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Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

Point of reference; universally accepted standard position

- Arms by side, palms forward, feet slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward

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2
Q

The thumbs are ____ to the pinky finger

A

Lateral

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3
Q

Superior

A

Closer to head

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4
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to feet

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5
Q

Example of superior/inferior

A

Ribs are superior to the pelvis

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Front of the body; portion of the body that leads when walking

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7
Q

Posterior

A

Back of the body; Portion of the body that trails when walking

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8
Q

Ventral

A

Bellyside

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9
Q

Dorsal

A

Backside

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10
Q

In humans, what is equal to anterior

A

Ventral

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11
Q

In humans, what is equal to posterior

A

Dorsal

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12
Q

In 4 legged animals, what is equal to anterior

A

Superior

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13
Q

In 4 legged animals, what is equal to posterior

A

Inferior

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14
Q

Cranial

A

Closer to skull

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15
Q

Caudal

A

Further away from skull

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16
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline

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17
Q

Lateral

A

Further from midline

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18
Q

Example of medial/laterl

A

Sternum is medial to arms

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19
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment

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20
Q

Distal

A

Further from point of attachment

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21
Q

When is proximal and distal used

A

For limbs

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22
Q

Superficial

A

On the outside of the body

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23
Q

Deep

A

Closer to the inside

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24
Q

Examples of superficial/deep

A

Epidermis (skin) is the most superficial part of the body

Organs are deep to the skin

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25
Q

Plane

A

An imaginary line that runs throughout the body

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26
Q

3 Planes

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Sagittal
  3. Transverse
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27
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

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28
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into a right and left part

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29
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

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30
Q

Midsagittal

A

Line that goes directly in middle and makes a perfect right and left (equal)

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31
Q

Section

A

Cut through an imaginary plane

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32
Q

Viscera

A

Organs

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33
Q

Serous membranes

A

Surrounds body cavities

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34
Q

Functions of serous membrane

A
  1. Holds organs in place

2. Reduces friction so that organs move smoothly against each other

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35
Q

Parietal membrane

A

Lines the inside of the cavity

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36
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Lines the organ

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37
Q

Body cavities

A
  1. Dorsal cavity

2. Ventral cavity

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38
Q

Dorsal cavities

A
  1. Cranial cavity: Holds the brain

2. Spinal cavity: Holds the spine

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39
Q

Ventral cavities

A
  1. Thoracic cavity

2. Abdominopelvic cavity

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40
Q

Peri means

A

Around

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41
Q

Thoracic cavities

A
  1. Pericardial cavities: Holds the heart

2. Pleural cavities: Holds the lungs

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42
Q

What do the pleural cavities look like

A

There are two pleural cavities, a right and left cavity, one for each lung

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43
Q

Why are the lungs in separate compartments?

A

For protection, one can collapse and the other will still be healthy and functioning (same with testes)

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44
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

The diaphragm

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45
Q

Abdominopelvic is separated into:

A
  1. Abdominal

2. Pelvic: Includes reproductive system

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46
Q

Tissue

A

Collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited function

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47
Q

Type of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Neural tissue
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48
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Provides physical protection
  2. Controls permeability
    - It only lets specific things in and out
    - Ex. Skin lets out sweat and oil, keeps out viruses
  3. Provides sensation
    - Sensory neurons allow us to feel
  4. Produce specialized secretions (glandulas epithelium)
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49
Q

Characteristics of epithelial cells

A
  1. Cellularity (cell junctions)
    - The cells sit really close to each other, which is a defining quality about epithelial tissue
  2. Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
  3. Attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina)
  4. Avascularity
  5. Regeneration
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50
Q

Polarity

A

Comparing one side of a cell to the other (top and bottom)

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51
Q

Basement tissue

A

Provides the cell with something to attach to

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52
Q

Basolateral side

A

The side of an epithelial cell that is attached to the basement tissue

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53
Q

Apical side

A

The side of the epithelial cell that is not attached to the basement tissue, this side is always exposed to an open area

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54
Q

Avascularity

A

Without vasculature/has no blood supply or blood vessels

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55
Q

How do epithelial cells get their nutrients?

A

From the connective tissue

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56
Q

Why do we need epithelial cells to regenerate?

A

So that wounds can heal

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57
Q

Stem cells

A

All epithelial cells have these pods of cells that help regenerate epithelial cells

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58
Q

What do proteins do for cells

A

Proteins attach two cells together

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59
Q

Types of proteins that hold epithelial cells together

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Hemidesmosomes
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60
Q

Tight junctions

A

Holds two cell membranes together that are adjacent, or right next, to each other. Nothing can pass through the plasma membrane of the cells

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61
Q

Gap junction

A

Leave gaps between the two cells and allows cells next to each other to communicate and pass things back and forth

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62
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

The attachment to the deeper connective tissue, this keeps skin from just ripping off

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63
Q

Classifications of Epithelial Cells

A
  1. Squamous: Flat, flat nucleus
  2. Cuboidal: Cube-like, round nucleus
  3. Columnar: Column-like, stretched nucleus
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64
Q

Simple

A

One layer

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65
Q

Stratified

A

More than one layer

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66
Q

All cells on the basal lateral side look like

A

Stratified cuboidal

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67
Q

What do you look at to tell what type of epithelial cell it is

A

The cells on the apical side and the nucleus

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68
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium location

A

Kidney tubules, lungs (for fast and easy gas exchange)

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69
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium function

A

Reduces friction

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70
Q

What does Simple Squamous Epithelium look like

A

Cobblestone

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71
Q

Why is simple squamous used in capillaries

A

Because capillaries need fast transport, so simple squamous epithelium is used for easier diffusion because they are thin and flat

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72
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

location

A

Skin, lining of mouth, throat, anus, and vagina

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73
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium function

A

Protection against abrasion and pathogens

74
Q

What determines the thickness of the stratified squamous epithelium

A

How much protection is needed or how much stress is put on that area

75
Q

Keratin

A

Protein that can be made by epithelial tissue to give it extra strength. This is made in response to how much stress is on that area and can be used to waterproof, making things not get absorbed as much

76
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium location

A

Glands, ducts, kidney tubules, thyroid gland

77
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium function

A

Not much protection, but good for secretion and absorption

78
Q

Secretion

A

Cell is making something and pushing it outside

79
Q

Absorption

A

Cell needs something outside, so it pulls it in

80
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium location

A

Lining of ducts (salivary and sweat glands), rare

81
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium function

A

Protection, secretion, absorption

- Usually only 2-3 layers

82
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium location

A

Lining of stomach, intestine, and collecting ducts of the kidney

83
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium function

A

Really good protection, secretion, and absorption

84
Q

How to tell if its simple columnar

A

If the nuclei are in a straight line and on the same level

85
Q

Goblet cell

A

Mucus producing cells

86
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

location

A

Ducts; mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra and anus

87
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

function

A

Protection, but not as good as simple columnar

88
Q

Lumen

A

The area inside the tube like structure of glands, when cut horizontally, looks like a ring, when cut laterally, looks like two separated cells

89
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium location

A

Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, male and female reproductive systems

90
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium function

A

Protection, secretion, moves mucus with cilia

91
Q

What is the difference between pseudostratified ciliated columnar and stratified columnar?

A

Every single cell is attached to the basement membrane in pseudostratified ciliated, but their nuclei are positioned in different places

92
Q

Cilia are there to

A

Move things like eggs and sperm

93
Q

Goblet cells help the cilia

A

Move mucus

94
Q

Transitional Epithelium location

A

Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

95
Q

Transitional Epithelium function

A

Permits expansion and recoil after stretching

96
Q

How is transitional epithelium different from the rest?

A

It can expand

97
Q

Two forms of transitional epithelium

A
  1. Full bladder: Looks like stratified squamous; stretched

2. Empty bladder: Has “umbrella cells” that are expanded; relaxed

98
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects epithelial tissue to everything else

99
Q

Characteristics of Connective tissue

A
  1. Specialized cells (doesn’t make up much of the tissue)
  2. Solid extracellular protein fibers
  3. Fluid extracellular ground substance
100
Q

Matrix

A

Everything beside the cells; majority of tissue volume; determines specialized function

101
Q

Matrix is made up of

A
  1. Proteins

2. Ground substance (liquid component)

102
Q

Types of proteins in connective tissues

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic fiber
  3. Reticular fiber
103
Q

Collagen

A

Gives strength, almost always stains with a pink color; long strands

104
Q

Elastic fiber

A

Has the ability to stretch; makes the tissue more flexible; long thin strands; stain dark purple or black

105
Q

Reticular fiber

A

Stains dark purple or black; has web-like networks; provides strength and support

106
Q

All tissues have all of these fibers/proteins but…

A

In different amounts

107
Q

Classification of connective tissues

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    - Connect and protect
  2. Fluid connective tissue
    - Transport
  3. Supporting connective tissue
    - Structural strength
108
Q

What cell types are found in connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Fibrocytes
  3. Adipocytes
  4. Mesenchymal cells
  5. Macrophages
  6. Mast cells
  7. Lymphocytes
  8. Microphages
  9. Melanocytes
109
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose connective tissue proper

2. Dense connective tissue proper

110
Q

Types of loose connective tissue proper

A
  1. Areolar connective tissue
  2. Adipose connective tissue
  3. Reticular connective tissue
111
Q

Areolar connective tissue function

A

It distorts without damaging

112
Q

Areolar connective tissue location

A

Basement membrane

113
Q

Areolar connective tissue characteristics

A
  1. Flexible, strong, not many cells
  2. The basement membrane and the dermis is areolar tissue
  3. Has collagen that goes in all directions (planes) so it can take stress from all directions
  4. Has a lot of matrix and open space, looks disorganized
114
Q

Adipose connective tissue (fat) function

A

Retains body heat, stores energy, and provides protection (cushions), stores triglycerides

115
Q

Adipose connective tissue location

A

Buttocks, breasts, around kidneys and eyes

116
Q

Adipose connective tissue characteristics

A
  1. Circular-regions with nuclei

2. Adipocytes

117
Q

Adipocyte

A

The big cells in adipose

118
Q

Reticular connective tissue function

A

Provides support and framework

119
Q

Reticular connective tissue location

A

Bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

120
Q

Reticular connective tissue characteristics

A
    1. Predominant protein is the reticular proteins/fiber
      1. Has a lot of nuclei
      2. Branching and web-like
      3. Dark stained fibers
121
Q

Types of dense connective tissue proper

A
  1. Dense regular connective tissue
  2. Dense irregular connective tissue
  3. Dense elastic connective tissue
122
Q

Dense regular connective tissue function

A

Strength in one plane

123
Q

Dense regular connective tissue location

A

Tendons and ligaments

124
Q

Dense regular connective tissue characteristics

A
  1. Pink, which means there’s a lot of collagen
  2. Collagen is organized in the same plane
  3. Has many fibroblasts: Found in collagen, long and wavy nuclei
125
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue function

A

Strength in different planes

126
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue location

A

Capsules of organs and dermis

127
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue characteristics

A
  1. Collagen is organized in different planes
  2. Capsule: Made by dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds our organs
  3. Preferred to make capsules because it can stretch in all directions
128
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue function

A

Stretches and recoils to cushion shocks

129
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue location

A

The walls of arteries, between vertebrae of the spinal column

130
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue characteristics

A
  1. Black stain because has elastic proteins
  2. Stretches in one plane
  3. Just like dense regular, but with elastic proteins instead of collagen
  4. Recoils after being stretched
  5. Wavy when it isn’t stretched
131
Q

Fluid connective tissues

132
Q

Blood has

A

Lots of erythrocytes

133
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Small pink cells, carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide; makes up almost all of the cells in blood; doesn’t have a nuclei

134
Q

All of the other cells in blood are

A

Immune cells that are purple because they have a nucleus

135
Q

What does blood not have a lot of

A

White blood cells

136
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue

A
  1. Cartilage

2. Bone (osseous tissue)

137
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
138
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A

Reduces friction

139
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

In between bones, in joints

140
Q

Hyaline cartilage characteristics

A
  1. Most common
  2. Matrix is made of collagen
  3. Has an even pink color; not in strands
141
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Found in cartilage tissue; makes a ton of cartilage and gets trapped in a lacuna, then they divide in the lacuna and pack themselves in

142
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

Flexibility without damage

143
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

External ear and auditory canal

144
Q

Elastic cartilage characteristics

A
  1. Matrix is made of elastic fibers

2. Matrix is dark purple or black

145
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

Good at resisting compression

146
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

Vertebral column between each vertebrae, pads within knee joints

147
Q

Fibrocartilage characteristics

A
  1. Matrix is made of collagen that is bundled up, which adds strength
148
Q

Osseus Tissue (Bone)

A

Has a circular structure

149
Q

Osteon

A

The whole circular structure

150
Q

Central canal

A

Provides blood vessels that provides nutrients

151
Q

Osteocytes

A

Cells that make bone and live in lacuna, but there is never more than one

152
Q

Muscle tissue does what

A

Contracts in order to generate force

153
Q

Muscle types

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle
154
Q

Skeletal muscle location

A

Attached to skeleton

155
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

Moves the skeleton

156
Q

Summary of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, striated muscle

157
Q

Muscle fiber

A

One long tube-like muscle cell that has long cylindrical nuclei on the plasma membrane

158
Q

Striations/Striated

A

Long lines in one plane up and down

159
Q

Muscle cells can/cannot divide

A

Cannot divide

160
Q

Stem cells in muscle

A

Pool of cells that divide in the muscle cells and repair damage

161
Q

Smooth muscle location

A

Lines hollow organs and tubes (Ex. Esophagus, digestive tract)

162
Q

Smooth muscle function

A

Contract in order to generate force

163
Q

Summary of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary, not striated muscle

164
Q

Smooth muscle can/cannot divide

A

Can divide

165
Q

The pink in smooth muscle is not

166
Q

Difference between smooth muscle and dense irregular

A

There are a lot more nuclei in smooth muscle

167
Q

Cardiac muscle location

168
Q

Cardiac muscle function

A

Contracts to generate force that moves blood

169
Q

Summary of cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, striated (just like skeletal)

170
Q

Difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

Cardiac is branched with forks, which helps it wrap around the heart, and has intercalated discs

171
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Dark bands across the fiber; this is where two muscle cells come together; these discs are bundles of gap junctions

172
Q

What do the gap junctions in the intercalated discs do?

A

They allow the fibers to communicate so that they will contract at the same time

173
Q

Neural Tissue function

A

Communication

174
Q

How do neural tissues communicate?

A

Electrical signals/chargers that travel from cell to cell

175
Q

Cells in neural tissue

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuroglio

176
Q

Neurons

A

Cells in neural tissue

177
Q

Dendrites

A

Senses the environment, if they receive a stimulus that is strong enough then it sends a signal through the axon

178
Q

Axon

A

The electrical signal is sent through this

179
Q

Neuroglia function

A

Supports and makes sure that everything is perfect for neurons

180
Q

Neurons is one of the…

A

Longest cells in our body

A&P (13 decks)

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