina 5
  • sala
  • krapina 3
  • all of the shanidar material
  • saccopastore 1
  • kebara 2
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25
Q

mousterian tools

A
  • slight imporvement on the levallois technique, enabling longer straighter cutting edges
  • not solely a neanderthal tool trandition - some modern humans showed these tools
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26
Q

neanderthal technology

A
  • Neanderthals were also capable of manufacturing birch tar or pitch
  • this is a primitive adhesive, useful in constructing tools, shelters, or other elements
  • manufacturing the pitch requires substantial planning, understanding of chemical processes, as well as carefully controlled fire
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27
Q

did neanderthals wear clothing?

A
  • it would have been hard to survive in the neanderthal world without clothing
  • does this wear on the teeth indicate a special form of hide preparation?
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28
Q

neandethal burials

A
  • shanidar 4 was found in a flexed position and covered in flower pollen
  • is this a burial - some have argued yes, other have said the pollen could have been placed there by rodents
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29
Q

neanderthal art

A
  • painted and drilled shells found in spain are associated with neanderthal remains, indicate the use of jewelry and perhaps greater forms of art
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30
Q

what happened to neandethals?

A
  • eventually the distinctive characteristics of the neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record and modern populations
  • some researchers believe the neanderthal lacked some cognitive ability or some cultural trait, which put them at a disadvantage over modern humans - but their brains were larger??
  • some think neanderthals were too slow to reproduce and thus humans out-reproduced them, therefore humans outcompeted them for available resources/niche space in europe and middle east
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31
Q

what happened as humans moved into the middle east and europe?

A
  • neanderthals started to disappear
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32
Q

what percentage of the genome is attributed to neaderthals in modern humans? a modern humasn 40,000 years ago?

A
  • 1-4% of non-african modern humans
  • 6-9% of a modern human who lived about 40,000 years ago
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33
Q

what is the dating of homo floresiensis?

A

100,000 - 60,000 ya

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34
Q

where is homo floresiensis found?

A
  • found on the island of flores in 2004
  • if they are new hominins and the dating is correct, they appear to have rafted to flores from mainland asia via wallace’s line
  • may have followed island rule
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35
Q

what is the island rule?

A
  • on islands, mammals tend to get smallers
  • small animals tend to get bigger
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36
Q

what were the stone tools of h. floresiensis?

A
  • over 80,000 stone tools and stone working wase bits
  • tools date as old as 800,000 years ago to only 10,000 years, yet the stone tool technology was consistent throughout the assemblage
  • tools resemble oldwan tools not later modern human tools
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37
Q

what is an anatomicaly modern homo sapien?

A
  • post-cranially AMHs are generally taller and more gracile than H. neanderthalensis and H. heidelbergensis
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38
Q

what is the oldest fossil evidence of AMHs from?

A
  • oldest material is from ethiopia followed by the middle east and south africa
  • these fossils all show the trademarks of human cranial features such as chins, large brains, and reduced brow ridges
  • but some appear more robust than others
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39
Q

Qafzeh, Israel

A
  • 110,000 ya
  • homo sapiens
  • large sample of 20 individuals, modern but some individuals fairly robust, early date
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40
Q

Skhul, Israel

A
  • 115,000 ya
  • h. sapiens
  • minimum of 10 individuals, modern morphology, slightly earlier date (earliest modern humans know outside of africa)
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41
Q

Herto, Ethiopia

A
  • 160,000 - 154,000 ya
  • h. sapiens
  • very well preserved cranium dates more than 150kya, the best preserved modern human found anywhere
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42
Q

Omo, Ethiopia

A
  • 195,000 ya
  • h. sapiens
  • dated almost 200kya and the oldest modern human found anywhere, two crania found, one more modern looking than the other
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43
Q

Omo 1

A
  • Omo Kibish, Ethiopia
  • 195kya
  • chin
  • some of the other individuals from this site don’t look as modern
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44
Q

BOU-VP-16/1

A
  • herto Ethiopia
  • 160-154 kya
  • other than slightly large supraorbital torus and occipital protuberance, highly modern
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45
Q

Skhul 5

A
  • Skhul Cave
  • 130-100 kya
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46
Q

Qafzeh 6

A
  • Qafseh cave
  • 120-92kya
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47
Q

Zhoukoudian, china

A

27 kya

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48
Q

Tianyuan, China

A

40kya

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49
Q

Niah Cave, Borneo

A

45-40kya

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50
Q

where are modern humans in Australia?

A
  • Lake Mungo - 40kya
  • Kow Swamp - 14-9kya
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51
Q

Mladec, Czech Republic

A

31 kya
- central europe fossil evidence

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52
Q

Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic

A

26 kya
- central europe fossil evidence

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53
Q

Cro-Magnon

A
  • western europe
  • 28kya
54
Q

contemporary hominin - homo neanderthalensis

A
  • contemporaneous with modern humans in middle east and europe
55
Q

contemporary hominin - homo erectus

A
  • contemporaneous with modern humans in southeast asia
56
Q

what species did modern humans overlap with?

A
  • it seems likely that modern humans overlapped in space and time with h. heidelbergensis
  • homo floresiensis - while unlikely to be out close relative (assumming they are a distinct species) humans certainly overlapped with them
57
Q

African replacement

A

modern human origin hypothesis
- prior hominins occupied europe and asia
- humans arose in africa in a highly localized event
- humans left africa and replaced older hominin forms without interbreeding
- non-african older hominins did not contribute to modern gene pool

58
Q

multiregionalism

A

modern human origin hypothesis
- prior homins occupied europe and asia
- humans arose from all these continents simultaneously
- high rates of gene flow kept local populations united into one global human population
- non-african hominins contributed significantly to modern human gene pool

59
Q

ancient DNA

A
  • moleculat anthropologists (and other molecular biologists) are able to extract DNA from anything that still has tissue
  • ancient DNA (aDNA) preservation is highly variable based on time and taphonomy
60
Q

what preserves ancient DNA better?

A
  • one must have organic remains
  • colder climates are often better = many aDNA genomes come from siberia
61
Q

when is there divergence between human-neanderthal mtDNA?

A
  • clear separation of modern human and neanderthal mtDNA
  • modern human-neanderthal mtDNA divergence 350-700kya
62
Q

what makes homo sapiens and homo neanderthalensis separate and sister species?

A
  • the mtDNA
  • the timing of the earliest african AMH
63
Q

what percentage of all non-sub-saharan africans have neanderthal DNA?

A
  • 1-6%
  • segments of the human nuclear genome show that modern populations of humans are unequally related to neanderthals
64
Q

what does the unequal populations of modern humans with neanderthal DNA mean?

A
  1. much more interbreeding in some regions than others (southern europe)
  2. neanderthal alleles confer some kind of selective advantage in certain environments (introgression)
65
Q

cultural innovations in the paleolithic

A
  • symbolic art found in southern africa dated to moddle stone age (80,000 - 77,000 YBP)
  • more refined tool technology
  • bone/antler/stone
  • more varied toolkit with fish hooks, needles, spear/arrows, etc.
66
Q

what are some other innovations in the paleolithic?

A
  • medicine
  • surgical amputation of limb - lower left limb surgically removed in childhood w/ the individual living to be 20 y/o
67
Q

cultural innovations in the neolithic

A
  • agricultural revolution
  • climate stabilizes during holocene (12,000 YBP - present)
68
Q

agricultural revolution in the neolithic period

A
  • domestication of plants and animals - selective breeding
  • urbanization and the division of labor
  • centralized administration/authority
  • manipulation of environment w/ clearing of forest for farming and cold weather clothing for higher latitudes
  • written language
69
Q

which time period was characterized by variable climates?

A
  • pleistocene
  • 2.6 - 11,600 ya
70
Q

what allowed migration into Siberia from east/central asia?

A
  • glacial recession
  • 43,000 - 36,000 ybp
71
Q

when was beringia colonized?

A

35,000 ybp

72
Q

when was the opening of the canadian glacier?

A
  • 16,000 ybp
  • two posited routes with genetic and archaeological evidence
73
Q

homo sapiens and race

A
  • homo sapiens is a polytypic species
  • homo sapiens is genetically homogeneous
74
Q

what were the proposed “types” of homo sapiens based on race by carolus linnaeus?

A
  • homo europaeus
  • homo afer
  • homo asiaticus
  • homo americanus
75
Q

who proposed that there were 5 races? what were these races?

A
  • Johann Blumenbach
  • ethiopian, caucasoid, mongoloid, american, and malay
76
Q

biological determinism

A

the idea that most human characteristics, physical and mental, are determined at conception by hereditary factors passed from parent to offspring

77
Q

what is the connection between biological determinism and genes?

A
  • genes explain our traits like skin color, skull shape, height, weight etc.
  • genes also determine intelligence, personality, and behavior
  • there is a link between our physical traits and our behavioral traits
78
Q

eugenics

A
  • a movement originating with the work of francis galton in the late 19th century
  • promoted the concept of more suitable races with planned breeding, artificial selection, elimination of undesirables, and forced sterilization
79
Q

is eugenics still prominent today?

A
  • yes
  • between 2006 - 2010 148 female prisoners in just two prisons were sterilized without consent
  • pregnancy termination after genetic testing
  • gene alteration
  • war
80
Q

genetic space

A
  • lengths of the branches indicate genetic distance
  • humans as compared to other great apes occupy very little genetic space
  • this means that among humans there is very little genetic diversity compared to our closest relatives
81
Q

what happens to genetic diveristy as groups move further from east africa?

A
  • genetic diversity decreases
82
Q

is race cultural or biological?

A
  • cultural but conceptualized biologically
  • blood and race are symbolically intertwined
83
Q

what is race constructed from?

A
  • arbitrary physical characteristics like skin color, hair color, height, etc
  • different classification schemes for different purposes but suspiciously all close to sociolinguistic qualities
84
Q

what features vary within humans which reflect adaptations/acclimations to certain habitats/environments?

A
  • skin pigmentation
  • body shape/size
  • hair form/pigmentation
  • skin and fat
  • physiology
  • skeletal variation
85
Q

what are the human origins?

A
  • origins in africa over 200,000 kya
  • evolved in a tropical climate
  • certain populations improved ability to withstand cold due to physical and cultural adaptation or acclimation
86
Q

clinal effect

A

latitude correlates with darkness of skin

87
Q

what is latitude correlated with?

A
  • the sun, required for vitamin D
88
Q

where is UV radiation higher?

A

UV radiation is higher in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere at similar latitude

89
Q

in males, what does skin reflectance increase for every 10 degrees of latitude in the north? in the suth?

A
  • 8.2% for every 10 degrees of lat north
  • 3.3% for every 10 degrees lat in the south
90
Q

lighter skin

A
  • higher vitamin D absorption (prevents rickets)
  • higher skin cancer rates and folate depletion
91
Q

darker skin

A
  • lower vitamin D absorption (prevents hypervitaminosos D but risk of rickets at high latitudes)
  • lower rates of sunburn, skin cancer, and folate depletion
92
Q

why are arctic people darker than predicted?

A
  • recent arrives at 10kya
  • marine diet high in vitamin D
93
Q

are we still evolving?

A
  • cultural adaptation creates novel environments
  • environment and culture impact biology and evolution
94
Q

bioarchaeology

A
  • analysis of human skeletal remains
  • techniques include both anthropological and archaeological methods
95
Q

what is the purpose of bioarchaeology?

A
  • reconstructing behavior and health in past populations
96
Q

who are the subjects in bioarchaeology?

A
  • subjects are usually human remains from within the last 10,000 years
97
Q

what is the focus of bioarchaeology in the early 20th century? the late 20th century?

A
  • early 20th century focused on classification
  • late 20th century shift to health and behavior
  • population and/or individual subjects
98
Q

what are the goals of bioarchaeology?

A
  • activity levels
  • diet and health
  • biological profiles
99
Q

how is activity levels reflected in skeletal remains?

A
  • osteoarthritis
  • bone geometry
100
Q

how can diet and health be reflected in skeletal remains?

A
  • stable isotope analysis of diet
  • skeletal indicators of stress
101
Q

what is the goal of biological profiles in bioarchaeology?

A
  • estimating population demographics
102
Q

forensic anthropology

A
  • analysis of human skeletal remains
  • techniques include both anthropological and archaeological methods
103
Q

what is the purpose of forensic anthropology?

A

medicolegal relevance - either criminal or civil

104
Q

who are the subjects in forensic anthropology?

A
  • cases are current and recent, within the last 50 years
105
Q

what are the goals in forensic anthropology?

A
  • help in establishing time since death and in interpreting trauma
  • assist with recovery of remains
  • establish a biological profile
106
Q

what are the activities of forensic anthropology?

A
  • medicolegal cases
  • human rights cases
  • mass disaster relief and identification
107
Q

what does the biological profile consist of?

A
  • sex
  • age at death
  • stature
  • ancestry
  • trauma and pathology
108
Q

what are the skeletal indicators of sex?

A
  • pelvis (most accurate)
  • cranium
  • long bones (least accurate)
109
Q

why is determining sex only reliable for adults?

A

the pelvis, cranium, and long bones represent secondary sex characters and become apparent after puberty

110
Q

what is the difference between a male and female pelvis?

A
  • female pelvis is wider
  • male pelvis is narrower
111
Q

what is the difference between a male and female cranium?

A
  • female skull is more gracile
  • male skull is more robust
112
Q

what skeletal features can be informative about age?

A
  • teeth
  • epiphyses
  • cranial sutures
  • degeneration of joints
113
Q

epiphyses

A

growth plates in long bones

114
Q

what are the differences between determining age in juveniles versus adults?

A
  • juveniles: based on development
  • adults: based on degeneration
115
Q

how is age determined in juveniles?

A
  • body size
  • tooth development
  • ossification and epiphyses
  • all aspects of development are under genetic control - very reliable and accurate
116
Q

what is one of the most accurate methods of aging in juveniles?

A

tooth development and eruption

117
Q

what are bone epiphyses made of?

A
  • spongy bones, covered by a thin layer of compact bone
  • epiphyses are connected to bones by epiphyseal cartilage (growth plates), which is eventually replaced by bone
118
Q

epiphysis

A

growth center at the ends of bone shafts
- different epiphyses fuse at different ages
- most useful for the first 25 years

119
Q

how is age determined in adults?

A
  • dental wear
  • cranial suture fusion
  • osteoarthritis
  • joint degeneration
  • most degenerative processes are driven primarily by environment and behavior, so highly variable - unlike in juveniles where it is controlled primarily by genetics
120
Q

what is and is not accurate for adults and juveniles in a biological profile?

A
  • for adults, sex is accurate, age is not
  • for juveniles, age is accurate, sex is not
121
Q

what is stature?

A
  • estimated from lengths of long bones using regression models
  • models are specific to sex and ancestry
122
Q

what are the three categories forensic anthropology in the US categorizes ancestry?

A
  • black
  • white
  • asian
123
Q

what is evidence of trauma and pathology in bones?

A
  • broken bones (bony scar or callus)
  • congenital anomaly
  • diseases that affect bones
124
Q

how is trauma and disease analyzed in bones?

A
  • trauma analysis
  • pathological analysis
  • ancient DNA
125
Q

porotic hyperostosis

A

porosities in the cranial vault

126
Q

cribra orbitalia

A

porosities in the orbital root

127
Q

what can result from anemia, stress, or malnutrition?

A
  • porotic hyperostosis
  • cribra orbitalia
128
Q

what indicates malnutrition and illnesses during childhood?

A
  • linear enamel hypoplasia
  • failure for enamel to develop normally during development
129
Q

Harris lines

A
  • growth arrest lines
  • lines of increased bone density
  • form on long bones due to growth arrest, often result of juvenile malnutrition, disease, or trauma
130
Q

fluctuating asymmetry

A
  • non-directional variation between left and right sides of a bilateral trait
  • may arise as the result of development under environmental stress
131
Q

what activity patterns can be determined in forensic anthropology?

A
  • functional morphology
  • biomechanical analyses

Biological Anthropology (7 decks)

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