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BIO111: Microbiology > Chapters 1 & 10 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 & 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

Mycologists study…

A

microscopic fungi

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1
Q

Microbiology

definition

A

The study of small (usually microscopic) organisms

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2
Q

Who is the father of microbiology

A

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

Observed “animalcules” in lake water in 1674
Dutch Drapery Merchant
Made simple magnifying glass

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665, England
First to describe and name “cells” found in cork tissue
Described “microscopical mushroom” (common bread mold)

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5
Q

Scientists responsible for cell theory and year

A

1800s
Schleiden (Botanist)
Schwann (Human Anatomist)

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6
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All organisms consist of one or more cells
  • Cells are the basic organizational unit of all living things
  • All living cells arise from other pre-existing living cells (biogenesis)
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7
Q

Theories on where microorganisms come from

A

Spontaneous generation

Biogenesis

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8
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

Life arises spontaneously from non-living material

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9
Q

Biogenesis

A

All living cells arise from other pre-existing living cells

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10
Q

Who helped disprove Spontaneous Generation and years

A

Francesco Redi - 1668
Needham and Spallanzani - 1749, 1776
Louis Pasteur - 1861

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11
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Disproved spontaneous generation in 1668 by studying maggots and rotting meat

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12
Q

Needham and Spallanzani

A

Priests that studied boiling broths in 1749 and 1776
Needham corked broth and still ended up with bacteria in both broths r/t possible contamination
Spallanzani melted the top on one of the flasks and it grew no bacteria

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13
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1861
filtered air and swan-necked flasks
bacteria would form in the neck of the flask but not in the broth unless tipped sideways

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14
Q

Pasteur’s Experiments

A
  • No living things arise by spontaneous generation
  • microbes are everywhere
  • growth of microbes causes dead tissue to decompose and food to spoil - Pasteurization
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15
Q

Pasteurization came through studying…

A

wine spoilage

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16
Q

Three people responsible for theory of heat resistant microorganisms and in what year?

A

1876
John Tyndall
Ferdinand Cohn
Robert Koch

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17
Q

John Tyndalls theory against spontaneous generation

A

heat-resistant microorganisms

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18
Q

Ferdinand Cohn theory against spontaneous generation

A

endospores

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19
Q

Endospores

A

seed like hard exterior that is able to withstand heat

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20
Q

Robert Koch’s theory against spontaneous generation

A

anthrax spores

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21
Q

Difference between negative control and positive control

A

Negative control - nothing should happen

Positive control - reactions happen as planned

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22
Q

Science

A

organized body of knowledge about natural world

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23
Q

Scientific method

A

steps used to gain information about natural world

  1. observation
  2. hypothesis
  3. experiment
  4. conclusion
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24
Q

2 major types of bacteria that for endospores

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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25
Q

Progression of Scientific ideas

A
  • Peer review/publication
  • further experimentation
  • theory
  • scientific law
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26
Q

Germ Theory

A

Late 1800s

Microbes cause disease and specific microbes cause specific diseases

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27
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

1841

believed that childbirth infections spread by doctors in hospitals

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28
Q

Joseph Lister

A

1865
clean wounds and antiseptic surgery
phenol/carbolic acid

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29
Q

Robert Koch

A

late 1800s

Proved germ theory studying Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

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30
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the suspect agent must be present in every case of the disease
  2. The suspect agent must be grown in pure culture from diseased hosts
  3. The same disease must be produced when a pure culture of the agent is given to a healthy, experimental host
  4. The same agent must be recovered from the experimentally infected host`
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31
Q

4 importances of microbiology

A
  1. Necessary for human life and other forms of life
  2. Economic Applications
  3. Scientific research
  4. Medical Microbiology
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32
Q

Why is microbiology necessary for human life and other forms of life

A
  1. Oxygen gas production
  2. Nitrogen Fixation - convert N2 gas to a usable form
  3. Decomposition - cellulose, dead material and waste *only bacteria can break down cellulose
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33
Q

Why microbiology is important of Economic Applications

A
  1. Food Production (bacteria and yeast fermentation)
  2. Biotechnology (Drug production & health of agriculture)
  3. Bioremediation (decomposers speed up decay of pollutants, clean up of oil, DDT spills)
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34
Q

Why is microbiology important for scientific research?

A

Easy to study - grow quickly, inexpensive
Similar to more complex larger animals
“what is true of elephants is true of bacteria”

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35
Q

Why is microbiology important for Medical Microbiology

A
  1. Over 1/2 the worlds pospulation has died of malaria
  2. 20 million dies each year from preventable diseases
  3. In US 750 million infection diseases each year - over 200,000 fatal
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36
Q

What are the top two infectious disease killers in the world

A

Diarrhea and Pneumonia

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37
Q

Controlling Infection Diseases

A
  1. Improving sewage disposal - Chadwick
  2. Assuring clean public water supply
  3. Food preservation and inspection - Pasteurization
  4. Improving personal hygiene
  5. Developing antiseptic techniques - Lister
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38
Q

3 further methods of controlling infection disease

A

Chemotherapy
Antibiotics
Vaccines

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39
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of chemical to treat a disease

  • cleaning inanimate objects and human tissue
  • medications
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40
Q

Antibiotics

A

antibacterial compounds produced by fungi and bacteria

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41
Q

Vaccines

A

preparation of a pathogen or its products to provide immunity

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42
Q

Bacteria are very diverse in…

A

Phenotype (physical characteristics)
Genotype (genes, RNA, DNA)
Ecological characteristics

43
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics

44
Q

Morphology

A

size and shape

45
Q

Genotype

A

Genes, RNA and DNA

46
Q

Ecology

A

relationship with environment and other organisms

47
Q

types of Ecology

A

Free-living

Symbiotic

48
Q

Free-living

A

Organism that is not directly dependent on another organism for survival.
Groupings based on energy and source of organic molecules (autotrophs and heterotrophs)

49
Q

Autotrophs

A

“self feeding”
free-living
source of carbon is CO2
Source of cellular energy = inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs or photons for photoautrophs

50
Q

Examples of Photoautotrophs

A

Cyanobacteria - use photosynthesis

Purple Bacteria - anaerobic, use H2S and produce S2

51
Q

Why are purple bacteria purple

A

to gather light for photosynthesis

52
Q

Overall equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H20 + light = C6H12O6 + O2

53
Q

Examples of Chemoautotrophs

A

Methanogens (anaerobic) - H2 gas + CO2 -> CH4 (methane) + H20
Sulfer-oxidizing - H2S +O2 -> H2SO4

54
Q

Two types of autotrophs

A

Chemoautotrophs and Photoautotrophs

55
Q

Two types of free-living microorganisms

A

Autotrophs (self-feeding)

Heterotrophs (other feeding)

56
Q

Heterotrophs

A

“Other feeding”
Ex. humans and animals, some bacteria
Source of carbon: organic molecules from other organisms
Source of cellular energy: organic molecules from other organisms
Consume or absorb nutrients

57
Q

subset of Heterotrophs that only feed on dead organisms

A

Decomposers

58
Q

Decomposers

A

organisms that use simple organic molecules from dead organisms
cellular energy and source of carbon both come from dead organisms

59
Q

Symbiotic microorganisms

A

organisms that live on or in another organism and depend on that organism for survival.
Symbiont is the smaller organism and the larger is the host

60
Q

Types of symbiosis

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

61
Q

Mutualism

A

both the symbiont and the host benefit
Example:
Rhizobia - live in nodules in pant roots, nitrogen fixation
Lactobacillus spp. - produces and acidic environment in the vagina that inhibits bacterial growth.

62
Q

Commensalism

A

The symbiont benefits but the host is neither harmed nor helped
Example: skin microbiota

63
Q

Parasitism

A

The symbiont benefits, but the host is harmed

64
Q

Two types of parasites

A

Exotic

Opportunistic (endemic)

65
Q

Exotic parasites

A

pathogen not typically found in the human body, can invade and cause harm
ex. cold and flu viruses

66
Q

Opportunistic (endemic) parasites

A

normal microbiota can inflict harm when the host immunity is weakened
ex. strep pneumonia

67
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of organisms in order to arrange them into groups (taxa)

68
Q

3 parts of taxonomy

A

Classification
Identification
Nomenclature

69
Q

Classification

A

the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that have similar characteristics

70
Q

Nomenclature

A

naming

71
Q

Who created the scientific naming of organisms

A

Carolus Linnaeus in 1753

called it binomial nomenclature

72
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Two latin words
Genus name is capitalized, species name is not
Italicized or underlined
Names are descriptive and/or honorary

73
Q

Trick to remember Classification system order

A

Do Keep Piling Chocolate On For Goodness Sake

74
Q

Classification order

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class 
Order
Family
Genus
Species
75
Q

Bacterias order normally ends in

A

-ales

76
Q

Bacteria’s family often ends in

A

-aceae

77
Q

How many kingdoms are there?

A 
5
Monera/Prokarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
78
Q

How are organisms classified into kingdoms?

A
  1. number of cells
  2. cell type
  3. nutrition and energy requirements
  4. cell wall composition
79
Q

Kingdom Monera/Prokarya

A

Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Chemoautotroph, photoautotroph, heterotroph (decomposers and all types symbiosis)
True bacteria have peptidoglycan in the cell wall

80
Q

True bacteria have what in the cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

81
Q

Examples of Kingdom Monera/Prokarya

A

Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Archaeabacteria

82
Q

Kingdom Protista

A 
Mostly unicellular
Eukaryotic 
Photoautotroph and/or heterotroph
Algae, water molds - cell walls with cellulose in some
protozoa - no cell wall
83
Q

Examples of Kingdom Protista

A

Algae (Euglena, diatoms)
Protozoa (Amoeba, Paramecium)
Water molds

84
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

Mostly multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs by absorption (mostly decomposers, also symbiotic, including parasites)
Cell walls of chitin

85
Q

Examples of Kingdom Fungi

A

Yeast
Mold
Mushrooms

86
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Photoautotrophs
Cell walls of cellulose

87
Q

Examples of Kingdom Plantae

A

Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

NO MICROORGANISMS in plant kingdom

88
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs by consumption
NO CELL WALLS

89
Q

Examples of Kingdom Animalia

A

Coral, sponges, insects, worms, reptiles, birds, mammals

parasitic helminth worms are the ONLY microorganisms in the animal kingdom.

90
Q

Phylogeny

A

using evolutionary relationships to classify organisms

  • difficulties with microorganisms because of strains, mutations, asexual reproduction
  • molecular techniques (ex. DNA sequencing) helpful in constructing phylogenetic trees
91
Q

Phylogenetic Tree 3 main groups

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eucarya

92
Q

Three Domains

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eucarya (kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

93
Q

Who decided that prokaryotes should be split into two domains?

A

Carl Woese - University of Illinois in the later 1970s

94
Q

3 movements of Protistas

A

Flagella
Cilia
Psudopodia

95
Q

Domain Bacteria

A
  • same characteristics as Bacteria kingdom (prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in cell walls)
  • Most have specific shapes
  • Reproduce asexually with BINARY FISSION
  • Many move using flagella
96
Q

Domain Archaea

A
  • Similar to Bacteria Domain
  • Cell walls vary greatly and do not have peptidoglycan
  • can survive in extreme conditions
  • rRNA different from bacteria and eucarya
  • show differences in cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA(histones) and tRNA
  • not known to cause any human diseases
97
Q

Domain Eucarya

A

Eukaryotes
Kingdoms protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
microbial members include fungi, protists, larvae stages of helminths

98
Q

Infectious agents

A

Agent capable of causing an infection
Capable of self-replication
Free-living infection agents - require host for nutrition but not reproduction

99
Q

Examples of infectious agents

A

Bacteria, fungi, protists, helminths

100
Q

Acellular infectious agents

A

virus, viroid, prion
Acellular: not classified with domain or kingdom systems
Non-living
Can infect all forms of life

101
Q

Viruses

A

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Protective protein layer (capsid)
1/10 to 1/1000 size of bacteria
nonmotile

102
Q

Study of viruses

A

Virology

103
Q

Viroids

A

small piece of RNA without protein coat
much smaller than viruses
cause plant diseases
unknown if infect animals

104
Q

Prions

A

Small piece of protein only, no nucleic acid
- Abnormal shape
- “self-replicating”
- Affect brain and nerve tissue, fatal and untreatable
Ex. “mad cow disease”bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

105
Q

Size of most bacteria

A

1 - 10 micrometers

106
Q

size of most viruses

A

20 - 100 nanometers

0.20 -0.1 micro meters

BIO111: Microbiology (12 decks)

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