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BIO111: Microbiology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Why are most college campuses equipped with compound light microscopes?

A

*

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1
Q

Why is the microscope called a compound light microscope?

A

The term light refers to the method by which light transmits the image to your eye. Compound deals with the microscope having more than one lens. Microscope is the combination of two words; “micro” meaning small and “scope” meaning view

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2
Q

SCAN power

A

4x

total 40x

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3
Q

LOW power

A

10x

100x total

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4
Q

HIGH power

A

40x

400x total

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5
Q

Oil immersion

A

100x

1000x total

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6
Q

distance between the slide and the lens is called

A

working distance

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7
Q

magnificaion

A

the apparent increase in size of an object

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8
Q

total magnification

A

ocular power multiplied by objective power

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9
Q

located on the stage; this allows light from the lamp to penetrate the stage and illuminate the specimen

A

Aperture

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10
Q

What controls the amount of contrast the microscope specimen has

A

condenser and iris diaphragm

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11
Q

Which way do you move the diaphragm level to make the specimen darker

A

Right

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12
Q

Field of View

A

the area visible through the eyepiece

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13
Q

Most stains are charged…..

A

positive

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14
Q

Parfocal

A

the ability for an object to stay in relative focus when changing objectives

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15
Q

Why is oil used on oil immersion?

A

To decrease light refractivity entering the specimen.

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16
Q

Resolution

A

the fineness of detail that can be examined using a scope, the better the resolution the greater amount of detail that can be examined

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17
Q

What unit of measurement is usually used for measuring the size of cells

A

micrometer

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18
Q

Field of view SCAN

A

4.5 mm

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19
Q

field of view LOW

A

1.8 mm

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20
Q

field of view HIGH

A

0.45 mm

21
Q

Field of view for OIL IMMERSION

A

0.18 mm

22
Q

To determine average diameter of a cell

A
  1. Count # of cells that fit strait across field
  2. Estimate the size of cells by dividing field of view in mm by the number of cells that fit across the field of view.
  3. Convert number to micrometers by moving decimal point to the right 3 places
23
Q

Protozoans

A

Protists
Single Cell
Motile

24
Q

3 ways protoza move

A

Psudopodia
cilia
flagella

25
Q

flagellated algae

A

protists
single cells
green
motile

26
Q

filamentous algae

A

protists
cells from chains
non-motile
green

27
Q

nonfilamentous and nonflagellated algae

A

protists
single cells
green
nonmotile

28
Q

invertebrates

A 
animals
large
multicellular
motile
(mosquito larve, rotifer)
29
Q

diatoms

A

usually very detailed with 2 parts connected together

30
Q

S.epidermidis

A

clusters of spheres

31
Q

B. megaterium

A

chains of rods

32
Q

negative stain

A

nigrosin or India ink (acidic) is placed on the slide and the bacteria is mixed into it and then spread out in a thin layer and allowed to air dry.
The stain in anionic so it stains the background rather than the cells.

33
Q

Benefit of negative staining over simple or differential staining is…

A

there is no heat fixation needed which can shrink the cells.

34
Q

Reason for heat fixing

A

to ensure cells are adhered to the slide so they aren’t washed off during staining and rinsing
and to ensure cell shrinking happens before staining so it doesn’t happen during staining which could result in distortion and artifacts

35
Q

Simple Stain

A 
positive charge (basic)
Bacteria is stained bluish purple by the methylene blue
36
Q

Gram Stain

A

a differential stain
Primary Stain - Crystal Violet (20 seconds)
Mordant - Gram’s Iodine (1 minute)
Decolorization - Ethyl Alcohol (10 -20 seconds)
Counter stain - Safranin (1 minute)
*rinse with H20 for 2 seconds between each step and blot dry when finished

37
Q

Gram+

A

Stained bluish purple by crystal violet

B.megaterium & S. epidermis & S. aureus

38
Q

Gram -

A

stain pinkish red

s. marcesens & E.coli

39
Q

Acid fast stain

A

Differential stain
presence of mycobacterium (rod shaped w. special lipids in cell wall that are hard to stain - mycolic acid)
+ red - blue

40
Q

2 different methods of acid fast stain

A

Ziehl Neelson method (same as Kinyoun but uses heat after phenol)
Kinyoun Method

41
Q

Acid fast staining method

A

Primary - Carbolfuschin (red) - 5 minutes rinse w. water
Mordant - heat or chemical concentration
Decolorant - Acid-Alcohol (1 minute) rinse with water to stop
Counterstain - Methylene blue - 30 seconds
DO NOT BLOT DRY

42
Q

Why is phenol important in acid fast staining

A

it is able to penetrate the wall of the mycobacterium so they can be stained.

43
Q

Acid fast positive

A

Red/pink in color

ex. M. smegmatis

44
Q

Acid fast negative

A

stained blue/purple in color

ex. S.epidermis S.aureus

45
Q

Endospore stain

A

Stains endospore
Vegetative cell is Red
Endospore is Green (pale)

46
Q

Method of endospore staining

A

Schaeffer-Fulton Method

heat is applied to ensure malachite green can adhere/penetrate the tough outer coating of the endospore

47
Q

3 locations of endospores

A

Central, Terminal, and lateral

48
Q

Why is knowing if endospores are present and their size and location important to a microbiologist?

A

It helps them identify what bacteria the endospore is from

49
Q

Euglena

A

a photosynthetic protist
Green
motile

50
Q

Yeast

A

show Brownian movement but not motile

grayish white in color look like long jelly beans

51
Q

types of flagellar arrangement

A

monotrichous
lophotrichous
peritrichous
amphitrichous

BIO111: Microbiology (12 decks)

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