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BIO111: Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of microbial metabolism

A
  1. Model to study eukaryote metabolism (E.coli)
  2. Food from fermentation
  3. Method to ID bacteria
  4. Designing and understanding antimicrobial drugs
  5. Biofuels
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2
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in a cell

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3
Q

Two types of metabolism

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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4
Q

Catabolism

A

processes that degrade compounds, often release energy

ex. Cellular respiration breaking down glucose to form ATP

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5
Q

Anabolism

A

process that synthesize macromolecule subunits, use ATP energy
Ex. Photosynthesis, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis

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6
Q

Enzymes

A

protein catalysts

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7
Q

Catalyst

A

molecules that speed up chemical reactions but are not altered by the reaction

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8
Q

Enzymes and catalysts

A

Some enzymes are catalysts but not all.

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9
Q

Substrate

A

combines with enzyme at the active site and product is released.
Enzymes are very specific to substrate and the reaction

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10
Q

Enzymes have optimal ranges of…..

A

temperature, pH, salt concentration.

Outside optimal range can denature the enzyme or slow it down

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11
Q

3 types of enzyme inhibitors

A

Competitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition
Feedback inhibition

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12
Q

Competitive inhibition

A
  • not permanent
  • binding site is blocked by the other inhibitor to inhibit enzyme
  • sulfa drugs inhibit an enzyme that makes folic acid
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13
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A
  • permanent change to enzyme

ex. mercury breaks sulfer bonds in amino acid cysteine and changes the proteins shape.

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14
Q

Feedback inhibition

A
  • can be permanent, but most of the time not
  • When final product is available from an outside source the enzyme will stop making it to conserve energy.
  • Final product binds to allosteric site which changes the active site to make it unable to make more final products
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15
Q

Cofactor

A

non-protein helpers

- must be present for substrate to bind to active site and work

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16
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic cofactors, often made from vitamins

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17
Q

Electron carriers

A

NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2

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18
Q

NAD is derived from which vitamin

A

Niacin

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19
Q

FAD is derived from which vitamin

A

Riboflavin

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20
Q

Overall equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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21
Q

3 steps of cellular respiration

A

Glycolosis
Transition Step (Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport

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22
Q

Electron Transport

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

Differences in transport proteins and location

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23
Q

Prokaryote Electron Transport Proteins

A
  • Differences between types of prokaryotes
  • Cytochrome C found in Neisseria, Psudomonas, Caphylobacter can be tested for with OXIDASE TEST
  • Menaquinone found in some prokaryotes is also a source of vitamin K
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24
Q

Source of vitamin K

A

Menaquinone

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25
Q

Oxidase test tests for…

A

Cytochrome C: found in Neisseria, Pseudomonas, and Camphylobacter

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26
Q

ATP Yield

A

3 ATP from each NADH
2 ATP from each FADH2
38 total ATP in prokaryotes
36 total ATP in eukaryotes

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27
Q

Why is there a difference in ATP yield between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Difference is due to transport of NADH from glycolysis

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28
Q

Fermentation

A
  • occurs if oxygen is not available or electron transport mechanisms are not present.
  • Does not make ATP, but makes NAD+ which can go back to glycolysis
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29
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose -> pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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30
Q

Lactic Acid fermentation

A

Glucose -> pyruvate -> Lactic acid
Tooth decay
Food products

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31
Q

Types of lactic acid bacteria

A

lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus

32
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A

Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Ethanol + CO2

33
Q

what is responsible for production of beer, wine, champagne, rum, whiskey and bread

A

Saccharomyces (yeast)

34
Q

what is responsible for production of tequila

A

Zymomonas (bacteria)

35
Q

what is responsible for production of vinegar

A

Acetic acid bacteria (Aceobacteria)

36
Q

Ethanol fermentation create ethanol for use as a…

37
Q

Other types of fermentation

A

Butyric acid

Propionic acid

38
Q

Butyric Acid

A
  • Clostridium (obligate anaerobes)

- Used to produce solvents butanol and acetone

39
Q

Propionic Acid

A
  • Propionibacterium
  • used to make swiss cheese
  • CO2 makes holes in cheese
  • Propionic acid gives flavor
40
Q

Mixed acids

ID of bacteria by fermentation method

A

Some bacteria produce several acids

41
Q

Methyl Red Test

ID of bacteria by fermentation method

A

red color develops at pH less than 4.5

Ecoli +, Klebsiella and Enterobacter -

42
Q

2,3 Butanediol
Voges-proskauer test
(ID of bacteria by fermentation method)

A

red color when intermediate acetoin present

- E.coli - , Klebsiella and enterobacter +

43
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • Chemoautotrophs
  • Inorganic molecules used as terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen
  • Hydrogen, Sulfer, Iron, Nitrogen
44
Q

Photosynthesis overall equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

45
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • Blue green “algae”

- photosynthesis very similar to plants and algae

46
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

A
  • Green and purple bacteria
  • Do not produce oxygen
  • CO2 + H2A + light energy -> C6H12O6 + A2
47
Q

Photosystems

A

Complexes of pigments and proteins capture light energy by exciting electrons

48
Q

Cyanobacteria, plants and algae

photosystems

A
  • have two different photosystems

- get new electrons from H2O

49
Q

Green and purple bacteria

photosystems

A

have only 1 type of photosystem

50
Q

Pigments

A
  • Chlorophyll in cyanobacteria, plants and algae

- Baceriochlorophyll in green and purple bacteria

51
Q

Location of photosynthesis for Eukaryotes

A

chloroplasts containing thylakoid membranes

52
Q

Location of photosynthesis for Cyanobacteria

A

thylakoid membranes only

53
Q

Location of photosynthesis for green bacteria

A

chlorosomes

54
Q

Location of photosynthesis for purple bacteria

A

invaginations in cell membrane

recall endosymbiotic theory

55
Q

Central Metabolic pathways

A
  • cellular respiration also provides precursors to many biosynthesis reactions
  • intermediate molecules can go on to cellular respiration processes or be used to synthesize lipids, amino acids and nucleotides
56
Q

Lipid synthesis

A

triglycerides and phospholipids contain glycerol and fatty acids

57
Q

Fatty acids

A
  • acetyl group from Acetyl-CoA attaches to a transport protein
  • 2-carbon units are added to this to make long chains of fatty acids
58
Q

Glycerol

A

made from a molecule made during glycolysis

59
Q

Amino acid synthesis

A

Proteins- amino acids joined by peptide bonds, often with complex foldings

60
Q

Glutamate (amino acid synthesis)

A
  • Glutamate is a precursor to other amino acids
  • made by adding ammonia to molecule from Krebs cycle
  • other amino acids (example aspartate) are made by taking NH2 (amino group) from glutamate
61
Q

Aromatic Amino Acids (amino acid sythesis)

A
  • tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan
  • multistep, branching pathway
  • precursors come from pathhways of cellular respiration
  • Example: negative feedback
62
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes

63
Q

What molecule is the coenzyme that carries electrons in glycolosis

64
Q

How many ATP are made from glycolysis

65
Q

What molecule is produced from glycolysis and how many carbons does it have

A

pyruvic acid (3 carbons)

66
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in prokaryotes

67
Q

Where does the 2nd step (trasition step TCA cycle) take place in eukaryotes

A

in Cristae membrane of mitochondria

68
Q

What two molecules are made from pyruvic acid in the transition step before the Krebs cycle can occurr

A

Acetyl CoA (2 carbons) and CO2

69
Q

What byproduct is released in Krebs cycle

70
Q

How many ATP per glucose are produced from the Krebs cycle

71
Q

Where does this second step (krebs cycle) take place in prokaryotes

A

Outter cell membrane

72
Q

What are the names of the two electron carriers used in the Krebs cycle

73
Q

Where does electron transport occur in eukaryotes

A

Mitochondria

74
Q

What makes up most of the molecules in the chain of electron transport chain

75
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration and what byproduct is made

A

Oxygen with H20 being the byproduct

76
Q

Where does electron transport occur in prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

77
Q

How many ATP per glucose are made in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes: 36
prokaryotes: 38

BIO111: Microbiology (12 decks)

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