Final Lab Practical Flashcards
1
Superior Border
2
Medial Border
3
Lateral Border
4
Superior Angle
5
Inferior Angle
6
Acromion Process
7
Coracoid Process
8
Supraspinous Fossa
9
Infraspinous Fossa
10
Subscapular Fossa
11
Suprascapular Notch
12
Supraglenoid Tubercle
13
Infraglenoid Tubercle
14
Spine
15
Glenoid Cavity
1
Acromial end
2
Sternal End
3
Conoid Tubercle
1
Head of Humerus
2
Greater Tubercle
3
Lesser Tubercle
4
Intertubercular Sulcus
5
Deltoid Tuberosity
6
Radial Groove
7
Coronoid Fossa
8
Radial Fossa
9
Olecranon Fossa
10
Medial Epicondyle
11
Lateral Epicondyle
12
Capitulum
13
Trochlea
1
Head of Radius
2
Radial Tuberosity
3
Ulnar Notch
4
Styloid Process
1
Radial Notch
2
Ulnar Tuberosity
3
Olecranon Process
4
Trochlear Notch
5
Coronoid Process
6
Head of Ulna
7
Styloid Process
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Scaphoid
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Pollex
1
Illiac Fossa
2
Illiac Crest
3
Anterior Superior Illiac Spine
4
Anterior Inferior Illiac Spine
5
Posterior Superior Illiac Spine
6
Posterior Inferior Illiac Spine
7
Acetabulum
8
Pubic Tubercle
9
Pubic Crest
10
Pubic Symphysis
11
Anterior Gluteal Line
12
Posterior Gluteal Line
13
Greater Sciatic Notch
14
Lesser Sciatic Notch
15
Ischial Spine
16
Ischial Tuberosity
17
Ischial Ramus
18
Inferior Gluteal Line
19
Superior Ramus of Pubis
20
Obturator Foramen
21
Auricular Surface
1
Neck of Femur
2
Fovea Capitis
3
Head of Femur
4
Greater Trochanter
5
Lesser Trochanter
6
Intertrochanteric Crest
7
Intertrochanteric Line
8
Gluteal Tuberosity
9
Linea Aspera
10
Medial Supracondylar Line
11
Lateral Supracondylar Line
12
Intercondylar Fossa
13
Medial Condyle
14
Lateral Condyle
15
Medial Epicondyle
16
Lateral Epicondyle
17
Adductor Tubercle
18
Popliteal Surface
19
Patellar Surface
1
Medial Tibial Condyle
2
Lateral Tibial Condyle
3
Intercondylar Eminence
4
Tibial Tuberosity
5
Anterior Border
6
Medial Malleolus
7
Fibular Notch
1
Head of Fibula
2
Apex
3
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
4
Distal Tibiofibular Joint
5
Lateral Malleolus
6
Talar Articular Surface
1
Calcaneus
2
Talus
3
Cuboid
4
Navicular
5
Lateral Cuneiform
6
Medial Cuneiform
7
Intermediate Cuneiform
1
Occipital Bone
2
External Occipital Protuberance; Occipital Bone
3
Occipital Condyles; Occipital Bone
4
Foramen Magnum; Occipital Bone
5
Parietal Bones
6
Temporal Bones
7
Zygomatic Process; Temporal Bone
8
Mandibular Fossa; Temporal Bone
9
Mastoid Process; Temporal Bone
10
Styloid Process; Temporal Bone
11
Carotid Canal; Temporal Bone
12
Foramen Lacerum; Temporal Bone
13
External Acoustic Canal; Temporal Bone
14
Internal Acoustic Canal; Temporal Bone
15
Jugular Foramen; Temporal Bone
16
Frontal Bone
17
Supraorbital Notch; Frontal Bone
18
Supraorbital Margin; Frontal Bone
19
Frontonasal Suture; Frontal Bone
20
Ethmoid Bone
21
Cribriform Plate; Ethmoid Bone
22
Crista Galli; Ethmoid Bone
23
Perpendicular Plate; Ethmoid Bone
24
Superior and Middle Conchae; Ethmoid Bone
25
Sphenoid Bone
26
Sella Turcica; Sphenoid Bone
27
Optic Canals; Sphenoid Bone
28
Superior Orbital Fissure; Sphenoid Bone
29
Inferior Orbital Fissure; Sphenoid Bone
30
Foramen Rotundum; Sphenoid Bone
31
Foramen Ovale; Sphenoid Bone
32
Foramen Spinosum; Sphenoid Bone
33
Maxillary Bones
34
Alveolar Processes; Maxillary Bones
35
Infraorbital Foramen; Maxillary Bones
36
Palatine Bone
37
Vomer Bone
38
Nasal Bones
39
Zygomatic Bones
40
Temporal Process; Zygomatic Bones
41
Mandible
42
Alveolar Processes; Mandible
43
Mandibular Symphysis; Mandible
44
Mandibular Ramus; Mandible
45
Mandibular Notch; Mandible
46
Condylar Process; Mandible
47
Coronoid Process; Mandible
48
Mandibular Foramen; Mandible
49
Mental Foramen; Mandible
50
Coronal Suture
51
Sagital Suture
52
Lambdoid Suture
53
Squamous Suture
11
Gluteus Maximus
25
Illiopsoas
28
Adductor Magnus
26
Adductor Longus
29
Semimembranosus
30
Semitendinosus
20
Rectus Femoris
22
Vastus Intermedius
21
Vastus Lateralis
23
Vastus Medialis
24
Sartorius
37-38
Lateral and Medial Head of Gastrocnemius
33
Tibialis Anterior
1
Trapezius
7
Deltoid
32
Subscapularis
9
Teres Minor
27-28
Medial and Long Head of Triceps Brachii
29
Latissimus Dorsi
8
Pectoralis Major
5
Pectoralis Minor
12
Biceps Brachii
26
Brachialis
14
Brachioradialis
Gluteus Maximus origin
Iliac crest, posterior gluteal line
Gluteus Maximus insertion
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur, iliotibial tract
Gluteus Maximus action
Major hip extensor
Psoas origin
T12 – L5 vertebrae
Psoas insertion
Lesser trochanter
Psoas action
Flexion at the hip
Illiacus origin
Entire surface of the iliac fossa
Illiacus insertion
Lesser trochanter
Illiacus action
Flexion at the hip
Adductor magnus origin
Ischial tuberosity
Adductor magnus insertion
Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
Adductor magnus action
Adduction and flexion of the hip
Adductor longus origin
Inferior ramus of the of the pubis
Adductor longus insertion
Linea asperia of femur
Adductor longus action
Adduction and flexion of hip
Biceps Femoris origin
Ishcial tuberosity and linea aspera
Biceps Femoris insertion
Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Biceps Femoris action
Flexion at the knee, extension at the hip
Semimembranosus origin
Ischial tuberosity
Semimembranosus insertion
Medial condyle of the tibia
Semimembranosus action
Flexion at the knee, extension at the hip
Semitendinosus origin
Ischial tuberosity
Semitendinosus insertion
Proximal medial surface of the tibia
Semitendinosus action
Flexion at the knee, extension at the hip
Rectus Femoris origin
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Rectus Femoris insertion
Tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
Rectus Femoris action
Extension at the knee and flexion of the hip
Vastus Intermedius origin
Anterior and lateral surfaces of the femur
Vastus Intermedius insertion
Tibial tuberosity via the patella ligament
Vastus Intermedius action
Extension at the knee
Vastus Lateralis origin
Linea aspera
Vastus Lateralis insertion
Tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
Vastus Lateralis action
Extension at the knee
Vastus Medialis origin
Linea aspera
Vastus Medialis insertion
Tibial tuberosity via the patella ligament
Vastus Medialis action
Extension at the knee
Sartorius origin
Anterior superior iliac spine
Sartorius insertion
Medial surface of the tibia
Sartorius action
Flexion at the knee
Gastrocnemius origin
Femoral condyles
Gastrocnemius insertion
Calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
Gastrocnemius action
Plantar flexion at the ankle
Tibialis Anterior origin
Lateral condyle of the tibia
Tibialis Anterior insertion
1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Tibialis Anterior action
Dorsiflexion at the ankle
Levator Scapula origin
Vertebrae C1-C4
Levator Scapula insertion
Vertebral border of scapula
Levator Scapula action
Elevates scapula
Serratus Anterior origin
Ribs 1-9
Serratus Anterior insertion
Medial border of scapula
Serratus Anterior action
Scapula fixator
Trapezius origin
Nuchal ligament of the occipital bone
Trapezius insertion
The clavicle, scapular spine, and acromion of the scapula
Trapezius action
Contraction of all fibers adducts the scapula
Contraction of upper fibers elevates the scapula, contraction of lower fibers depresses the scapula
Deltoid origin
Scapular spine and acromial end of clavicle
Deltoid insertion
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Deltoid action
Abduction of arm at shoulder
Supraspinatus origin
Supraspinous fossa
Supraspinatus insertion
Greater tubercle of humerus
Supraspinatus action
Abduction of arm at shoulder
Infraspinatus origin
Infraspinous fossa
Infraspinatus insertion
Greater tubercle of humerus
Infraspinatus action
Lateral rotation
Subscapularis origin
Subscapular fossa of scapula
Subscapularis insertion
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Subscapularis action
Medial rotation of arm at shoulder
Teres Minor origin
Lateral border of scapula
Teres Minor insertion
Greater tubercle below insertion of infraspinatus
Teres Minor action
Lateral rotation of arm at the shoulder
Triceps Brachii origin
Lateral head – superior region of humerus,
Long head – infraglenoid tubercle
Medial head – posterior region of humerus
Triceps Brachii insertion
Olecranon process of the ulna
Triceps Brachii action
Extension at elbow
Latissimus Dorsi origin
Ribs 8-12, vertebrae T7-L5
Latissimus Dorsi insertion
Intertubercular groove of humerus
Latissimus Dorsi action
Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm
Pectoralis Major origin
Clavicle, sternum and ribs 1-6
Pectoralis Major insertion
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Pectoralis Major action
Adduction, medial rotation, flexion at the shoulder
Pectoralis Minor origin
Ribs 3-5
Pectoralis Minor insertion
Coracoid process of scapula
Pectoralis Minor action
When ribs are fixed it pulls the scapula downward and forward, assists in inspiration when the scapula is fixed
Biceps Brachii origin
Short head - coracoid process of the scapula
Long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Biceps Brachii insertion
Radial tuberosity
Biceps Brachii action
Flexion of arm at elbow, supination of forearm
Brachialis origin
Anterior distal surface of humerus
Brachialis insertion
Coronoid process of ulna
Brachialis action
Major flexor at elbow
Brachioradialis origin
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Brachioradialis insertion
Radial styloid process
Brachioradialis action
Flexion of arm at elbow, supination of forearm
Sternocleidomastoid origin
Sternum and Clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid insertion
Mastoid process
Sternocleidomastoid action
- Together, the produce flexion of the neck
- Alone, each flexes head toward shoulder and rotates face to opposite side
Masseter origin
Zygomatic arch
Masseter insertion
Mandibular ramus
Masseter action
Elevates mandible
Temporalis origin
Temporal bone
Temporalis insertion
Coronoid process of the mandible
Temporalis action
Elevates mandible
Orbicularis Oculi origin
Medial margin of orbit
Orbicularis Oculi insertion
Skin around the eyelids
Orbicularis Oculi action
Closes eye
Corrugator Supercilii origin
Frontal bone
Corrugator Supercilii insertion
Eyebrow
Corrugator Supercilii action
Wrinkles eyebrows
Orbicularis Oris origin
Maxilla and mandible
Orbicularis Oris insertion
Lips
Orbicularis Oris action
Closes and purses lips (“kissing muscle”)
Buccinator origin
Alveolar processes
Buccinator insertion
Fibers surrounding the orbicularis oris
Buccinator action
Compresses cheek (the “trumpeter’s muscle”)
Platsyma origin
Superior thorax
Platsyma insertion
Mandible and skin of chee
Platsyma action
Tenses skin of neck and depresses mandible
Risorius origin
Fascia around the parotid salivary gland
Risorius insertion
Angle of the mouth
Risorius action
Draws corners of mouth to the side
Superior
Closer to head
Inferior
Closer to feet
Anterior
Front of the body; portion of the body that leads when walking
Posterior
Back of the body; Portion of the body that trails when walking
Ventral
Bellyside
Dorsal
Backside
Cranial
Closer to skull
Caudal
Further away from skull
Proximal
Closer to point of attachment
Distal
Further from point of attachment
Superficial
On the outside of the body
Deep
Closer to the inside
Plane
An imaginary line that runs throughout the body
3 Planes
- Frontal
- Sagittal
- Transverse
Frontal plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Sagittal plane
Divides body into a right and left part
Transverse plane
Divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
Midsagittal
Line that goes directly in middle and makes a perfect right and left (equal)
Section
Cut through an imaginary plane
Viscera
Organs
Serous membranes
Surrounds body cavities
Functions of serous membrane
- Holds organs in place
- Reduces friction so that organs move smoothly against each other
Parietal membrane
Lines the inside of the cavity
Visceral membrane
Lines the organ
Body cavities
- Dorsal cavity
- Ventral cavity
Dorsal cavities
- Cranial cavity: Holds the brain
- Spinal cavity: Holds the spine
Ventral cavities
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
Peri means
Around
Thoracic cavities
- Pericardial cavities: Holds the heart
- Pleural cavities: Holds the lungs
What do the pleural cavities look like
There are two pleural cavities, a right and left cavity, one for each lung
Why are the lungs in separate compartments?
For protection, one can collapse and the other will still be healthy and functioning (same with testes)
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
The diaphragm
Abdominopelvic is separated into:
- Abdominal
- Pelvic: Includes reproductive system
Tissue
Collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited function
Type of tissues
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Neural tissue
Functions of epithelial tissue
- Provides physical protection
- Controls permeability
- It only lets specific things in and out
- Ex. Skin lets out sweat and oil, keeps out viruses - Provides sensation
- Sensory neurons allow us to feel - Produce specialized secretions (glandulas epithelium)
Classifications of Epithelial Cells
- Squamous: Flat, flat nucleus
- Cuboidal: Cube-like, round nucleus
- Columnar: Column-like, stretched nucleus
Simple
One layer
Stratified
More than one layer
All cells on the basal lateral side look like
Stratified cuboidal
What do you look at to tell what type of epithelial cell it is
The cells on the apical side and the nucleus
Simple Squamous Epithelium location
Lungs
Simple Squamous Epithelium function
Reduces friction
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
location
Skin
Stratified Squamous Epithelium function
Protection against abrasion and pathogens
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium location
Thyroid gland
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium function
Not much protection, but good for secretion and absorption
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium location
Lining of ducts, rare
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium function
Protection, secretion, absorption
- Usually only 2-3 layers
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium location
Lining of stomach
Simple Columnar Epithelium function
Really good protection, secretion, and absorption
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
location
Mammary glands
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
function
Protection, but not as good as simple columnar
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium location
Lining of nasal cavity
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium function
Protection, secretion, moves mucus with cilia
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium location
Urinary bladder
Transitional Epithelium function
Permits expansion and recoil after stretching
Transitional Epithelium
Connective tissue
Connects epithelial tissue to everything else
Types of proteins in connective tissues
- Collagen
- Elastic fiber
- Reticular fiber
Classification of connective tissues
- Connective tissue proper
- Connect and protect - Fluid connective tissue
- Transport - Supporting connective tissue
- Structural strength
Types of connective tissue proper
- Loose connective tissue proper
- Dense connective tissue proper
Types of loose connective tissue proper
- Areolar connective tissue
- Adipose connective tissue
- Reticular connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue function
It distorts without damaging
Areolar connective tissue location
Basement membrane
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue (fat) function
Retains body heat, stores energy, and provides protection (cushions), stores triglycerides
Adipose connective tissue location
Buttocks
Adipose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue function
Provides support and framework
Reticular connective tissue location
Bone marrow
Reticular connective tissue
Types of dense connective tissue proper
- Dense regular connective tissue
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Dense elastic connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue function
Strength in one plane
Dense regular connective tissue location
Tendons and ligaments
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue function
Strength in different planes
Dense irregular connective tissue location
Capsules of organs and dermis
Dense irregular connective tissue
Dense elastic connective tissue function
Stretches and recoils to cushion shocks
Dense elastic connective tissue location
The walls of arteries
Dense elastic connective tissue
Fluid connective tissues
Blood
Fluid connective tissues
Supporting Connective Tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone (osseous tissue)
Types of cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage function
Reduces friction
Hyaline cartilage location
In joints
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage function
Flexibility without damage
Elastic cartilage location
External ear
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage function
Good at resisting compression
Fibrocartilage location
Vertebral column between each vertebrae
Fibrocartilage
Osseus Tissue (Bone)
Has a circular structure
Muscle types
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle location
Attached to skeleton
Skeletal muscle function
Moves the skeleton
Summary of skeletal muscle
Voluntary, striated muscle
Skeletal muscle
Muscle fiber
One long tube-like muscle cell that has long cylindrical nuclei on the plasma membrane
Striations/Striated
Long lines in one plane up and down
Smooth muscle location
Lines hollow organs
Smooth muscle function
Contract in order to generate force
Summary of smooth muscle
Involuntary, not striated muscle
Cardiac muscle location
Heart
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle function
Contracts to generate force that moves blood
Cardiac muscle
Difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle
Cardiac is branched with forks, which helps it wrap around the heart, and has intercalated discs
