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BIO111: Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutation

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA that is the passed on to daughter cells

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2
Q

Why is mutation a problem

A

If the DNA sequence i s changed, then the mRNA sequence is altered, which can result in incorrect protein synthesis

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3
Q

Types of mutations

A

Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
Thymine dimers

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4
Q

Substitution

mutation

A

One or more nucleotides are randomly replaced with different nucleotides.

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5
Q

Example of substitution

A

superoxide ion and hydrogen peroxide can change guanine so it will pair with adenine

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6
Q

Deletion

mutation

A

one or more nucleotides are randomly removed and not replaced (or nucleotide becomes unreadable)
AKA frameshift mutation

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7
Q

Example of Deletion

A

ethidium bromide dye adds small molecules to a base so it is skipped during transcription or replication

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8
Q

Insertion

mutation

A

One or more nucleotides are randomly added.

AKA frameshift mutation

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9
Q

Types of frameshift mutations

A

Insertion

Deletion

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10
Q

Thyamine dimers

mutation

A

Bonding of two adjacent thymine bases

-Double helix is distorted enough that enzymes do not work properly for transcription and replication

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11
Q

What causes thyamine dimer mutation

A

Caused by exposure to UV light

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12
Q

Outcomes of Mutations

A
  • Death- most mutations are detrimental
  • Benefit - sometimes mutations are beneficial
  • No change - mutation doesn’t change the protein or affects a part of the chromosome that isn’t important
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13
Q

Natural Selection

A

if one bacteria cell has an advantage (example antibiotic resistance) over another bacteria in the same population; it will be able to survive longer and reproduce more often.
-Can become most common type of bacteria in a population

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14
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Spontaneous Mutation

Induced Mutation

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15
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

random changes during normal cell processes

- Rare (1/10,000 to 1/ 1,000,000 replications for a single gene)

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16
Q

Induced mutation

A

changes from influence outside of a cell.

-Mutagens - physical or chemical agent that can change genetic material; increases risk of mutation by 10 to 1000x

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17
Q

Examples of induced mutations

A

Ethidium Bromide
Superoxide ion
Hydrogen peroxide

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18
Q

Repair of substitution, insertion and deletion mutations

A
  1. Proofredding by DNA polymerase as DNA synthesis occurs

2. Mismatch repair - other proteins and enzymes detect and removed mismatched nucleotide

19
Q

Repair of Thyamine dimers

A

Photoreactivation

Excision repair

20
Q

Photoreactivation

thyamine dimer repair

A

Enzyme photolyse uses energy to break bonds in thyamine dimers

21
Q

Excision repair

thyamine dimer repair

A
  1. Protein trimer (two Uvr A and one Uvr B) scan for damage
  2. Uvr C makes cuts around the damaged DNA
  3. Uvr D (helicase) releases the cut DNA piece
  4. DNA polymerase and DNA ligase fill in the missing part
22
Q

SOS repair

A
  • When DNA is too damaged to be repaired by other mechanisms

- approx 16 proteins including 1 type of DNA polymerase that does not proofread itself

23
Q

disease resulting from faulty repair systems

A

Xeroderma pigmentosa

24
Q

Gene Transfer

A

Genes are transfered between bacteria in three ways

  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
25
Q

Transformation

A
  • uptake of “naked DNA”

- Only competent cells will take in new DNA

26
Q

What is “naked” DNA

A

a fragment of DNA not in a cell or virus

27
Q

Types of Competency

Transformation

A

Natural competency - may be environmentally influenced

Artificial competency - from electric current or chemicals

28
Q

Example of Transformation

A

Avery and Griffith 1944
DNA transformed non-virulent Pneumococci into virulent form. Also showed that DNA is molecule of inheritance and not proteins

29
Q

Transformation process

A
  1. DNA receptor molecule bind naked DNA
  2. Nucleases degrade one strand of DNA
  3. Only one DNA strand enters cell
  4. New strand integrates into recipient cell’s DNA
  5. Replaces a similar part of recipient DNA
30
Q

Transduction

A

Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or phages) transfer DNA from one bacteria to another

31
Q

Transduction process

A
  1. Phages inject their DNA into bacteria
  2. Bacteria DNA cut into pieces
  3. Phage DNA replicated and new phage protein coats are made
  4. Sometime bacteria DNA can enter phage instead of phage DNA
  5. New phages are released that carry bacteria DNA called transducing particles
32
Q

Generalized Transduction Process

A
  • Transducing particle attaches to bacteria
  • Bacteria DNA injected into host bacteria and is integrated into host chromosome
  • replaced host DNA is degraded
33
Q

Conjugation

A
  • Transfer of DNA through sex pili that joins two cells

- Plasmids and chromoses can be transferred in conjugation

34
Q

Transformation=
Transduction=
Conjugation=

A 
Transformation= naked DNA
Transduction= viruses
Conjugation= pilus + plasmid
35
Q

Plasmid

A

Very small, circular pieced of DNA

  • free floating in cell with a few to 1000 genes
  • can replicate
  • not essential, but helpful
36
Q

Conjugative plasmids

A

Plasmids that include sequences to begin transfer and to make pili

  1. Resistance Plasmids
  2. Fertility plasmids
37
Q

Resistance plasmids

A

R plasmids

  • contain genes for resistance to antimicrobial medication and to heavy metals
  • Broad host range
38
Q

Fertility plasmids

A

F plasmids

  • if F plasmid is present a bacteria cell can perform conjugation
  • bacteria with F plasmid are F+ and those without are F-
39
Q

Plasmid Transfer (Conjugation)

A
  • When F plasmid is transferred the recipient cell become F+

- Plasmid is replicated as it is transferred so both cells have the F plasmid

40
Q

Chromosome transfer (conjugation)

A
  • Involves Hfr cells (High frequency recombination)
  • Have genes from F plasmid in the chromosomal DNA
  • When F plasmid genes are transferred part of chromosomal DNA can also be transferred
  • Recipient cell is still F- because whole F plasmid is not transferred
  • New chromosomal DNA will survive only if integrated into recipients DNA
41
Q

Transposons

A
  • segments of DNA that can move from one part of the cell’s DNA to another part in the same cell
  • Genes on transposon and on part of the affected DNA are disrupted
42
Q

Jumping Genes

A

Barbara McClintock 1950

  • Transposons in corn kernels moved around unpredictably and changed color of the corn kernels
  • McClintock recieved Novel Prize in 1983
43
Q

MRSA developed vancomycin resistance from…

A

conjugation and transposons

BIO111: Microbiology (12 decks)

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