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a&p > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Takes information from the CNS

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2
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Takes information to the CNS

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3
Q

Spinal nerves

A

On each side of the vertebrae; “mixed” nerves of sensory and motor neurons

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4
Q

Cauda equina

A

Where the spinal cord goes from being compact to fraying off

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5
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of neurons

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6
Q

Ganglion

A

Bundle of cell bodies outside the CNS

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7
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

The cell bodies of sensory neurons outside the CNS

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8
Q

Dorsal root

A

The axons of the sensory (afferent) neurons

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9
Q

Ventral root

A

Axons of motor (efferent) neurons

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10
Q

White matter

A

The region outside the spine; consists of the axons

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11
Q

Why is white matter white

A

Because it is myelinated

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12
Q

How are axons in white matter organized

A
  1. Short tract

2. Long tract

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13
Q

Short tract

A

Axons that connect parts of the spine

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14
Q

Long tract

A

Axons that connect the spine to the brain

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15
Q

Types of long tracts

A
  1. Ascending

2. Descending

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16
Q

Ascending long tracts

A

Carry information to the brain from the spine (sensory)

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17
Q

Descending long tracts

A

Carry information from the spine to the brain (motor)

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18
Q

Gray matter

A

The inside region of the spine; the cell bodies; the nissl bodies (ER) make it gray; this is the integration center; very organized/each section does something different

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19
Q

How do the cell bodies in gray matter accumulate

A

Based on function; organize into nuclei

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell bodies organize themselves into different nuclei based on their function

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21
Q

Where is the amount of gray matter the greatest

A
  1. Cervical enlargement

2. Lumbar enlargement

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22
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Area in the cervical area where there is more gray matter; controls movement of shoulder and upper limbs

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23
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

Area in lumbar area where there is more gray matter; controls movement of lower limbs

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24
Q

Meninges

A

Protects the spine from the vertebrae in case of injury; the “air bags”

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25
Q

Dura mater

A

Meninge; The outermost membrane; “tough mother”

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26
Q

Epidural space

A

Space between dura mater and vertebrae that is filled with adipose tissue

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27
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Meninge; The middle membrane

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28
Q

Pia mater

A

Meninge; The deepest membrane; wraps directly around the spine

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29
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space between arachnoid mater and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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30
Q

Main function of the brain stem

A

Controls unconscious thought; visceral function/autonomic function

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31
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Directly connected to the spinal cord; all sensory information goes through the medulla before going to the brain

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32
Q

How is the medulla oblongata separated

A

It is separated into different nuclei

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33
Q

Nuclei of the medulla

A
  1. Cardiovascular centers
  2. Respiratory rhythimicity centers
  3. Solitary nucleus
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34
Q

Cardiovascular centers

A

Controls heart function; autonomic

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35
Q

Parts in the cardiovascular centers

A
  1. Cardioacceleratory center

2. Cardioinhibitory center

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36
Q

Cardioacceleratory center

A

Enhances heart function; uses sympathetic neurons (fight or flight)

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37
Q

Cardioinhibitory center

A

Inhibits heart function; uses parasynthetic neurons (rest and digest)

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38
Q

How does the cardiovascular center know which center to use

A
  1. Baroreceptors

2. Chemoreceptors

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39
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Measure blood pressure and sends that information to the CNS

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40
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitors the chemical content of blood

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41
Q

What chemicals in blood do chemoreceptors monitor

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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42
Q

What does the medulla decide to do if chemoreceptors detect that carbon deoxide levels are too high

A

It uses sympathetic neurons to pump blood faster to get carbon dioxide out of the blood faster

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43
Q

Respiratory rhythmicity center

A

Controls respiration rate; stimulates muscles that make us inhale and relaxes them to exhale

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44
Q

Why are the respiratory rhythmicity center and cardiovascular centers right next to each other

A

Because they work together

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45
Q

What cant the respiratory rhythmicity center do

A

Decide when to inhale/exhale

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46
Q

What tells the respiratory rhythmicity center when to inhale/exhale

A

The pons

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47
Q

Solitary nucleus

A

Is a relay station; takes in sensory information from different places and makes sure that that information gets sent to the right centers; takes in information from visceral functions then sends it to the correct nuclei centers

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48
Q

Decussation

A

Means “crossing over”; where motor commands from one side of the brain cross over and go to the opposite side of the body (contralaterally

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49
Q

Pons

A

Controls muscle movements of the face

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50
Q

Respiratory center (of the pons)

A

A nuclei in pons

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51
Q

Parts in the respiratory center of the pons

A
  1. Apneustic center

2. Pneumotaxic center

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52
Q

Apneustic center

A

Responsible for causing respiratory muscles to contract/inhale

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53
Q

What does the apneustic center not know how to do

A

When to relax respiratory muscles in order to exhale

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54
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

Silences the apneustic center in order to exhale/relax

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55
Q

What controls the respiratory centers in the medulla

A

The respiratory centers in the pons

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56
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon; the most conserved region, meaning most species have this

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57
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

Collection of 4 nuclei in the midbrain that control reflexes of the head and neck in response to stimuli

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58
Q

Superior colliculus

A

The top pair of corpora quadrigemina; controls reflex movements in response to visual stimuli

59
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

The bottom pair of corpora quadrigemina; controls reflex movements in response to auditory stimuli

60
Q

What is the natural purpose of the mesencephalon?

A

So that our reflexes protect us from predators

61
Q

Red nucleus

A

Has a large blood supply; gives unconscious control of skeletal muscle; gives us resting muscle tone; sends out more commands then we need

62
Q

Resting muscle tone

A

Even at rest, there is some tension generated in certain skeletal muscle; mainly for posture

63
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Inhibits parts of the red nucleus from contracting the extra muscles that we don’t need to be contracted

64
Q

Dopaminergic neurons

A

Neurons that extend from the substantia nigra to the red nucleus; secretes dopamine onto the red nucleus to inhibit it

65
Q

Two types of receptors that bind to dopamine

A
  1. D-1 like receptors

2. D-2 like receptors

66
Q

What kind of receptors does the red nucleus have?

A

D-2 like receptors

67
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra die so the red nucleus makes random muscle contractions

68
Q

L-Dopa

A

Gets converted dopamine; used to treat Parkinson’s instead of Dopamine because of the blood-brain barrier

69
Q

2 regions that the substantia nigra blocks

A
  1. Red nucleus

2. Cerebellum

70
Q

Vermus

A

Tissue that runs down the middle of the cerebellum

71
Q

The two lobes of the cerebellum

A
  1. Anterior

2. Posterior

72
Q

What is in the cerebellum

A

Grey and white matter

73
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

The outer part; the grey matter

74
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Neurons cells only found in the cerebellum; has a large system of dendrites

75
Q

What is the difference between regular neurons and purkinje cells

A

Purkinje cells have a more extensive/larger system of dendrites

76
Q

What kind of information do the purkinje cells take in

A

Information about proprioception

77
Q

Proprioception

A

Knowing where you are in time and space

78
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Send information to the cerebellum about where you are in time and space

79
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum

A

Controlling fine tuned movements that are learned

80
Q

Peduncles of the cerebellum

A
  1. Superior cerebellar peduncle
  2. Middle cerebellar peduncle
  3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
81
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum peduncles

A

Carries motor commands out of the cerebellum

82
Q

What does ethanol/alcohol do

A

It shuts down the cerebellum which inhibits fine motor proprioception movements

83
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of proprioception function

84
Q

Parts of the diecephalon

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
85
Q

Epithalamus

A

Top of diecephalon

86
Q

Pineal gland

A

Within the epithalamus; secretes melatonin

87
Q

Melatonin

A

Helps you go to sleep

88
Q

Tryptophan

A

An amino acid that gets converted into sarotonin then the pineal gland turns it into melatonin

89
Q

Thalamus

A

Middle of diecephalon; A relay station, meaning sensory information goes here and is then sent to the right place; also filters out the unimportant sensory information besides smell

90
Q

Why isnt smell filtered by the thalamus

A

The neurons for smell dont run through the thalamus

91
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Lowest on diecephalon; links the neural system and the endocrine system

92
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

In the sella turcica

93
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

It secretes a lot of important hormones

94
Q

What tells the pituitary gland when to or not to secrete hormones

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

The hypothalamus is neuroendocrine; there are neurons that secrete molecules/hormones into the blood instead of into a synapse

96
Q

Hormones that the hypothalamus releases

A
  1. Releasing hormones

2. Inhibiting hormones

97
Q

Release hormones

A

Causes the pituitary gland to release hormones

98
Q

Inhibiting hormones

A

Causes the pituitary gland to stop releasing hormones

99
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

A nuclei of the hypothalamus; makes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

100
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone

A

Helps you retain water

101
Q

How does alcohol effect the supraoptic nucleus

A

It blocks the supraoptic nucleus from making ADH

102
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

A nuclei of the hypothalamus; Makes oxytocin

103
Q

Oxytocin

A

Important for bonding and induces smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during labor and delivery and of milk ducts during nursing

104
Q

Pitocin

A

Man made oxytocin

105
Q

What type of feedback loop is oxytocin

A

Positive feedback loop

106
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

A nuclei of the hypothalamus; controls the function of the pineal gland; controls when it secretes melatonin

107
Q

What causes more secretion of melatonin

A

Light; visual sensory information

108
Q

Preoptic area

A

A nuclei of the hypothalamus; controls body temperature by controlling blood flow

109
Q

What does the preoptic area do if body temperature is too high

A

It dilates blood vessels that are superficial and near the skin and constricts blood vessels near the torso

110
Q

What does the preoptic area do if body temperature is too low

A

It constricts blood vessels near the skin and dilates blood vessels near the torso

111
Q

Cerebrum

A

Home to conscious thought; the main part of the brain

112
Q

What surrounds the cerebrum

A

Pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater

113
Q

Dural Sinus

A

Instead of an epidural space like the spine, the cerebrum has this; circulates blood and CSF

114
Q

Faix cerebrii

A

Extension of the dura mater that sits between the two hemispheres

115
Q

Faix cerebelli

A

Extension of the dura mater that sits between the hemispheres of the cerebellum

116
Q

What is the reason for the folds of the brain

A

To create more surface area

117
Q

Gyrus

A

One tube of the cerebrum

118
Q

Sulcus

A

The gaps between the gyri

119
Q

The lobes of the cerebrum are the same as

A

The bones that cover them

120
Q

Instead of sutures, what are the lobes separates by?

A

Important sulci

121
Q

Central sulcus

A

Between frontal and parietal lobes

122
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Between frontal and temporal lobes

123
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Between parietal and occipital

124
Q

Cerebrum cortex

A

Where grey matter is; superficial

125
Q

Where is white matter in the cerebrum

A

Deep

126
Q

Classes of white matter

A
  1. Association fibers
  2. Commissural fibers
  3. Projection fibers
127
Q

Association fibers

A

Axons that carry information to parts of the same hemisphere

128
Q

Types of association fibers

A
  1. Arcuate fibers

2. Longitudinal fibers

129
Q

Arcuate fibers

A

Allow communication between two gyrite that are right next to each other

130
Q

Longitudinal fibers

A

Axons that allow communication between two distant parts of the same hemisphere

131
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Axons that allow communication between the two hemispheres

132
Q

Locations of commissural fibers

A
  1. Anterior commissure

2. Corpus callosum

133
Q

Projection fibers

A

Axons that allow communication between the cerebrum and the rest of the body (spine, brain stem)

134
Q

What do all projection fibers run through

A

The thalamus (and medulla oblongata)

135
Q

How is grey matter organized in the cerebrum

A

In nuclei that are in strips that run across the cerebrum over the left and right hemispheres

136
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

Nuclei of the cerebrum; “postcentral gyrus”; Receives all somatic sensory information; does not interpret that information

137
Q

Homunculus

A

“Map” of the parts of a nuclei and what they effect/control

138
Q

Association areas

A

Interpret the information; where we store memories about sensations

139
Q

What do all cortex have?

A

An association area

140
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Receives sensory information about sound

141
Q

Auditory association area

A

Interprets the auditory information

142
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

“Precentral gyrus”; All of your conscious muscle movement stems from here; Recieves all motor sensory information; does not interpret it

143
Q

What would happen if a stroke effected the visual cortex

A

They wouldn’t be able to read

144
Q

Somatic motor association area

A

“Premotor cortex”; stores memories about muscle movements; Interprets the information about motor movements; controls the primary motor cortex; these are learned movements

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