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Biological Anthropology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mammal?

A
  • warm blooded
  • fur/hair
  • some development inside of mother (live birth)
  • milk
  • three middle ear bones
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2
Q

warm-blooded animals

A

maintain a constant body temperature, typically above that of the surroundings by metabolic means

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3
Q

cold-blooded animals

A

having a body temperature varying with that of the environment

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4
Q

endothermy

A
  • means of thermoregulation
  • the ability to control body temperature through internal means
  • means include shivering, increasing metabolism
  • difficult to disentangle structures and functions responsible for or merely affected by endothermic physiology
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5
Q

adaptions that coincide with warm-bloodness

A
  • more efficient metabolism
  • greater oxygen intake abilities and nutrient uptake
  • large lungs, diaphragm, improved circulation
  • more efficient method of removing waste, improvements to kidneys and the separation of urinary and fecal tracts
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6
Q

adaption of fur-hair

A

thought to be an insulating mechanism, helps to retain the heat your body generates and plays a sensory role (whiskers)

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7
Q

adaption of scales/plates

A

absorb sun’s heat for quicker mobilization - important if you rely on external heat for energy as reptiles

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8
Q

what are the three live birth subdivisions of mammals?

A
  1. monotremes
  2. marsupials
  3. placentals/eutherins
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9
Q

monotremes

A
  • echidnas, platypus
  • lay eggs into pouch
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10
Q

marsupials

A
  • kangaroos, opossums
  • birth live young, carry in pouch
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11
Q

placentals/eutherians

A
  • elephants, primates
  • presence of a placental facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the mother and fetus
  • offspring gestate entirely inside the mother and acts as a blood barrier
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12
Q

milk production

A
  • a nutritious liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals
  • the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals
  • genetic evidence of a tradeoff reduced number of egg yolk genes coincides with the arrival of milk producing genes
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13
Q

what are the three middle ear bones?

A
  • malleus, incus, and stapes
  • one lower and one upper jaw bone connected to the existing stapes
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14
Q

what is the purpose of the ear bones?

A
  • ossicles
  • a series of levers that improve transmission of sound from the eardrum to the inner ear, and increase frequency limits
  • match the vibrations in the air to vibrations to liquid in the cochlea
  • reptiles retain only the stapes
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15
Q

what are the nocturnal adaptions?

A
  • warm bloodedness (you don’t need the sun directly for energy)
  • insulation
  • increase reliance on olfaction, hearing, and touch, decreased reliance on vision
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16
Q

what did early mammals look like?

A
  • very small
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17
Q

what is kay’s threshold?

A

about 500 grams

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18
Q

who were the first mammals?

A
  • synapsids
  • therapsids
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19
Q

synapsids

A

a group of mammal-like reptile
- 310-275 mya

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20
Q

therapsids

A

a branch of synapsids with mammal-like features
- 275-225 mya

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21
Q

when were mammals as we know them today in the fossil record?

A
  • between 180 to 130 mya
  • mainly small, shrew-like mammals
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22
Q

when did mammals start to become common? why?

A
  • mammals were not as common before 65 mya (cretaceous-paleogene boundary) but then explodes afterwards
  • KT boundary
  • many niches were left unoccupied for mammals to exploit
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23
Q

when did primates start to appear?

A

eocene - paleocene
56.5-65 mya

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24
Q

lepticidium

A

x

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25
Q

paleochiroptyrix

A

x

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26
Q

propalaeotherium

A

x

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27
Q

darwinius

A

x

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28
Q

how are order defined?

A

by their relatedness
- generally identified by suites of characteristics they share

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29
Q

rodentia

A
  • gnawing mammals, incisors continue to grow throughout their lives
  • squirrels, mice, rats
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30
Q

chiroptera

A
  • only flying mammals, the wings are actually skin stretched between their phalanges
  • also have echolocation for night hunting
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31
Q

cetacea

A
  • aquatic mammals, blowhole, echolocation
  • dolphins, porpoises, whales
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32
Q

proboscidea

A
  • trunks, tusks,
  • only found in africa and asia
  • elephants
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33
Q

what does primitive mean?

A
  • more closely related resembling the common ancestor to the group (ancestral trait)
  • does not mean less successful or less evolved
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34
Q

what are the 13 primate features?

A
  1. pentadactyly
  2. opposable thumb/toe
  3. nails instead of claws
  4. retention of clavicle
  5. two separate bones in the forearm and leg
  6. reduced snout/olfaction
  7. generalized skeleton
  8. generalized dentition
  9. bony eye socket
  10. petrosal bulla
  11. expansion and increased complexity of the brain
  12. life history
  13. forward facing eyes
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35
Q

pentadactyly

A

5 fingered

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36
Q

opposable thumb/toe

A
  • thumb can reach finger tips
  • allows grabbing and grasping
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37
Q

what primates are the exception to the opposable thumb/toe?

A
  1. gibbons lost both
  2. humans do not have an opposable toe
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38
Q

nails instead of claws

A
  • essential for grip
  • found on atleast on digit of all primates
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39
Q

two separate bones in the forearm and leg

A

allows for greater flexibility and turning

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40
Q

reduced snount/olfaction

A
  • olfaction bulbs smaller
  • face gets shorter and flatter
  • decreased reliance on smell/scent communication, scent based-location of food, instead rely more on vision
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41
Q

generalized skeleton

A

unspecialized skeleton allows for variety of locomotion

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42
Q

generalized dentition

A
  • heterodont (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars)
  • dental formula varies
  • general teeth reflect varied diet (most primates are omnivores)
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43
Q

bony eye socket

A

protects the eyes

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44
Q

petrosal bulla

A
  • small bony cover that protects the inner ear
  • only trait unique to primates
  • other mammals have an auditory bulla
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45
Q

expansion and increased complexity of the brain

A
  • reduced olfactory region
  • increased cerebrum
  • larger brains relative to body size
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46
Q

life history

A
  • longer lived than most mammals
  • longer gestation (later age at first birth and fewer offspring)
  • longer period of dependency
  • brain growth and learning
  • born altrical
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47
Q

forward facing eyes

A

better depth perception and total visual field

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48
Q

superfamily: lemuroidea

A

includes all the lemurs from madagascar
- lepilemuridae
- lemuridae
- indriidae
- cheirogaleidae
- daubentoniidae

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49
Q

madagascar

A

4th largest island on earth
- 450 km off east coast of africa
- endemic mammals with extraordinary diversity (lemurs are critically endangered)
- primates in all habitat types

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50
Q

fossil record of madagascar

A
  • breaks off from india 120 mya
  • first fossil evidence of primates from as early as 60 mya
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51
Q

how did primates get to the island of madagascar?

A
  • The early primates that colonized Madagascar were
    small, with nocturnal features
  • The likely floated across the Mozambique channel
    (which was much narrower at the time), due to
    prevailing currents (which flowed east toward the
    island at the time)
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52
Q

what is an example of what the first lemur ancestors looked like when they arrived in madagascar?

A

modern cheorogaleid

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53
Q

how many species of lemurs are there?

A

100

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54
Q

what are sub-fossil lemurs?

A

17 species that are recently extinct
- koala lemurs, sloth lemurs, monkey lemurs, pachylemur, and the archaeoindris

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55
Q

when did humans start to colonize madgascar?

A

about 2000 years ago

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56
Q

what group of animals is the most endangered on earth?

A

lemurs

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57
Q

what percentage of lemurs are critically endangered?

A

31%

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58
Q

what percentage of lemur species are endangered?

A

98%

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59
Q

what are the four genera of lemuridae?

A

eulemur, varecia, hapalemur, and prolemur

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60
Q

what is the diet of lemuridae?

A

fruits and leaves, some eat bamboo (hapalemur)

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61
Q

what is the locomotion of lemuridae?

A

general arboreal quadrupedal
- cathemeral (day and night)

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62
Q

what are the three genera of indriidae?

A

indri, avahi, and propithecus

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63
Q

what is the diet of indriidae?

A

mostly leaves, follivory

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64
Q

what is the locomotion of indriidae?

A
  • vertical clinging and leaping
  • mostly cathemeral but avahi are nocturnal
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65
Q

what is the size of indriidae?

A
  • varied, from 770-6800 g
  • avahi are small while indri are large
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66
Q

what are the five genera of cheirogaleidae?

A
  • dwarf and mouse lemurs
  • microcebus, cheirogaleus, mirza, phaner, and allocebus
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67
Q

what is the diet of cheirogaleidae?

A

animal prey, gum and leaves
- nocturnal

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68
Q

what is the social behavior of cheirogaleidae?

A

females stay with offspring and males roam over multiple female ranges
- females have 3 pairs of nipples and bear 2-3 young

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69
Q

what is the genus of lepilemuridae?

A
  • sportive lemurs
  • lipilemur
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70
Q

what is the diet of lepilemuridae?

A

mainly leaves
- eat feces/dung (coprophageous)

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71
Q

what is the body size of lepilemuridae?

A

small, about 500-1000 g

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72
Q

what is the locomotion of lepilemuridae?

A
  • VCL, 100% arboreal
  • nocturnal
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73
Q

what is the genus is daubentoniidae?

A
  • aye aye
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74
Q

what is the diet for daubentoniidae?

A

animal prey, fruit, fungus, seeds

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75
Q

what is the social behavior for daubentoniidae?

A

noyau, solitary foraging

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76
Q

what is the locomotion for daubentoniidae?

A

arboreal quadrupedalism
- nocturnal

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77
Q

lorisida diet, social, body size, life span, and locomotion

A
  • Diet: animal prey (insects), fruit, gum, + leaves
  • Nocturnal
  • Social: Noyau
  • Body Size: Small (210-1600g)
  • Life Span: ~20 years
  • Locomotion: VCL
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78
Q

Galagidae diet, social, body size, life span, and locomotion

A

Diet: animal prey (insects inverts), fruit, gum, + leaves
* Social: (male’s range overlaps with >1 female’s range).
* Nocturnal activity pattern
Body Size: small (80-1500g)
* Life Span: ~15 years
Locomotion: Arboreal Vertical Clinging and
Leaping (VCL)

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79
Q

where are Galagidae located what makes them unique?

A

distribution: sub-saharan africa
Excellent vocal communication (highly specific), with
prominent, mobile pinna and derived (enlarged) middle ear
Reproduction: Birth singletons, ‘park’ young while foraging…

80
Q

what are special features of strepsirrhines?

A

Adaptations to enhanced olfactory ability
* Moist rhinaria (wet noses)
* Longer snouts (prognathism)
* Large olfactory bulbs
* Vomeronasal organs (detect non-VOC chemical cues,
require direct contact with odor source)

81
Q

What do strepsirrhines use olfaction for?

A
  • Finding the best food
  • Recognizing kin and nonkin
  • Fighting
  • Flirting
82
Q

describe the vision of strepsirrhines

A
  • nocturnal or cathemeral
  • Most have a tapetum lucidum
  • Divergent eye orientation (for a primate), decreased visual acuity and likelihood of trichromacy
83
Q

what are adaptions to pronounced seasonality?

A
  • behavioral adaptions like seasonal breeding
  • lack of male-biased sexual size dimorphism
84
Q

what is male-biased sexual dimorphism associated with?

A
  • associated with male-male contest competition - over access to females
85
Q

what is the smallest primate in the world?

A
  • madame berth’s mouse lemur
  • weighs 30 g
86
Q

fork-marked lemur diet

87
Q

prolemus and hapalemur diet

88
Q

what are the main predators of lemurs?

A

fossa, reptors, and snakes
- lemurs have the highest predation amongst themselves

89
Q

what are anti-predator strategies in lemurs?

A

alarm call, mobbing, crypsis, and toxic bites

90
Q

what are the activity patterns of lemurs?

A

nocturnal, cathemeral, crepuscular, and no strictly diurnal species

91
Q

what bony features distinguish strepsirrhines from haplorhines?

A
  • unfused mandibular symphysis in streps
  • unfused frontal suture in streps
  • postorbital bar but no postorbital closure
  • grooming claw on the second or second and third digit of the foot - haps do not have
  • streps have a tooth combs
92
Q

what is the dental formula for stepsirrhines?

A

2.1.3.3.
except aye aye have 1.0.1.3 or 1.0.0.3

93
Q

tarsiidae characteristics

A
  • haplorrhine
    Old World: Island SE Asia
  • very specialized, rat-sized
  • vertical clingers and leapers
  • nocturnal, insectivorous
  • large eyes – enclosed orbits, larger than its brain and stomach
  • lack rhinarium & dental comb
94
Q

what is the diet, social behavior, and locomotion of tarsiers?

A

Diet: insects, reptiles, birds, worms (100%
faunivorous)
* Social Behavior: Noyau system mainly (i.e.,
solitary males overlapping with several
females (and their respective ranges), but
other spp. live in groups
* Locomotion: vertical clingers and leapers
(VCL), hyper-specialized

95
Q

what is the distinctive morphology between platyrrhines and catarhines?

A

nasal morphology
- platy = flat
- cata = down flowing

96
Q

what percentage of primates are monkeys?

97
Q

diversity and biogeography of platyrrhines

A
  • tropical and sub-tropical americas
  • 5 families: atelidae, pitheciidae, cebidae, callitrichidae, and aotidae
  • arrived in the new world from africa 50 mya
98
Q

what are the general characteristics of platyrrhines?

A
  • Narrow ecological variation/less adaptive diversity compared to streps and cats
  • Adaptive radiation accompanied by unique
    morph. features (e.g., prehensile tails)
  • Primarily diurnal (unlike streps) and arboreal
  • Diverse variation of mating systems
  • All have a dental formula of 2.1.3.3 (same as streps)
99
Q

what is the diet of platyrrhines?

A

most are frugivore omnivores

100
Q

what is the predation of platyrrhines?

A
  • Both large and small species preyed upon
  • Constricting & venomous snakes
  • Felids
  • Domestic animals
  • Raptors
  • And even other monkeys
101
Q

describe platyrrhine locomotion

A
  • No habitual terrestrial NWM
  • Almost exclusively arboreal quadrupeds
  • will come to the ground for water, mineral licks, forage for insects, cross pathways in the forest, play, and to escape predators
102
Q

what are the platyrrhine mating systems?

A
  • Monogamy (ish)
  • Polygyny
  • Polyandry
  • Polygynandry
103
Q

platyrrhine atelidae 4 generas

A
  1. alouatta - howler monkeys
  2. ateles - spider monkeys
  3. lagothrix - woolly monkeys
  4. brachyeles - muriqui
104
Q

dispersal patterns of atelids

A
  • Generally unusual dispersal patterns
  • Atelids = female dispersal
  • Atelid groups not typically matrilineal
105
Q

which group belongs to fission-fusion societies like chimpanzees and bonobos

A

ateles - spider monkeys

106
Q

which group of platyrrhines have a prehensile tail

A
  • parallel evolution
  • spider monkeys and capuchins
107
Q

what is the mating procedure of atelids?

A
  • Mate promiscuously
  • Females mate w/multiple males
  • Males mate w/multiple females
  • Very little aggression b/t males
  • No reproductive skew
108
Q

how do atelidaes communities live?

A
  • All genera of Atelidae live in multi-female, multi-male
    grps EXCEPT Alouatta (howler monkeys)
  • 1 adult male per grp (polygamous), seldom more than
    3
109
Q

why are alouatta unique in the group of platyrrhines?

A

1) Are highly folivorous
2) Are the only platyrrhine to have evolved routine
trichromacy
3) Make the loudest sound of any land animal (can be
heard ~5km away)
4) Size of their hyoid bone/ability to loud call is
negatively associated with testicle size!

110
Q

what are the four genera in the family of pitheciidae?

A
  1. Callicebus- titi monkeys
  2. Pithecia- saki monkeys
  3. Chiropotes- Bearded saki monkeys
  4. Cacajao- Uakari monkeys
111
Q

where are pitheciidae located and what do they eat in these areas?

A
  • Found mainly in Brazilian Amazon, from lowland swamp forest to mountain slopes.
  • Some species are frugivorous, some are specialized seed predators – seed predation is generally uncommon amongst primates
112
Q

what is the social organization of titi monkeys?

A

a life-mated adult pair with 2-4 young

113
Q

where uakaris live?

A

all live in the northwestern amazon basin
- have been seen singly or in groups of over 100
- four different types of species

114
Q

what are the genera of cebidae?

A
  1. Cebus/capuchins
  2. Sapajus/also
    capuchins
  3. Saimiri/squirrel
    monkeys
115
Q

what is the social behavior of cebids?

A

Usually live in large multi-male/multi-female groups
* ~30 individuals
* Dispersal predominantly male (sometimes multiple males
* together) – All Male Bands
* Female philopatry and strict female hierarchies

116
Q

social beahvior of capuchins (cebus)

A
  • Promiscuous mating
  • Extreme male reproductive skew!
117
Q

what is the diet of capuchins?

A
  • Highly adaptable, found in almost all landscape types, including anthropogenic landscapes
  • Eat everything they can!
118
Q

what are the genera for Callitrichidae, Marmosets/tamarins

A
  1. Cebuella
  2. Callibella
  3. Callithrix
  4. Mico
  5. Leontopithecus
  6. Saguinus
  7. Callimico
119
Q

what are Callitrichidae?

A

The dwarf monkeys – smallest body sizes amongst
haplorrhines

120
Q

what is the unique features of callitrichines?

A
  • re-evolved claw-like nails
  • derived feeding adaptions: gums, sap, and embedded insects
121
Q

reproduction activities of callitrichidae

A

Female reproductive competition = prominent and
unusual amongst primates
* Reproductive skew
* Breeding monopolized by dominant female
* Physiologically or behaviorally suppresses
other female fertility

122
Q

what is the only nocturnal NWM?

A

aotus - owl monkeys
- monochromatic and only see in black and white

123
Q

what is the reproductive activity of owl monkeys?

A
  • Monogamous
  • Small groups, single adult pair & offspring
  • Both defend territories
  • Male is often the primary caregiver
  • Monogamous but more complex than thought
  • Extra pair copulations
124
Q

what is NWM

A
  • limited ecological variability vs other primates
  • anatomy and social systems are extremely diverse
  • several unique morphological features such as claws and prehensile tails
125
Q

monochromacy

A

one cone type

126
Q

dischromacy

A

red and green color blind

127
Q

trichromacy

A

three cone types

128
Q

tetrachromacy and pentachromacy

A

4-5 cone types

129
Q

polymorphic trichromacy

A
  • Everyone gets a short-wavelength sensitive cone
  • The medium- and long-wavelength sensitive cones are on the X chromosome
  • Males only inherit one X – therefore, they get either a M or L cone, in addition to the autosomal SWS
  • Females inherit two Xs – if the cone type on each X chromosome is different, she will have three cone types and therefore be trichromatic
130
Q

what are the two superfamilies catarrhines are split into?

A
  • cercopithecoidea (old work monkeys)
  • hominoidea (apes)
131
Q

cercopithecoidea are split into what two major groups?

A
  • colobinae, leaf eating monkeys
  • cercopithecinae, cheek pouch monkeys
132
Q

diversity and biogeography of cercopithecines

A
  • Most genera occur in Africa
  • Macaques (Asia)
  • Found in diversity of habitat types (e.g., rain forest,
    gallery, swamps, savanna, woodland etc.)
133
Q

what is the general body size of cercopithecines?

A
  • Most medium-sized (4-12 kg)
  • Heaviest sp. spend most time on ground (e.g., mandrills, baboons, geladas)
  • Sexual dimorphism in all species
  • canine dimorphism between males and females
134
Q

what is the life history of cercopithecines?

A
  • Variation in breeding seasonality
  • All give birth to singletons
  • Age at 1st reproduction typically 4-5 years
135
Q

what is the diet of cercopithecines?

A

diverse diet of fruit, seeds, flowers, leaves, shoots

136
Q

what animals are predators of the cercopithecines?

A
  • Large cats
  • Raptors
  • Snakes
  • Crocodiles
  • Other primates
  • Humans
137
Q

what are some anti-predator strategies of cercopithecines?

A
  • Mobbing & chasing (Limited to adult males in large
    bodied species )
  • Alarm calls
  • Flee silently (e.g., mona, white-throated, &
    DeBrazza’s monkeys)
138
Q

what is the social organization of cercopithecines?

A
  • All cercopithecines live in groups
  • Strict female philopatry/Male dispersal
  • Except Hamadryas baboons
139
Q

what are the mating systems of cercopithecines?

A
  • Polygynous
  • Polygyandrous
  • In many species, females have sexual swellings &
    copulation calls –
140
Q

what are female-female relationships in cercopithecines?

A
  • Female philopatry = complex f-f relationships
  • Strongest bonds w/kin
  • exception Hamadryas baboons
  • Female rank = important fitness consequences
  • Coalitions & Cooperative relationships
141
Q

what are male-male relationships in cercopithecines?

A
  • Agonism rates can be high (access to mates, dominance)
142
Q

what is the diversity and biogeography of colobines?

A
  • Inhabit Africa (Colobus and Procolobus) &
    Asia (2 grps. Langurs & odd-nosed monkeys)
  • All species arboreal (exception Hanuman langur)
143
Q

what is the diet of colobines?

A
  • Leaves (Proportion can vary)
  • Fruits & seeds also important
  • Flowers, insects, and soil (smaller portion of diet)
  • Food selection affected by food quality
    (protein to fiber ratio, secondary compounds)
144
Q

what is the digestive system of colobines?

A
  • Specialized enlarged gut & partitioning of
    stomach
  • Enlarged caecum & colon
  • Fore-gut fermentation
145
Q

what are the main predators for colobines?

A
  • Carnivores
  • Snakes
  • Raptors
  • Chimpanzees
146
Q

what are some anti-predator strategies used by colobines?

A
  • Poly-specific associations (African colobines)
  • Alarm calls
147
Q

what is the life history of colobines?

A
  • Females give birth to singletons
  • Many sp.- IBI ~2 years
  • Age at 1st reproduction varies
  • Allo-mothering = common
148
Q

how are colobine social systems different than cercopithecines?

A
  • Smaller home ranges
  • Smaller groups
  • No coalition behavior amongst females
149
Q

what is the social organization of colobines?

A
  • Groups vary in size & composition
  • Most species are one male/multi female (polygynous)
  • Pair-living w/offspring (only two spp)
  • Multi-male/multi-female groups rare (>300)
150
Q

which species participate in pair-living?

A
  • Only found in 2 colobine sp. (Southeast Asia)
  • Mentawai Islands
  • Mentawai surili & pig-tailed snub-nosed monkey
151
Q

do colobines participate in harem?

A
  • yes, one male and many females
  • Single male can monopolize several females
  • Males father majority of offspring
  • Commonly, males disperse/female philopatric
152
Q

what are surplus males in colobine populations?

A
  • Many sp. with female philopatry have dispersing
    males living alone or in all male bands
  • Individual males can form bands to take over other
    groups
153
Q

do colobines participate in infanticide?

A
  • Stops lactational amenorrhea
  • Females begin cycling again
  • Very costly for females!
154
Q

how do females counter infanticide?

A
  • Solicit matings outside period of receptivity
  • Mate promiscuously
  • Form coalitions
  • Wean infants early
155
Q

what are the general characteristics of old world monekys?

A

1) All display some degree of sexual dimorphism
2) Are mostly arboreal and diurnal
3) Split into cheek pouch monkeys and leaf eating
monkeys
4) Have routinely trichromatic color vision

156
Q

what are the two families catarrhine is split into?

A

hylobatidae and homindae

157
Q

hylobatidae

A
  • gibbons and siamangs
  • 18 species across 4 genera
  • live throughout asia in india, bangladash, china, and indonesia
158
Q

what are the three ways hylobatidae differ from hominidae

A
  1. smaller
  2. lack sexual dimorphism
  3. do not make nests
159
Q

what are some unusual features about hylobatidae?

A
  • Unusual amongst mammals in that males and
    females pair-bond
  • Unusual way of maintaining territory –pair-bonded
    males and females DUET –sing together to inform
    other families of their whereabouts
160
Q

how fast can true brachiators travel?

A

True brachiators –can travel 35 mph through the
canopy, and cross up to 35 feet of forest gap

161
Q

what are the four genera of hominidae?

A
  • 9 species in 4 genera
  • gorilla
  • pongo (orangutans)
  • pan (chimpanzees)
  • homo (humans)
162
Q

what are the general characteristics of gorillas?

A
  • The LARGEST extant primates
  • Exclusively folivorous/herbivorous –therefore,
    pretty BIG
  • Extreme sexual dimorphism
163
Q

how much do male gorillas weigh? females?

A
  • 400 pounds
  • 150 pounds
164
Q

when were gorillas first seen by outsiders?

A

500 BCE
- hanno the navigator thought they were really hairy people

165
Q

what is the diet of gorillas?

A
  • Exclusively folivorous/herbivorous = spend most of their time on the ground eating and resting –home ranges are between 3-15km2, but daily movements only around 500m (0.31 miles)
166
Q

what is the social and mating system between gorillas?

A

harem, with some all-male troops
* Both males and females disperse at sexual maturity
* Silverback-female relationships are the most well developed
social relationships

167
Q

what is the life history of gorillas?

A

Very long, slow life histories

168
Q

what is the reproductive cycle of gorillas?

A
  • Sexual maturity = 10-12 for females, and 11-13 for
    males
  • Gestation = 8.5 months
  • Females give birth every four years on average
  • Infants wean at ~3 years of age
169
Q

if gorillas do not have long-distance calls, how are conflicts resolved?

A

resolved visually –they have a ritualized, 9-step
charging display
(1) progressively quickening hooting,
(2) symbolic feeding,
(3) rising bipedally,
(4) throwing vegetation,
(5) chest-beating with cupped hands,
(6) one leg kick,
(7) sideways running, two-legged to four-legged,
(8) slapping and tearing vegetation, and
(9) thumping the ground with palms to end display.

170
Q

where do orangutans live?

A
  • Live exclusively in SE Asia (sometimes called the
    Asian Great Ape)
171
Q

what is the diet of the pongo?

A

Mainly frugivorous

172
Q

how do pongo travel?

A

Completely arboreal and diurnal

173
Q

what is the reproductive cycle of pongos?

A

Females maintain territories with dependent
young (up to 11 years!)
* Males wander around, overlapping female
ranges (Noyau)

174
Q

what are the sexual dimorphism changes in male pongos?

A
  • Males body mass 2x females
  • Males 87 kg (191 lbs)
  • Females 37kg (81.5 lbs)
175
Q

unflanged male pongo

A
  • Resemble females
    (~ 40 kg)
  • Testes fully developed
    “sneak and coerce”
  • Actively search for
    females over a large
    area
  • Forced copulations on
    females who may or
    may not be fertile
176
Q

flanged male pongo

A
  • Large (~ 80 kg)
  • Fleshy throat sac and fatty
    cheek pads
  • Long hair
    “call and wait”
  • Produce long call to
    attract females
  • Defend territory and
    females (when possible)
177
Q

what are the two species of chimpanzees?

A
  • common chimpanzee
  • bonobo chimpanzee
178
Q

where do common chimpanzees live?

A
  • africa
  • one of the most ecologically flexible non-human ape
179
Q

what is the diet of the common chimpanzee?

A
  • Hundreds of plant species
  • Fruit, leaves, seeds, flowers, cambium, pith, stems,
    roots, wood, tubers, insects, meat (e.g., bush baby, red
    colobus)
  • Ripe fruit = main part of diet
  • Figs can be especially important (asynchronous)
180
Q

what is the sexual dimorphism of common chimpanzees?

A
  • Male body mass ~1.3 x greater
  • Adult male 35-70 kg (75-155 lbs)
  • Adult female 26-50 kg (57-110 lbs)
181
Q

what is the social organization of the common chimpanzee?

A
  • Fission-fusion (multi-male/multi-female communities)
  • Stable membership
  • Community members from ‘parties’
  • ‘parties’ lack fixed membership
  • Male philopatric/female dispersal
182
Q

what is the mating system of common chimpanzees?

A
  • Complex polygyandrous system
  • Females develop sexual swellings
  • Parous females = gain more interest from males
  • High-ranked male restrict copulations of lower
    ranked males
  • Male and female infanticide
183
Q

what is the life history of common chimpanzees?

A
  • Age at 1st reproduction b/t 13-14 yrs
  • IBIs variable across pops.
  • Gombe 3-5 yrs.
  • Matings occur throughout the year
  • Long infant dependence ~3 years total dependence
184
Q

describe female-female relationships in common chimpanzees

A
  • Female-female relationships are variable –some females
    ignore each other, some have agonistic relationships, some
    maintain long-term social bonds
  • Resident females are generally very agonistic to incoming
    females
  • Males intervene- protect immigrants
185
Q

decribe male-male relationships in common chimpanzees

A
  • High rates of affiliative interactions
  • Grooming more common among males
  • Males compete for status/Linear dominance
  • Commonly form short-term coalitions
  • Some form long-term alliances
186
Q

describe male-female relationships in common chimpanzees

A
  • Mother-son bonds are very important, and
    can have important fitness consequences for
    males –females not seen to mate with their
    brothers or fathers
  • Females will mate with multiple males,
    showing distinct preference for higher
    ranking males
  • Females will form “friendships” with lower
    ranking males that can lead to copulation
  • Females in estrus will mate with multiple
    males
  • During maximum tumescence, males will try
    to maintain constant association with a
    female, and high ranking males may try to
    exclude lower ranking males from access
187
Q

do common chimpanzees have intergroup relationships?

A
  • Chimpanzees = very territorial
  • Hostile relationship w/neighboring groups
  • Males patrol territory- form patrols
  • Patrols can be fatal - even to members inside the group!
188
Q

where are bonobo chimpanzees found?

A
  • Only found in the Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Lowland evergreen tropical forest
  • Also, drier forest & grassland habitat
189
Q

what is the sexual dimorphism in the bonobo chimpanzee?

A

Less pronounced than in the other
great apes
Females average ~70 lbs, males
average ~85 lbs

190
Q

what is the diet of the bonobo chimpanzee?

A
  • Mainly frugivorous, but will
    supplement diet with leaves,
    small mammals, some monkeys
191
Q

what is the social organization of bonobo?

A
  • Fission - fusion community (same as common chimpanzee)
  • Size can range from 20-100 (mixed-sex and age grps)
  • Less pronounced dominance hierarchies
  • Male philopatric/Female dispersal
192
Q

what is the mating system of bonobo?

A
  • Males mate multiple females (polygynously)
  • Females mate promiscuously
  • Females develop sexual swellings
  • Swellings last longer than in common chimps
  • More swelling cycles & receptive longer
193
Q

what is the life history of bonobo?

A
  • Age at 1st reproduction ~13 yrs
  • IBI= ~4-6 yrs.
  • No documented infanticide
194
Q

describe female-female relationships in bonobo

A
  • Low-moderate rates of affiliative interactions
  • Females are not aggressive to immigrants
  • New immigrants may have close relationship
    w/resident females
  • High rates of sociosexual behavior –across all
    age-sex classes
195
Q

are their intergroup relationships in bonobo?

A
  • Intergroup relationships = hostile
    BUT…
  • No male patrols
  • No incursions into neighboring territory
  • No lethal coalitionary intergrp. Aggression
196
Q

what is the mating strategies of humans?

A
  • A study of 1,231 societies (The Ethnographic Atlas): 186 of 1,231 societies are socially monogamous (~15%), 1041 are polygynous/polygynandrous, 4 are polyandrous
  • Sexual monogamy (based on paternity) is much lower
  • Estimates of extra-pair paternity in monogamous contexts range from 0.8%-30%
197
Q

what is the sexual dimorphism in homo sapiens?

A
  • Humans have slight male-biased sexual dimorphism –human body size dimorphism by weight ~1.15, e.g. males are 15% bigger
  • Compared to other primates, we are somewhere between the monogamous species (e.g., gibbons at 1.07) and polygynandrous species, (e.g., bonobos at 1.21, common chimps at 1.3)
  • A general trend over the course of hominin evolution of reduced sexual dimorphism

Biological Anthropology (7 decks)

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